絳蟲(chong),拼(pin)音(tāochóng)是一種巨大的腸(chang)道寄生(sheng)蟲(chong),普(pu)通成(cheng)蟲(chong)的體長可(ke)以達到72英尺(21.9456米)。扁(bian)形動物(wu)門的1綱(gang)。全部營寄生(sheng)生(sheng)活。成(cheng)蟲(chong)寄生(sheng)于脊(ji)椎動物(wu),幼蟲(chong)主要寄生(sheng)于無脊(ji)椎動物(wu)或以脊(ji)椎動物(wu)為中間宿主。
絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(tapeworm)屬于扁(bian)形動(dong)(dong)物門的(de)(de)絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)綱(gang)(gang)(Class Cestoda)。該綱(gang)(gang)成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)背(bei)腹(fu)扁(bian)平、左右對稱、大多分節(jie),長如帶狀,無口和消化道(dao),缺(que)體(ti)腔,除(chu)極少數外(wai),均為雌雄同體(ti)。絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)全部營(ying)寄生生活(huo),成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)絕大多數寄生在(zai)脊椎(zhui)動(dong)(dong)物的(de)(de)消化道(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),生活(huo)史(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)需1~2個中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)宿主(zhu),在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)宿主(zhu)體(ti)內發(fa)育的(de)(de)時期(qi)(qi)被稱為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)絳(jiang)(jiang)期(qi)(qi)(metacestode),各種(zhong)絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)絳(jiang)(jiang)期(qi)(qi)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)形態結構和名稱不同。寄生人體(ti)的(de)(de)絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)有(you)30余種(zhong),分屬于多節(jie)絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)亞(ya)綱(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)圓葉(xie)目(mu)(Cyclophyllidea)和假葉(xie)目(mu)(Pseudophyllidea)。這兩個目(mu)絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)形態和生活(huo)史(shi)有(you)較明(ming)顯的(de)(de)區別。
引起在其生活史(shi)中,有(you)(you)的(de)(de)只有(you)(you)一(yi)個(ge)宿(su)(su)主,有(you)(you)的(de)(de)除終(zhong)末宿(su)(su)主外還(huan)需(xu)1或2個(ge)中間宿(su)(su)主。兩側對稱(cheng)。有(you)(you)的(de)(de)由一(yi)長形(xing)(xing)節(jie)片組成(cheng),另(ling)有(you)(you)些種類則有(you)(you)一(yi)頭節(jie),后有(you)(you)一(yi)列形(xing)(xing)狀相同(tong)的(de)(de)節(jie)片。頭節(jie)上(shang)有(you)(you)吸盤,通(tong)常還(huan)有(you)(you)鉤(gou),用于固著(zhu)在宿(su)(su)主上(shang)。通(tong)過表皮吸收食物,無口及消化道。多數雌雄同(tong)體,常自體受精。生活史(shi)復雜。
絳(jiang)蟲(chong)頭節(jie)實際上(shang)是(shi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)器官,又(you)稱附(fu)(fu)著器,其結構有吸(xi)(xi)(xi)盤型(xing)、吸(xi)(xi)(xi)槽型(xing)和吸(xi)(xi)(xi)葉型(xing)等。一般頭節(jie)的(de)(de)頂端(duan)具(ju)有吻(wen)突(tu)(tu),吻(wen)突(tu)(tu)上(shang)有的(de)(de)具(ju)鉤(gou)。有的(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)盤或吸(xi)(xi)(xi)葉表面亦具(ju)小鉤(gou),起加強固著的(de)(de)作用。頭節(jie)的(de)(de)后(hou)端(duan)為纖細的(de)(de)頸部,功(gong)能是(shi)產生新的(de)(de)體節(jie)。絳(jiang)蟲(chong)沒有消化器官,全靠體表微毛(mao)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收宿主營養(yang)。
