國(guo)際標準(zhun)化組織(International Organization for Standardization,簡(jian)稱為(wei)(wei)ISO)成(cheng)立于(yu)(yu)1947年,是標準(zhun)化領(ling)域中(zhong)的一(yi)個國(guo)際組織,該(gai)組織自我(wo)定義(yi)為(wei)(wei)非政(zheng)府組織,官方語(yu)言是英語(yu)、法(fa)語(yu)和(he)俄(e)語(yu)。ISO一(yi)來源于(yu)(yu)希臘語(yu)“ISOS”,其意為(wei)(wei)“平等”。
ISO現有165個成員(yuan)包括各會(hui)(hui)員(yuan)國的國家標準(zhun)機構和主要工業(ye)(ye)和服(fu)務業(ye)(ye)企(qi)業(ye)(ye),中國國家標準(zhun)化管理(li)委員(yuan)會(hui)(hui)(由國家市場監督(du)管理(li)總局管理(li))于(yu)1978年(nian)加(jia)入ISO,在(zai)2008年(nian)10月的第31屆國際化標準(zhun)組織大會(hui)(hui)上,中國正(zheng)式成為ISO的常任理(li)事國。
ISO負責當(dang)今(jin)世界上多數領(ling)域(包括軍工、石油、船舶(bo)等壟斷行業)的標準(zhun)化活動,通過2856個(ge)技(ji)術(shu)結構(含技(ji)術(shu)委(wei)員(yuan)會611個(ge)、工作(zuo)組2022個(ge)、特別工作(zuo)組38個(ge))開展技(ji)術(shu)活動。
全體大會是(shi)ISO最(zui)高權力(li)機構;理事會是(shi)ISO重要決策機構;中央秘(mi)書(shu)處(chu)是(shi)ISO日常辦事機構,設在瑞(rui)士(shi)日內瓦,現有(you)170名職員,由秘(mi)書(shu)長(chang)領導。
國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)標準(zhun)(zhun)化(hua)組織的前身(shen)是國(guo)(guo)(guo)家標準(zhun)(zhun)化(hua)協會(hui)(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)聯合會(hui)(hui)和(he)(he)聯合國(guo)(guo)(guo)標準(zhun)(zhun)協調(diao)委員會(hui)(hui)。1946年10月,25個國(guo)(guo)(guo)家標準(zhun)(zhun)化(hua)機構的代表(biao)在(zai)倫敦召開大(da)會(hui)(hui),決定(ding)成立新的國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)標準(zhun)(zhun)化(hua)機構,定(ding)名(ming)為(wei)ISO。大(da)會(hui)(hui)起草了ISO的第一個章(zhang)程和(he)(he)議事規則,并認(ren)可通過(guo)了該章(zhang)程草案。1947年2月23日,國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)標準(zhun)(zhun)化(hua)組織正式成立。
國際標準化(hua)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)的全(quan)稱(International Organization for standardization)和縮(suo)(suo)(suo)寫(xie)(ISO)不完全(quan)一(yi)致。事實上,“ISO”是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)詞(ci)源(yuan),它引自希(xi)臘(la)語,意(yi)思(si)是(shi)“同(tong)(tong)等(deng)”。從“同(tong)(tong)等(deng)”到“標準”,將“ISO”作(zuo)為組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)的名稱的思(si)路就顯得很(hen)順理(li)成(cheng)章。另外(wai),ISO作(zuo)為一(yi)個(ge)名稱在全(quan)世界被用來(lai)代表該組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi),這(zhe)樣(yang)就避免(mian)了各(ge)成(cheng)員團體用不同(tong)(tong)國家(jia)語言(yan)將“國際標準化(hua)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)”轉(zhuan)成(cheng)首字母縮(suo)(suo)(suo)寫(xie)時(shi)出現的不同(tong)(tong)情況,無(wu)論在哪個(ge)國家(jia),該組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)的縮(suo)(suo)(suo)寫(xie)一(yi)直是(shi)“ISO”。
國際(ji)標準(zhun)化組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)的目的和(he)宗旨是:“在全世界范圍內促進標準(zhun)化工作的開(kai)展,以便于國際(ji)物(wu)資交流(liu)和(he)服務,并擴大在知識、科學(xue)、技術和(he)經濟方面的合(he)作。”其主要活動是制(zhi)定國際(ji)標準(zhun),協(xie)調世界范圍的標準(zhun)化工作,組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)各成員和(he)技術委員會進行情報交流(liu),與其他國際(ji)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)進行合(he)作,共同研(yan)究(jiu)有關標準(zhun)化問題。
ISO的(de)任務(wu)是推動全(quan)世(shi)界標(biao)(biao)準化(hua)和(he)相關活動的(de)發(fa)展,目的(de)在于方便物品和(he)服務(wu)的(de)國際(ji)交換,進一(yi)步加強在知(zhi)識、科學、技術和(he)經濟領域(yu)的(de)合作(zuo)(zuo)。ISO形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)國際(ji)協議作(zuo)(zuo)為國際(ji)標(biao)(biao)準出(chu)版。ISO的(de)第一(yi)個(ge)標(biao)(biao)準《工業(ye)長度(du)測量(liang)標(biao)(biao)準參考溫度(du)》于1951年出(chu)版。