絳(jiang)蟲(chong)是一(yi)種巨大的腸道寄(ji)生蟲(chong),普通成蟲(chong)的體長可以達(da)到72英寸。
絳蟲的(de)肌(ji)(ji)肉系(xi)統(tong)(tong)很發(fa)達。體(ti)表皮(pi)(pi)層(ceng)(ceng)密生微毛,下有(you)(you)薄的(de)環肌(ji)(ji),環肌(ji)(ji)之(zhi)下有(you)(you)縱(zong)肌(ji)(ji)兩(liang)(liang)層(ceng)(ceng),外層(ceng)(ceng)與(yu)內(nei)(nei)層(ceng)(ceng)之(zhi)間(jian)為皮(pi)(pi)下基質(zhi)。縱(zong)肌(ji)(ji)之(zhi)下為橫(heng)肌(ji)(ji)。橫(heng)肌(ji)(ji)與(yu)皮(pi)(pi)層(ceng)(ceng)之(zhi)間(jian)稱皮(pi)(pi)層(ceng)(ceng)區,兩(liang)(liang)層(ceng)(ceng)橫(heng)肌(ji)(ji)之(zhi)間(jian)稱髓質(zhi)區。重(zhong)要風(feng)格(ge)化在的(de)生殖器(qi)官(guan)都(dou)在髓質(zhi)區內(nei)(nei)。神(shen)經系(xi)統(tong)(tong):在頭節(jie)(jie)有(you)(you)神(shen)經節(jie)(jie)與(yu)橫(heng)神(shen)經相(xiang)連,組(zu)成(cheng)中樞神(shen)經系(xi),由此向后發(fa)出1對(dui)縱(zong)神(shen)經干(gan),直(zhi)到蟲體(ti)最后的(de)體(ti)節(jie)(jie)。排(pai)(pai)(pai)泄(xie)(xie)系(xi)統(tong)(tong):在頭節(jie)(jie)中有(you)(you)環排(pai)(pai)(pai)泄(xie)(xie)管,由此兩(liang)(liang)側發(fa)出2對(dui)背、腹(fu)排(pai)(pai)(pai)泄(xie)(xie)管,直(zhi)至(zhi)體(ti)的(de)末端。每個體(ti)節(jie)(jie)的(de)后緣各(ge)(ge)有(you)(you)橫(heng)管與(yu)腹(fu)排(pai)(pai)(pai)泄(xie)(xie)管相(xiang)聯。此外,蟲體(ti)組(zu)織(zhi)中有(you)(you)許多焰細胞,各(ge)(ge)有(you)(you)小管通于腹(fu)排(pai)(pai)(pai)泄(xie)(xie)管。排(pai)(pai)(pai)泄(xie)(xie)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)具有(you)(you)平(ping)衡調(diao)節(jie)(jie)水分(fen)的(de)功能。
絳蟲多是雌雄(xiong)(xiong)同體(ti),只有個(ge)別種類雌雄(xiong)(xiong)異(yi)體(ti)。每個(ge)體(ti)節均有發達的(de)兩性(xing)器(qi)(qi)官(guan)。雄(xiong)(xiong)性(xing)器(qi)(qi)官(guan)包括睪丸(wan)、輸(shu)精(jing)管(guan)、陰莖、陰莖囊和(he)貯精(jing)囊等(deng)。雌性(xing)器(qi)(qi)官(guan)包括卵(luan)(luan)(luan)巢、輸(shu)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)管(guan)、受(shou)精(jing)囊、卵(luan)(luan)(luan)黃腺、陰道和(he)子宮等(deng)。卵(luan)(luan)(luan)膜的(de)周圍梅(mei)氏腺。孕節內性(xing)器(qi)(qi)官(guan)多已退化(hua),只有子宮充(chong)分發育并占據整個(ge)體(ti)節,內含許(xu)多蟲卵(luan)(luan)(luan)。生(sheng)殖孔多開口(kou)于(yu)體(ti)節的(de)一(yi)側(ce)或(huo)兩側(ce),但(dan)假(jia)葉絳蟲雌雄(xiong)(xiong)兩性(xing)的(de)生(sheng)殖孔開口(kou)于(yu)體(ti)節中(zhong)央的(de)腹面。
絳蟲沒(mei)有消化(hua)道,體表有許多絨(rong)毛,靠絨(rong)毛吸取腸道營養(yang)以供自身需要。
體(ti)(ti)壁結構(gou) 絳蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)壁可分為兩(liang)層,即(ji)皮(pi)層(tegument)和皮(pi)下層。皮(pi)層是具有(you)高度代謝活性的(de)(de)組(zu)織,其外表(biao)面(mian)具有(you)無(wu)數微小的(de)(de)指狀胞(bao)(bao)質(zhi)突起(qi),稱微毛(mao)(mao)(microthrix),微毛(mao)(mao)結構(gou)與腸絨毛(mao)(mao)很相似,只(zhi)是它的(de)(de)末端呈尖(jian)棘(ji)狀。微毛(mao)(mao)遍(bian)被整個(ge)(ge)蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti),包括吸(xi)盤表(biao)面(mian)。微毛(mao)(mao)下是較厚的(de)(de)具有(you)大量空泡的(de)(de)胞(bao)(bao)質(zhi)區(qu)或稱基質(zhi)區(qu),胞(bao)(bao)質(zhi)區(qu)下界有(you)明顯(xian)的(de)(de)基膜(mo)(basal membrane)與皮(pi)下層截然(ran)分開,在接近基膜(mo)的(de)(de)胞(bao)(bao)質(zhi)區(qu)內線粒體(ti)(ti)密(mi)集。整個(ge)(ge)皮(pi)層均無(wu)胞(bao)(bao)核(圖17-2)。