ISO其(qi)成(cheng)員(yuan)由(you)來(lai)自世界上100多個(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)化團體(ti)組(zu)成(cheng),代表中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)參(can)加(jia)ISO的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)機構(gou)(gou)是(shi)(shi)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)化管理委(wei)員(yuan)會(hui)。ISO與國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)電(dian)工(gong)委(wei)員(yuan)會(hui)(IEC)有(you)密切的(de)(de)聯(lian)系,中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)參(can)加(jia)IEC的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)機構(gou)(gou)也是(shi)(shi)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)化管理委(wei)員(yuan)會(hui)。ISO和(he)(he)IEC作為一(yi)個(ge)整體(ti)擔負著(zhu)制(zhi)訂(ding)(ding)全球協商一(yi)致的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)任務(wu),ISO和(he)(he)IEC都是(shi)(shi)非政府(fu)機構(gou)(gou),它(ta)們(men)(men)制(zhi)訂(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)實質上是(shi)(shi)自愿性的(de)(de),這(zhe)就意味著(zhu)這(zhe)些標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)必(bi)須是(shi)(shi)優秀的(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun),它(ta)們(men)(men)會(hui)給工(gong)業和(he)(he)服務(wu)業帶來(lai)收益,所以他們(men)(men)自覺(jue)使用這(zhe)些標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)。ISO和(he)(he)IEC不(bu)是(shi)(shi)聯(lian)合國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)機構(gou)(gou),但它(ta)們(men)(men)與聯(lian)合國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)許多專(zhuan)(zhuan)門機構(gou)(gou)保持技術聯(lian)絡關系。ISO和(he)(he)IEC有(you)約1000個(ge)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業技術委(wei)員(yuan)會(hui)和(he)(he)分(fen)(fen)委(wei)員(yuan)會(hui),各會(hui)員(yuan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)以國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)為單(dan)位參(can)加(jia)這(zhe)些技術委(wei)員(yuan)會(hui)和(he)(he)分(fen)(fen)委(wei)員(yuan)會(hui)的(de)(de)活動(dong)。ISO和(he)(he)IEC還有(you)約3000個(ge)工(gong)作組(zu),ISO、IEC每(mei)年制(zhi)訂(ding)(ding)和(he)(he)修訂(ding)(ding)1000個(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)。
ISO的(de)(de)(de)(de)組織(zhi)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)分為(wei)非常設(she)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)和(he)常設(she)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)。ISO的(de)(de)(de)(de)最高權(quan)力機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)是(shi)ISO全體(ti)大(da)(da)會(General Assembly),是(shi)ISO的(de)(de)(de)(de)非常設(she)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)。1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)以前,全體(ti)大(da)(da)會每3年(nian)(nian)(nian)召(zhao)開(kai)(kai)一(yi)次(ci)。全體(ti)大(da)(da)會召(zhao)開(kai)(kai)時,所有(you)ISO團(tuan)體(ti)成員、通信(xin)成員、與(yu)(yu)ISO有(you)聯絡關系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國際組織(zhi)均(jun)派代(dai)表與(yu)(yu)會,每個(ge)成員有(you)3個(ge)正式代(dai)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)席位,多于3位的(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)表以觀察員的(de)(de)(de)(de)身份與(yu)(yu)會;全體(ti)大(da)(da)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)規模大(da)(da)約200~260人(ren)。大(da)(da)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要議程(cheng)包括年(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)報(bao)告中(zhong)涉(she)及的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)關項目的(de)(de)(de)(de)活動情(qing)況、ISO的(de)(de)(de)(de)戰略(lve)計劃以及財政情(qing)況等。ISO中(zhong)央秘書(shu)(shu)處承(cheng)擔全體(ti)大(da)(da)會、全體(ti)大(da)(da)會設(she)立的(de)(de)(de)(de)4個(ge)政策制定委員會、理事會、技(ji)術管理局和(he)通用標準化原理委員會的(de)(de)(de)(de)秘書(shu)(shu)處的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作。自1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)開(kai)(kai)始根據ISO新章程(cheng),ISO全體(ti)大(da)(da)會改為(wei)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)一(yi)次(ci)。
ISO的主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)官(guan)員(yuan)有(you)5位,他們是:ISO主(zhu)(zhu)席(xi)(President);ISO副(fu)主(zhu)(zhu)席(xi)(政策)(Vice President,Policy),ISO副(fu)主(zhu)(zhu)席(xi)(技術)(Vice President,Technical Management);ISO司庫(Treasurer);ISO秘(mi)書(shu)(shu)長(Secretary—General),所有(you)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)官(guan)員(yuan)由理事會任(ren)命,享有(you)終身任(ren)期;ISO秘(mi)書(shu)(shu)長負(fu)責主(zhu)(zhu)持ISO的日常工作(zuo)。
ISO的組織(zhi)結構如下:
全體(ti)大(da)會 主要官員(yuan) 成(cheng)員(yuan)團體(ti) 通信成(cheng)員(yuan)
捐(juan)助成員(yuan) 政策發展委(wei)員(yuan)會 理事會 ISO中央(yang)秘書處
特別咨(zi)詢組 技(ji)術管理(li)處 標樣委員會 技(ji)術咨(zi)詢組
技術(shu)委(wei)員 合(he)格評定委(wei)員會(CASCO)
消費者政策委員會(COPOLCO)
發展中國家事務委員會(DEVCO)
信息系統和服務委員會(INFCO)特別(bie)咨詢小(xiao)組技術管理局
技(ji)術委(wei)員會TC 理事會 中央秘書處 ISO全體大(da)會
國際標準由技(ji)術(shu)委員會(hui)(hui)(TC)和分技(ji)術(shu)委員會(hui)(hui)(SC)經過六個(ge)階段形(xing)成:
申請階段
預備階段
委員會階段
審查階段
批準階段
發布階段
成員名單
截(jie)止2020年8月,ISO共有165個成員。
Country A2 Code Country A3 Code Country Code No. Country Name (English) Standards Body ISO Status
AF AFG 004 Afghanistan ANSA Correspondent Member
AL ALB 008 Albania DPS Correspondent Member
DZ DZA 012 Algeria IANOR Member Body
AD AND 020 Andorra IRAM Member Body
AO AGO 024 Angola IANORQ Correspondent Member
AG ATG 028 Antigua & Barbuda ABBS Subscriber Member
AR ARG 032 Argentina IRAM Member Body
AM ARM 051 Armenia SARM Member Body
AU AUS 036 Australia SA Member Body
AT AUT 040 Austria ON Member Body
AZ AZE 031 Azerbaijan AZSTAND Member Body
BS BHS 044 Bahamas -
BH BHR 048 Bahrain BMSD Member Body
BD BGD 050 Bangladesh BSTI Member Body
BB BRB 052 Barbados BNSI Member Body
BY BLR 112 Belarus BELST Member Body
BE BEL 056 Belgium NBN Member Body
BZ BLZ 084 Belize -
BJ BEN 204 Benin CEBENOR Correspondent Member
BT BTN 064 Bhutan SQCA Correspondent Member
BO BOL 068 Bolivia IBNORCA Correspondent Member
BA BIH 070 Bosnia & Herzegovina BASMP Member Body
BW BWA 072 Botswana BOBS Member Body
BR BRA 076 Brazil ABNT Member Body
BN BRB 096 Brunei Darussalam CPRU Correspondent Member
BG BGR 100 Bulgaria BDS Member Body
BF BFA 854 Burkina Faso FASONORM Correspondent Member
BI BDI 108 Burundi BBN Subscriber Member
KH KHM 116 Cambodia ISC Subscriber Member
CM CMR 120 Cameroon CDNQ Correspondent Member
CA CAN 124 Canada SCC Member Body
CV CPV 132 Cape Verde -
CF CAF 140 Central African Republic -
TD TCD 148 Chad -
CL CHL 52 Chile INN Member Body
CN CHN 156 China SAC Member Body
CO COL 170 Colombia ICONTEC Member Body
KM COM 174 Comoros -
CG COG 178 Congo, Republic of the -
CD(ZR) COD 180 Congo, Democratic Republic of the (Zaire) OCC Member Body
CR CRI 188 Costa Rica INTECO Member Body
CI CIV 384 C?te d'Ivoire CODINORM Member Body
HR HRV 191 Croatia HZN Member Body
CU CUB 192 Cuba NC Member Body
CY CYP 196 Cyprus CYS Member Body
CZ CZE 203 Czech Republic CNI Member Body
DK DNK 208 Denmark DS Member Body
DJ DJI 262 Djibouti -
DM DMA 212 Dominica DBOS Subscriber Member