皮下(xia)層(ceng)主要由(you)表(biao)層(ceng)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(superficial muscle)組成,有環肌(ji)(ji)(ji)、縱肌(ji)(ji)(ji)及(ji)少量斜肌(ji)(ji)(ji),均為(wei)平滑(hua)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)。此肌(ji)(ji)(ji)層(ceng)下(xia)的實質組織中有大(da)量的電子致(zhi)密(mi)細胞或(huo)稱(cheng)核(he)周(zhou)體(ti)(ti)(perikarya),核(he)周(zhou)體(ti)(ti)通過(guo)若干連接小管(guan)穿過(guo)表(biao)層(ceng)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)基(ji)膜與皮層(ceng)相連。核(he)周(zhou)體(ti)(ti)具有大(da)的雙層(ceng)膜的胞核(he)和(he)復雜的內質網,以及(ji)線粒體(ti)(ti)、蛋白類(lei)晶體(ti)(ti)和(he)脂或(huo)糖原(yuan)小滴等(deng),所以皮層(ceng)實際上是一種合胞體(ti)(ti)結構(gou),它(ta)靠核(he)周(zhou)體(ti)(ti)的分泌而更新。
表層肌中的(de)縱肌較強,它作為體(ti)壁內層包繞著蟲體(ti)實質和各器官并(bing)貫穿整個鏈體(ti);但在節(jie)片成熟后,節(jie)片間的(de)肌纖維會逐漸退化,因而孕節(jie)能自鏈體(ti)脫落。
絳蟲實質(zhi)組織中散布著許多鈣和鎂(mei)的(de)碳酸(suan)鹽微粒(li),外面(mian)被以胞(bao)膜而呈橢圓形,稱(cheng)為石灰小體(calcareous body)或鈣顆粒(li)(calcareous corpuscle),可能(neng)有緩(huan)沖平衡酸(suan)堿度的(de)作用(yong),或作為離子和二氧化碳的(de)補給庫(ku)。
神(shen)經(jing)(jing)系統 包括頭(tou)節(jie)中的神(shen)經(jing)(jing)節(jie)和(he)由它發出(chu)的6根縱行的神(shen)經(jing)(jing)干,左右側各(ge)有一根主干和(he)2根輔(fu)干,均貫穿整個鏈(lian)體,在(zai)頭(tou)節(jie)和(he)每個節(jie)片(pian)中還有橫向的連接支。感覺末梢(shao)分布于皮層,與觸覺和(he)化學(xue)感受器(qi)相連。
排(pai)泄(xie)(xie)(xie)系(xi)(xi)統 由若干(gan)焰細胞和與其(qi)相(xiang)連的(de)(de)4根(gen)縱行的(de)(de)排(pai)泄(xie)(xie)(xie)管(guan)(guan)組(zu)成。排(pai)泄(xie)(xie)(xie)管(guan)(guan)貫穿鏈體,每(mei)側(ce)2根(gen),以近腹面的(de)(de)一根(gen)較粗(cu)大,并在每(mei)一節(jie)(jie)片的(de)(de)后部有橫(heng)支左(zuo)右相(xiang)通。在頭(tou)節(jie)(jie)排(pai)泄(xie)(xie)(xie)管(guan)(guan)更為發達,往(wang)往(wang)形(xing)成排(pai)泄(xie)(xie)(xie)管(guan)(guan)叢。排(pai)泄(xie)(xie)(xie)系(xi)(xi)統既有排(pai)出(chu)代謝(xie)產物的(de)(de)作(zuo)用,亦(yi)有調(diao)節(jie)(jie)體液平衡的(de)(de)功(gong)能。
生(sheng)殖系(xi)統(tong)鏈體的(de)(de)(de)每個節(jie)片內均有雌(ci)(ci)雄(xiong)生(sheng)殖器(qi)官(guan)(guan)各一(yi)套。雄(xiong)性(xing)生(sheng)殖器(qi)官(guan)(guan)一(yi)般都比雌(ci)(ci)性(xing)先成熟(shu)。雄(xiong)性(xing)生(sheng)殖系(xi)統(tong)具(ju)有從(cong)幾個到幾百(bai)個睪丸(wan)(wan)。睪丸(wan)(wan)圓形,位(wei)于(yu)節(jie)片上、中(zhong)(zhong)部的(de)(de)(de)實質(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),通常(chang)靠近蟲體的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)面(mian)(mian),習慣上稱此(ci)面(mian)(mian)為背(bei)面(mian)(mian)。每個睪丸(wan)(wan)發出(chu)一(yi)輸出(chu)管,然后匯合成輸精(jing)管,輸精(jing)管通常(chang)蟠曲延(yan)伸(shen)入陰(yin)莖(jing)囊,在陰(yin)莖(jing)囊內或外輸精(jing)管可膨大成儲精(jing)囊。輸精(jing)管在陰(yin)莖(jing)囊中(zhong)(zhong)接(jie)納前(qian)列腺(xian)后延(yan)伸(shen)為射精(jing)管,前(qian)列腺(xian)可位(wei)于(yu)陰(yin)莖(jing)囊內或外。射精(jing)管的(de)(de)(de)末(mo)端是陰(yin)莖(jing),其上具(ju)小(xiao)刺或小(xiao)鉤(gou),并能(neng)從(cong)陰(yin)莖(jing)囊伸(shen)出(chu),為交接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)器(qi)官(guan)(guan)。