DO DOM 214 Dominican Republic DIGINOR Correspondent Member
EC ECU 218 Ecuador INEN Member Body
EG EGY 818 Egypt EOS Member Body
SV SLV 222 El Salvador CONACYT Correspondent Member
GQ GNQ 226 Equatorial Guinea -
ER ERI 232 Eritrea ESI Correspondent Member
EE EST 233 Estonia EVS Correspondent Member
ET ETH 231 Ethiopia QSAE Member Body
FJ FJI 242 Fiji FTSQCO Member Body
FI FIN 246 Finland SFS Member Body
FR FRA 250 France AFNOR Member Body
GA GAB 266 Gabon CNTT Correspondent Member
GM GMB 270 Gambia, The -
GE GEO 268 Georgia GEOSTM Correspondent Member
DE DEU 276 Germany DIN Member Body
GH GHA 288 Ghana GSB Member Body
GR GRC 300 Greece ELOT Member Body
GD GRD 308 Grenada -
GT GTM 320 Guatemala COGUANOR Correspondent Member
GN GIN 324 Guinea INNM Correspondent Member
GW GNB 624 Guinea-Bissau DSNPQ Correspondent Member
GY GUY 328 Guyana GNBS Subscriber Member
HT HTI 332 Haiti -
HN HND 340 Honduras COHCIT Subscriber Member
HK HKG 344 Hong Kong, China ITCHKSAR Correspondent Member
HU HUN 348 Hungary MSZT Member Body
IS ISL 352 Iceland IST Member Body
IN IND 356 India BIS Member Body
ID IDN 360 Indonesia BSN Member Body
IR IRN 364 Iran, Islamic Republic of ISIRTI Member Body
IQ IRW 368 Iraq COSQC Member Body
IE IRL 372 Ireland NSAI Member Body
IL ISR 376 Israel SII Member Body
IT ITA 380 Italy UNI Member Body
JM JAM 388 Jamaica JBS Member Body
JP JPN 392 Japan JISC Member Body
JO JOR 400 Jordan JISM Member Body
KZ KAZ 398 Kazakhstan KAZMEMST Member Body
KE KEN 404 Kenya KEBS Member Body
KI KIR 296 Kiribati -
KP PRK 408 Korea, Democratic People's Republic CSK Member Body
KR KOR 410 Korea, Republic of KATS Member Body
KW KWT 414 Kuwait KOWSMD Member Body
KG KGZ 417 Kyrgyzstan KYRGYZST Correspondent Member
LA LAO 418 Laos (Lao People's Democratic Republic) DISM Subscriber Member
LV LVA 428 Latvia LVS Correspondent Member
LB LBN 422 Lebanon LIBNOR Member Body
LS LSO 426 Lesotho LSQAS Subscriber Member
LR LBR 430 Liberia -
LY LBY 434 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya LNCSM Member Body
LI LIE 438 Liechtenstein -
LT LTU 440 Lithuania LST Correspondent Member
LU LUX 442 Luxembourg SEE Member Body
MO MAC 446 Macau (Macau China) CPTTM Correspondent Member
MK MKD 807 Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of ISRM Member Body
MG MDG 450 Madagascar BNM Correspondent Member
MW MWI 454 Malawi MBS Correspondent Member
MY MYS 458 Malaysia DSM Member Body
MV MDV 462 Maldives -
ML MLI 466 Mali MLIDNI Correspondent Member
MT MLT 470 Malta MSA Member Body
MH MHL 584 Marshall Islands -
MR MRT 478 Mauritania -
MU MUS 480 Mauritius MSB Member Body
MX MEX 484 Mexico DGN Member Body
FM FSM 583 Micronesia, Federated States Of -
MD MDA 498 Moldova, Republic of MOLDST Correspondent Member
MC MCO 492 Monaco -
MN MNG 496 Mongolia MASM Member Body
(YS)- - Montenegro ISME Correspondent Member
MA MAR 504 Morocco SNIMA Member Body
MZ MOZ 508 Mozambique INNOQ Correspondent Member
MM MMR 104 Myanmar MSTRD Correspondent Member
NA NAM 516 Namibia NSIQO Correspondent Member
NR NRU 520 Nauru -
NP NPL 524 Nepal NBSM Correspondent Member
NL NLD 528 The Netherlands NEN Member Body
NZ NZL 554 New Zealand SNZ Member Body
NI NIC 558 Nicaragua DTNM Correspondent Member
NE NER 562 Niger DNQM Correspondent Member
NG NGA 566 Nigeria SON Member Body
NO NOR 578 Norway SN Member Body
OM OMN 512 Oman DGSM Member Body
PK PAK 586 Pakistan PSQCA Member Body
PW PLW 585 Palau -
PS PSE 275 Palestinian State PSI Correspondent Member
PA PAN 591 Panama COPANIT Member Body
PG PNG 598 Papua New Guinea NISIT Correspondent Member
PY PRY 600 Paraguay INTN Correspondent Member
PE PER 604 Peru INDECOPI Member Body
PH PHL 608 The Philippines BPS Member Body
PL POL 616 Poland PKN Member Body
PT PRT 620 Portugal IPQ Member Body
QA QAT 634 Qatar QS Member Body
RO ROU 642 Romania ASRO Member Body
RU RUS 643 Russian Federation GOST R Member Body
RW RWA 646 Rwanda RBS Correspondent Member
KN KNA 659 St. Kitts & Nevis -
LC LCA 662 St. Lucia SLBS Member Body
VC VCT 670 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines SVGBS Subscriber Member
WS WSM 882 Samoa -
SM SMR 674 San Marino -
ST STP 678 S?o Tomé & Príncipe -
SA SAU 682 Saudi Arabia SASO Member Body
SN SEN 686 Senegal ASN Correspondent Member
CS SCG 891 Serbia ISS Member Body
SC SYC 690 Seychelles SBS Correspondent Member
SL SLE 694 Sierra Leone -
SG SGP 702 Singapore SPRING SG Member Body
SK SVK 703 Slovakia SUTN Member Body
SI SVN 705 Slovenia SIST Member Body
SB SLB 090 Solomon Islands -
SO SOM 706 Somalia -
ZA ZAF 710 South Africa SABS Member Body
ES ESP 724 Spain AENOR . Member Body
LK LKA 144 Sri Lanka SLSI Member Body
SD SDN 736 Sudan SSMO Member Body
SR SUR 740 Suriname SSB Subscriber member
SZ SWZ 748 Swaziland SQAS Correspondent Member
SE SWE 752 Sweden SIS Member Body
CH CHE 756 Switzerland SNV Member Body
SY SYR 760 Syrian Arab Republic SASMO Member Body
TW TWN 158 Taiwan(Province of China)
TJ TJK 762 Tajikistan TJKSTN Correspondent Member
TZ TZA 834 Tanzania, United Republic of TBS Member Body
TH THA 764 Thailand TISI Member Body
TL(TP) TLS 206 Timor Leste, Democratic Republic of (East Timor) -
TG TGO 768 Togo CSN Correspondent Member
TO TON 776 Tonga -
TT TTO 780 Trinidad & Tobago TTBS Member Body
TN TUN 788 Tunisia INNORPI Member Body
TR TUR 792 Turkey TSE Member Body
TM TKM 795 Turkmenistan MSST Correspondent Member
TV TUV 798 Tuvalu -
UG UGA 800 Uganda UNBS Correspondent Member
UA UKR 804 Ukraine DSSU Member Body
AE ARE 784 United Arab Emirates ESMA Member Body
UK GBR 826 United Kingdom (Great Britain) BSI Member Body
US USA 840 United States ANSI Member Body
UY URY 858 Uruguay UNIT Member Body
UZ UZB 860 Uzbekistan UZSTANDARD Member Body
VU VUT 548 Vanuatu -
VA VAT 336 Vatican City (Holy See) -
VE VEN 862 Venezuela FONDONORMA Member Body
VN VNM 704 Vietnam TCVN Member Body
EH ESH 732 Western Sahara -
YE YEM 887 Yemen YSMO Correspondent Member
ZM ZMB 894 Zambia ZABS Correspondent Member
ZW ZWE 816 Zimbabwe SAZ Member Body
Tips:
1.Does not have representation in ISO under any membership class as of January 2008.
2.Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia were part of Former Yugoslavia. Although it is a country, ISO 3166-1993 (E) does not separately list Montenegro.
3.Although not technically a Country, the Palestinian State has representation in ISO as if it was.
4.Although technically the official country name for the 'UK' is the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland' it is referred to as 'Great Britain' by the ISO.