雌性生殖系統有(you)一(yi)個卵(luan)(luan)巢(chao),大多(duo)分(fen)成(cheng)(cheng)左右兩葉,位于(yu)節片(pian)(pian)中軸的腹面、睪丸之后。卵(luan)(luan)黃(huang)腺在有(you)的絳蟲是(shi)數量(liang)眾多(duo)的濾泡狀(zhuang)(zhuang)體,分(fen)散于(yu)實(shi)持的表層(ceng)中,圍繞(rao)著其(qi)(qi)它器官,在有(you)的絳蟲則聚集成(cheng)(cheng)單(dan)一(yi)的致密實(shi)體,位于(yu)卵(luan)(luan)巢(chao)后方。由卵(luan)(luan)黃(huang)腺發(fa)(fa)出的卵(luan)(luan)黃(huang)小管(guan)(guan)(guan)匯集成(cheng)(cheng)卵(luan)(luan)黃(huang)總(zong)管(guan)(guan)(guan),常(chang)(chang)膨(peng)大成(cheng)(cheng)卵(luan)(luan)黃(huang)囊(nang),并與(yu)輸卵(luan)(luan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)連接(jie)。陰(yin)道為(wei)略彎曲的小管(guan)(guan)(guan),多(duo)數與(yu)輸精(jing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)平行(xing),其(qi)(qi)遠端開口于(yu)生殖孔(kong),近端常(chang)(chang)膨(peng)大成(cheng)(cheng)受(shou)精(jing)囊(nang)。輸卵(luan)(luan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)自(zi)卵(luan)(luan)巢(chao)發(fa)(fa)出后,依次與(yu)陰(yin)道、卵(luan)(luan)黃(huang)總(zong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)連接(jie),然后膨(peng)大成(cheng)(cheng)卵(luan)(luan)模,再與(yu)子(zi)宮(gong)相通。子(zi)宮(gong)呈管(guan)(guan)(guan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)或囊(nang)狀(zhuang)(zhuang),管(guan)(guan)(guan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)的子(zi)宮(gong)蟠曲于(yu)節片(pian)(pian)中部,開口于(yu)腹面的子(zi)宮(gong)孔(kong);囊(nang)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)的子(zi)宮(gong)無子(zi)宮(gong)孔(kong),隨著其(qi)(qi)內(nei)蟲卵(luan)(luan)的增多(duo)和發(fa)(fa)育而膨(peng)大,或向兩側分(fen)支幾乎占滿整個節片(pian)(pian)。
人(ren)體寄生(sheng)的絳蟲(chong)均屬于假葉目和圓葉目,假葉目絳蟲(chong)頭節(jie)(jie)(jie)多呈梭形,固著(zhu)器官是位于頭節(jie)(jie)(jie)背、腹面的吸(xi)槽(cao);卵(luan)(luan)黃腺(xian)呈濾(lv)泡狀散布在節(jie)(jie)(jie)片(pian)(pian)的表層中,卵(luan)(luan)巢之前;生(sheng)殖(zhi)孔位于節(jie)(jie)(jie)片(pian)(pian)中部;子(zi)宮有子(zi)宮孔通向體外;成節(jie)(jie)(jie)和孕節(jie)(jie)(jie)結(jie)構相(xiang)似。圓葉目絳蟲(chong)頭節(jie)(jie)(jie)呈球形,固著(zhu)器官是4個吸(xi)盤,以及頂突和小鉤等(deng);卵(luan)(luan)黃腺(xian)聚集成一(yi)塊,位于卵(luan)(luan)巢之后,生(sheng)殖(zhi)孔位于節(jie)(jie)(jie)片(pian)(pian)側面;無子(zi)宮孔,孕節(jie)(jie)(jie)和成節(jie)(jie)(jie)結(jie)構差異(yi)較大。
兩(liang)個(ge)目絳蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)蟲(chong)(chong)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)也(ye)有(you)明顯區(qu)別,假葉(xie)目絳蟲(chong)(chong)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)與吸蟲(chong)(chong)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)相似,為橢圓形(xing),卵(luan)(luan)(luan)殼較薄,一端有(you)小(xiao)蓋(gai),卵(luan)(luan)(luan)內含一個(ge)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)細(xi)胞(bao)和若干個(ge)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)黃(huang)細(xi)胞(bao)。圓葉(xie)目絳蟲(chong)(chong)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)多(duo)呈圓球形(xing),外(wai)面是卵(luan)(luan)(luan)殼和很(hen)厚的(de)胚膜,卵(luan)(luan)(luan)內是已發(fa)育的(de)幼蟲(chong)(chong),具有(you)3對小(xiao)鉤,稱六鉤蚴(onchosphere)。