5.Although technically they are Countries, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are not listed separately from Great Britain in ISO 3166-1993 (E) and do not have their own ISO representation.
標準的(de)(de)內容涉及(ji)廣泛(fan),從基礎的(de)(de)緊固(gu)件、軸承各(ge)種原材料到(dao)半(ban)成品和(he)成品,其技術領域涉及(ji)信息技術、交通運輸、農業、保健和(he)環境等(deng)。每個(ge)工(gong)作(zuo)機構都有自己的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)計劃(hua),該計劃(hua)列出需要(yao)制訂的(de)(de)標準項目(試(shi)驗方法(fa)、術語、規格、性能要(yao)求等(deng))。
ISO的(de)主要功能(neng)是(shi)為(wei)人們制(zhi)訂國(guo)際(ji)標準(zhun)達成(cheng)一(yi)致意見提供一(yi)種(zhong)機制(zhi)。其主要機構及運(yun)作(zuo)規(gui)則(ze)都在一(yi)本名為(wei)ISO/IEC技(ji)(ji)術工作(zuo)導則(ze)的(de)文件中予以規(gui)定,其技(ji)(ji)術結(jie)構在ISO是(shi)有(you)800個技(ji)(ji)術委員(yuan)會(hui)和分委員(yuan)會(hui),它們各(ge)有(you)一(yi)個主席和一(yi)個秘(mi)(mi)書處,秘(mi)(mi)書處是(shi)由各(ge)成(cheng)員(yuan)分別擔(dan)任,承擔(dan)秘(mi)(mi)書國(guo)工作(zuo)的(de)成(cheng)員(yuan)團體(ti)有(you)30個,各(ge)秘(mi)(mi)書處與位(wei)于日內瓦(wa)的(de)ISO中央(yang)秘(mi)(mi)書處保持直接聯系。
通過這些工作機構,ISO已(yi)經發布了17000多(duo)個國際標(biao)準(zhun),如ISO公制螺紋、ISO的(de)A4紙張尺寸、ISO的(de)集裝(zhuang)箱(xiang)系列(世界上95%的(de)海運集裝(zhuang)箱(xiang)都符合ISO標(biao)準(zhun))、ISO的(de)膠片速度(du)代碼、ISO的(de)開放系統互聯(OS2)系列(廣泛用于信息技(ji)術領域)和(he)有名(ming)的(de)ISO9000質量管理系列標(biao)準(zhun)。
此外(wai),ISO還與(yu)(yu)450個(ge)國(guo)際(ji)(ji)和(he)區(qu)域的(de)組(zu)織在(zai)標(biao)準(zhun)方面有(you)聯(lian)絡(luo)關系,特別(bie)與(yu)(yu)國(guo)際(ji)(ji)電信聯(lian)盟(meng)(ITU)有(you)密切聯(lian)系。在(zai)ISO/IEC系統(tong)之外(wai)的(de)國(guo)際(ji)(ji)標(biao)準(zhun)機(ji)構共有(you)28個(ge)。每(mei)個(ge)機(ji)構都在(zai)某(mou)一(yi)領(ling)域制訂(ding)一(yi)些(xie)國(guo)際(ji)(ji)標(biao)準(zhun),通常它(ta)們在(zai)聯(lian)合國(guo)控制之下。一(yi)個(ge)典型的(de)例子就是世界(jie)衛(wei)生組(zu)織(WHO)。ISO/IEC制訂(ding)的(de)85%的(de)國(guo)際(ji)(ji)標(biao)準(zhun),剩下的(de)15%由這28個(ge)其他國(guo)際(ji)(ji)標(biao)準(zhun)機(ji)構制訂(ding)。
ISO質(zhi)量體系(xi)標(biao)準(zhun)包(bao)括ISO9000、ISO9001、ISO9004。ISO9000標(biao)準(zhun)明確了質(zhi)量管(guan)(guan)理和質(zhi)量保證體系(xi),適用于(yu)生產(chan)型及服(fu)務型企業。ISO9001標(biao)準(zhun)為從事和審核(he)質(zhi)量管(guan)(guan)理和質(zhi)量保證體系(xi)提(ti)供(gong)了指導(dao)方(fang)針。
ISO9000質量體系標準包括了(le)3個體系標準和8條(tiao)指(zhi)(zhi)導方針。3個體系標準分別(bie)是ISO9001、9002和9003;8個指(zhi)(zhi)導方針是ISO9000-1至4和ISO9004-1至4。其中(zhong)首(shou)要(yao)(yao)標準是ISO9001,它為(wei)(wei)設計(ji)、制造產(chan)品及提供(gong)服務的(de)(de)(de)(de)組織(zhi),明確(que)指(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)了(le)一(yi)套完(wan)整質量體系中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)20條(tiao)要(yao)(yao)素(su)。ISO9002為(wei)(wei)只(zhi)制造產(chan)品但不設計(ji)產(chan)品及提供(gong)服務的(de)(de)(de)(de)組織(zhi)明確(que)指(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)了(le)19條(tiao)要(yao)(yao)素(su)。ISO9003為(wei)(wei)只(zhi)進(jin)行檢驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)組織(zhi)明確(que)指(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)了(le)16條(tiao)要(yao)(yao)素(su)。ISO9000標準每5至7年(nian)修(xiu)訂(ding)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)。第(di)(di)一(yi)批標準已于(yu)(yu)1987年(nian)公布(bu),第(di)(di)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)修(xiu)訂(ding)則公布(bu)于(yu)(yu)1994年(nian),第(di)(di)二次(ci)(ci)修(xiu)訂(ding)于(yu)(yu)2000年(nian)公布(bu),第(di)(di)三次(ci)(ci)修(xiu)訂(ding)于(yu)(yu)2008年(nian)公布(bu),新的(de)(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)訂(ding)本(ben)再過(guo)3年(nian)將取(qu)代現行譯本(ben)。
ISO9001的新(xin)(xin)修(xiu)訂(ding)本要包(bao)括一個單(dan)一質(zhi)量(liang)體系標(biao)準。其指(zhi)明(ming)了ISO9001將適(shi)用于(yu)一切組(zu)織。它將涉及(ji)(ji)以下4個部分:管(guan)理(li)職責、資(zi)源管(guan)理(li)、工序(xu)管(guan)理(li)、測量(liang)、分析及(ji)(ji)改進。資(zi)源管(guan)理(li)這部分是全新(xin)(xin)的,其它部分包(bao)含了新(xin)(xin)項(xiang)目。新(xin)(xin)修(xiu)訂(ding)本將包(bao)含所有舊(jiu)的要求(qiu),并增加了附加管(guan)理(li)要求(qiu)、工序(xu)管(guan)理(li)要求(qiu),工序(xu)測量(liang)及(ji)(ji)改進要求(qiu)。
ISO/iec對(dui)于標準(zhun)檢驗(yan)實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)的(de)(de)承認(ren)(ren)(ren)及其被規定(ding)的(de)(de)權限標準(zhun)包(bao)括ISO指導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)25、58、61、62及65。ISO/iec指導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)58明確(que)了對(dui)認(ren)(ren)(ren)可標準(zhun)、檢驗(yan)實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)的(de)(de)要求(qiu)。ISO/iec指導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)61明確(que)對(dui)認(ren)(ren)(ren)可產(chan)品(pin)認(ren)(ren)(ren)證(zheng)的(de)(de)及質(zhi)量(liang)體(ti)系(xi)注冊團體(ti)的(de)(de)要求(qiu)。ISO/iec指導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)62明確(que)了對(dui)質(zhi)量(liang)體(ti)系(xi)的(de)(de)要求(qiu)。ISO/iec指導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)65明確(que)了對(dui)產(chan)品(pin)認(ren)(ren)(ren)證(zheng)的(de)(de)要求(qiu)。ISO/iec指導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)用(yong)于對(dui)產(chan)品(pin)及服(fu)務的(de)(de)一致性(xing)評(ping)(ping)估。存在(zai)于國家(jia)認(ren)(ren)(ren)可要求(qiu)中的(de)(de)分歧由國際及區域性(xing)認(ren)(ren)(ren)可合作(zuo)組織進行調節。為(wei)縮(suo)(suo)短(duan)電訊設施及其它(ta)被校對(dui)產(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)一致性(xing)評(ping)(ping)估過(guo)程,制(zhi)定(ding)了相互承認(ren)(ren)(ren)協定(ding)(mras),為(wei)協定(ding)將縮(suo)(suo)短(duan)和減(jian)少獲得產(chan)品(pin)和質(zhi)量(liang)體(ti)系(xi)認(ren)(ren)(ren)證(zheng)的(de)(de)時(shi)間和成本(ben)。