絳(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)的成蟲(chong)(chong)寄生于脊椎動(dong)物(wu)的消(xiao)化道中,蟲(chong)(chong)卵(luan)自子宮孔排出或隨孕節脫(tuo)落(luo)而排出,以后的發育在假葉目(mu)和(he)圓葉目(mu)有很(hen)大不同。
假葉(xie)目(mu)(mu)絳(jiang)蟲(chong)生活史(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)需要(yao)2個(ge)(ge)中(zhong)(zhong)間宿(su)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。蟲(chong)卵排出(chu)(chu)后(hou)(hou)必須進(jin)入水中(zhong)(zhong)才(cai)能繼續發(fa)育(yu)(yu),孵(fu)出(chu)(chu)的幼(you)蟲(chong)體(ti)內亦有3對小鉤(gou)(gou)(gou),體(ti)外被有一層(ceng)纖毛,能在水中(zhong)(zhong)游動(dong),稱(cheng)為鉤(gou)(gou)(gou)球蚴(coracidium)。第一中(zhong)(zhong)間宿(su)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)是淡水橈足類(lei)動(dong)物(wu)劍水蚤,鉤(gou)(gou)(gou)球蚴在其體(ti)內發(fa)育(yu)(yu)成(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)絳(jiang)期幼(you)蟲(chong)原尾(wei)蚴(procercoid),已初具絳(jiang)蟲(chong)雛形;在進(jin)入第二中(zhong)(zhong)間宿(su)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)魚或(huo)其它脊椎動(dong)物(wu)如(ru)蛙體(ti)內后(hou)(hou),原尾(wei)蚴繼續發(fa)育(yu)(yu)為裂頭蚴(plerocercoid,sparganum),裂頭蚴已具成(cheng)蟲(chong)形,白色,帶狀,但不分節,僅具不規則的橫(heng)皺褶,前端(duan)略凹入,伸縮活動(dong)能力(li)很強(qiang)。裂頭蚴必須進(jin)入終宿(su)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)腸道后(hou)(hou)才(cai)能發(fa)育(yu)(yu)為成(cheng)蟲(chong)。圓(yuan)葉(xie)目(mu)(mu)絳(jiang)蟲(chong)生活史(shi)只需1個(ge)(ge)中(zhong)(zhong)間宿(su)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),個(ge)(ge)別種類(lei)甚至可以無(wu)(wu)需中(zhong)(zhong)間宿(su)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。蟲(chong)卵在子宮(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)即已發(fa)育(yu)(yu),內含一個(ge)(ge)無(wu)(wu)纖毛的六鉤(gou)(gou)(gou)蚴。由(you)于(yu)這一目(mu)(mu)絳(jiang)蟲(chong)無(wu)(wu)子宮(gong)孔,蟲(chong)卵須待孕節自鏈體(ti)脫落排出(chu)(chu)體(ti)外后(hou)(hou),由(you)于(yu)孕節的活動(dong)擠(ji)壓或(huo)破裂才(cai)得以散出(chu)(chu)。蟲(chong)卵被中(zhong)(zhong)間宿(su)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)吞食(shi)后(hou)(hou),其中(zhong)(zhong)的六鉤(gou)(gou)(gou)蚴才(cai)能孵(fu)出(chu)(chu),然后(hou)(hou)鉆入宿(su)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)腸壁,隨(sui)血流到達組織內,發(fa)育(yu)(yu)成(cheng)各種中(zhong)(zhong)絳(jiang)期幼(you)蟲(chong),常(chang)見有以下類(lei)型(xing):
囊(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)尾蚴(you)(you)(you)俗稱囊(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)蟲(bladder worm),是(shi)半(ban)透明的小(xiao)囊(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)充滿囊(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)液(ye)(ye),囊(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)壁(bi)上(shang)有一(yi)(yi)個向內(nei)翻(fan)轉(zhuan)的頭節。另一(yi)(yi)種囊(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)尾蚴(you)(you)(you)型幼蟲,囊(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)內(nei)有多(duo)個頭節,稱多(duo)頭蚴(you)(you)(you)(coenurus)。棘球(qiu)蚴(you)(you)(you)(hydatid cyst)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種較(jiao)大的囊(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang),囊(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)內(nei)無數頭節稱原頭蚴(you)(you)(you)或(huo)原頭節(protoscolex);此外,還有許多(duo)小(xiao)的生(sheng)發囊(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)(brood capsule),生(sheng)發囊(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)附于囊(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)壁(bi)或(huo)懸(xuan)浮在囊(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)液(ye)(ye)中(zhong),其(qi)(qi)內(nei)又(you)可(ke)有許多(duo)頭節或(huo)更小(xiao)的囊(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang),以致一(yi)(yi)個棘球(qiu)蚴(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)可(ke)含成千上(shang)萬個頭節。
泡球蚴(alveolar hydatid cyst)或多房棘球蚴(multilocular hydatid cyst)屬棘球蚴型,囊較小(xiao),但可不斷向囊內和囊外芽生若干小(xiao)囊,囊內充滿的(de)不是(shi)囊液而(er)是(shi)膠狀物,其中原(yuan)頭(tou)節較小(xiao)。
似(si)囊(nang)尾(wei)蚴(you)(cysticercoid),體型較小,前端(duan)有很小的(de)囊(nang)腔和相(xiang)比之下較大的(de)頭節,后部則(ze)是實心的(de)帶小鉤的(de)尾(wei)狀結構。
各(ge)種中絳(jiang)期幼蟲(chong)(chong)名又可(ke)作為(wei)屬(shu)的(de)名稱,表(biao)示該(gai)種絳(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)這一期幼蟲(chong)(chong),如曼(man)氏裂頭蚴(you)(Sparganum mansoni)即表(biao)示曼(man)氏迭宮絳(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(Spirometra mansoni)的(de)裂頭蚴(you);豬(zhu)囊尾(wei)蚴(you)(Cysticercus cellulosae)指豬(zhu)肉絳(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(Taenia solium)的(de)囊尾(wei)蚴(you)。
中絳期幼蟲(chong)被終宿(su)主(zhu)吞食后,在腸道內(nei)受膽汁的激活才能脫囊或翻出頭節,逐(zhu)漸發育(yu)為成蟲(chong)。成蟲(chong)在終宿(su)主(zhu)體內(nei)存的時間(jian)隨種類而不(bu)同,有(you)的僅能活幾(ji)天到(dao)幾(ji)周,而有(you)的可長達幾(ji)十年。
絳蟲(chong)(chong)沒有(you)口和(he)消(xiao)化(hua)道(dao),靠(kao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)壁吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)營(ying)(ying)(ying)養(yang)(yang)。成蟲(chong)(chong)生(sheng)(sheng)活在宿主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腸(chang)(chang)道(dao)里,節片直接浸浴在宿主半消(xiao)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食物中。皮(pi)層通(tong)過(guo)擴散、易化(hua)擴散的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主動運輸(shu)等方式吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)各(ge)種營(ying)(ying)(ying)養(yang)(yang)物質,同時(shi)也具(ju)有(you)分泌(mi)和(he)抵抗宿主消(xiao)化(hua)液破壞(huai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。