ISO9000認證需要一個同ISO9001相一致的正在運行的質量體系,由注(zhu)冊(ce)團體所作(zuo)的成功且(qie)獨立的評(ping)估(gu)。為了維(wei)持認證,注(zhu)冊(ce)團體需要每(mei)6或12個月(yue)進行監(jian)督評(ping)估(gu),每(mei)到3年(nian)還要進行一次(ci)全面再評(ping)估(gu)。
ISO9000系列2000版以后的版本,將9002和9003融合(he)到ISO9001:2000標準中(zhong)。所以用于(yu)認證的只有ISO9001,ISO9002和ISO9003已經退(tui)出歷史舞臺。ISO9004是業績改進指南(nan),不用于(yu)認證,只用于(yu)組(zu)織內部綜(zong)合(he)績效改進指南(nan)。
制定(ding)一項(xiang)實施ISO質(zhi)量體系標準的(de)計(ji)劃(hua);
參照ISO質量體系標(biao)準對現存(cun)的質量體系進(jin)行評價(jia);
采取正確行動(dong)來遵守所有ISO質(zhi)量(liang)體系(xi)要求(qiu);
建立文(wen)件和記錄系(xi)統;
完成質量手冊并使之行之有效;
讓注冊團體安排一次評估前的審核;
被認證(zheng)組織為正式評(ping)估(gu)做準備;
注(zhu)冊團體實行評估(gu)審核。
ISO9000認(ren)證(zheng)在正常情況(kuang)下(xia)在美(mei)國需要(yao)花1年或更(geng)長一(yi)段(duan)時間(jian)來完成(cheng)。如(ru)果現存的質量體系(xi)已包括所(suo)有(you)的ISO9000要(yao)素,那么(me)所(suo)用的時間(jian)會少于(yu)1年。需要(yao)一(yi)支實施隊伍(wu)在正常情況(kuang)下(xia)付(fu)出3至(zhi)6人1年的勞(lao)動,還需要(yao)注(zhu)冊團體提供3年有(you)償服務。注(zhu)冊團體的外部(bu)成(cheng)本將(jiang)保持在75000美(mei)元(yuan)至(zhi)150000美(mei)元(yuan)之間(jian),而這(zhe)將(jiang)取決于(yu)被認(ren)證(zheng)組織(zhi)的規(gui)模。內部(bu)成(cheng)本和(he)外部(bu)成(cheng)本大致相當。
ISO9000質(zhi)量體(ti)系提供了(le)信息及工序(xu)控(kong)制(zhi)機(ji)制(zhi)用來更(geng)有效地管(guan)理企(qi)業(ye)(ye)。ISO質(zhi)量體(ti)系可以控(kong)制(zhi)質(zhi)量成本,減少(shao)浪費(fei)和提高(gao)生(sheng)產率。顧客(ke)將對來自有質(zhi)量體(ti)系認證的(de)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)產品更(geng)感興趣,行之有效的(de)質(zhi)量體(ti)系也能改進產品質(zhi)量,這兩個因素將提高(gao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)及其產品在開(kai)放市場(chang)的(de)中(zhong)的(de)競爭力。
1998年(nian)被(bei)調(diao)查(cha)的(de)(de)一大批美國公司(si)承認(ren)下列ISO9000認(ren)證所(suo)帶(dai)來(lai)的(de)(de)內部利益(yi):更(geng)(geng)好的(de)(de)文件(jian)提(ti)(ti)供(gong),雇員中(zhong)更(geng)(geng)加(jia)濃厚的(de)(de)質量(liang)意識(shi),公司(si)內部聯系(xi)的(de)(de)增加(jia)。辦公效率及和生產率的(de)(de)提(ti)(ti)高。這些公司(si)同樣(yang)承認(ren)了下列ISO9000認(ren)證所(suo)帶(dai)來(lai)的(de)(de)外部利益(yi);顧(gu)客對(dui)質量(liang)劣好的(de)(de)領悟(wu),競爭優勢是提(ti)(ti)高及顧(gu)客對(dui)質量(liang)審(shen)查(cha)的(de)(de)減(jian)少。
1998年(nian)被(bei)調(diao)查的(de)(de)一小批美國(guo)制造公(gong)司(si)承認(ren)下(xia)列ISO9000認(ren)證(zheng)所帶來的(de)(de)內部和外部利益:產品質(zhi)量的(de)(de)改(gai)善(shan),顧(gu)客注(zhu)意程度的(de)(de)增加(jia),為(wei)重(zhong)新(xin)設計功能(neng)步驟而形成(cheng)的(de)(de)基礎(chu),市(shi)場(chang)份額的(de)(de)增加(jia);21%的(de)(de)公(gong)司(si)稱質(zhi)量認(ren)證(zheng)對質(zhi)量體系及(ji)產品沒有產生效(xiao)果。