帶有(you)尖(jian)棘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)表(biao)微(wei)毛既有(you)固(gu)著作用(yong),免使蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)從消(xiao)化(hua)道(dao)排出;又(you)能(neng)擦傷宿主腸(chang)(chang)上(shang)皮(pi)細(xi)胞(bao),使富含營(ying)(ying)(ying)養(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)濃度細(xi)胞(bao)質滲出到蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)周圍便(bian)于蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou),遍布(bu)蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微(wei)毛又(you)增加了吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)面(mian)積,這樣就(jiu)大(da)大(da)提高(gao)(gao)了營(ying)(ying)(ying)養(yang)(yang)吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)效(xiao)能(neng)。皮(pi)層胞(bao)質區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)量(liang)空泡(pao)具(ju)有(you)對營(ying)(ying)(ying)養(yang)(yang)物質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胞(bao)飲作用(yong)和(he)運輸(shu)作用(yong)。有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絳蟲(chong)(chong)頭(tou)節上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頂(ding)突可(ke)能(neng)穿入宿主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腸(chang)(chang)腺(xian),經胞(bao)飲作用(yong)攝取粘液和(he)細(xi)胞(bao)碎片以及其它營(ying)(ying)(ying)養(yang)(yang)微(wei)粒。絳蟲(chong)(chong)從宿主腸(chang)(chang)內吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)營(ying)(ying)(ying)養(yang)(yang)物質有(you)氨基酸、糖類、脂(zhi)肪酸、甘油、維生(sheng)(sheng)素(su)、核苷(gan)以及嘌呤和(he)嘧啶等。
絳蟲主要通(tong)過糖代(dai)謝獲得能量(liang)。成蟲主要靠糖酵解,少(shao)數(shu)也可通(tong)過三羧酸(suan)循環(huan)和(he)電(dian)子(zi)傳遞系統(tong)獲得能量(liang),如細(xi)粒棘球絳蟲的原頭蚴(protoscolex)就具有完(wan)全的三羧酸(suan)循環(huan)功能。
絳(jiang)蟲(chong)的(de)交配及受(shou)精可(ke)(ke)(ke)以在同一節(jie)片(pian)或同一蟲(chong)體(ti)的(de)不同節(jie)片(pian)間(jian)完(wan)成,也可(ke)(ke)(ke)在兩條蟲(chong)體(ti)間(jian)進(jin)行(xing)。除成蟲(chong)營有性(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖外,中絳(jiang)期幼蟲(chong)可(ke)(ke)(ke)有無性(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖和芽生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖,如(ru)棘球蚴(you)可(ke)(ke)(ke)從(cong)囊壁生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)發(fa)層(ceng)長出許多原頭(tou)蚴(you)和生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)發(fa)囊。曼氏裂頭(tou)蚴(you)在宿主免疫功能(neng)受(shou)抑或受(shou)到病毒感染時(shi),也可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)異常的(de)芽生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)增殖,引起嚴(yan)重(zhong)的(de)增殖型裂頭(tou)蚴(you)病。裂頭(tou)蚴(you)具有一定再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)力,在部(bu)分(fen)蟲(chong)體(ti)被切除后,可(ke)(ke)(ke)以重(zhong)新(xin)長成一完(wan)整(zheng)的(de)蟲(chong)體(ti)。
絳(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)病 絳(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)有四類(lei),豬肉(rou)絳(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)和牛(niu)肉(rou)絳(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)最(zui)為常見(jian),這兩(liang)種絳(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)屬帶(dai)狀絳(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),長(chang)(chang)得很像(xiang),體扁且長(chang)(chang)像(xiang)鞋帶(dai)。豬肉(rou)絳(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)長(chang)(chang)2~4米,牛(niu)肉(rou)絳(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)可(ke)(ke)長(chang)(chang)達4~8米,全身可(ke)(ke)分三節(jie)(jie),頭節(jie)(jie)有吸(xi)附能(neng)力。豬肉(rou)絳(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)頂端有一圈小鉤,用小鉤和吸(xi)盤吸(xi)附在(zai)腸壁(bi)上(shang);牛(niu)肉(rou)絳(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)沒有小鉤,但有4個(ge)吸(xi)盤,靠吸(xi)盤吸(xi)附在(zai)腸壁(bi)上(shang)。頸節(jie)(jie)能(neng)不斷(duan)長(chang)(chang)出(chu)節(jie)(jie)片(pian),每天能(neng)長(chang)(chang)7~8個(ge)節(jie)(jie)片(pian),體節(jie)(jie)可(ke)(ke)分為未成(cheng)熟(shu)節(jie)(jie)和成(cheng)熟(shu)節(jie)(jie)。成(cheng)熟(shu)節(jie)(jie)片(pian)有雌雄(xiong)兩(liang)套(tao)生殖器官,子宮內儲有10多萬(wan)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)卵,這些節(jie)(jie)片(pian)可(ke)(ke)隨時脫落,隨糞便排出(chu)體外。絳(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)腸道(dao)內可(ke)(ke)存活(huo)10~20年。
豬帶絳(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(Taenia solium或(huo)Taeniarhynchus solium)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活在(zai)(zai)人(ren)腸(chang)內;受(shou)精后(hou)每個妊(ren)娠節(jie)(jie)(jie)片(pian)可含3~5萬(wan)個含胚體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)卵(luan)(luan);節(jie)(jie)(jie)片(pian)隨(sui)宿(su)(su)主(zhu)糞便排(pai)出(chu),如被(bei)(bei)(bei)狗、駱駝、豬、猴或(huo)人(ren)等吃入(ru),在(zai)(zai)消化道內孵(fu)出(chu)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(六鉤蚴(you));幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)穿過腸(chang)壁(bi)進入(ru)血管帶到身(shen)體(ti)(ti)各(ge)部分肌(ji)肉內,發育(yu)成(cheng)囊(nang)尾蚴(you);若肉中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)活囊(nang)尾蚴(you)再被(bei)(bei)(bei)其(qi)他(ta)動(dong)物(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)食下去,則(ze)在(zai)(zai)這個宿(su)(su)主(zhu)腸(chang)中(zhong)(zhong)直(zhi)接發育(yu)成(cheng)成(cheng)體(ti)(ti)。牛(niu)帶絳(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(Taenia saginata或(huo)Taeniarhynchus saginatis)世界性分布(bu),終(zhong)宿(su)(su)主(zhu)是人(ren),中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)宿(su)(su)主(zhu)是牛(niu)。闊節(jie)(jie)(jie)裂頭(tou)絳(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(Dibothriocephalus latus或(huo)Diphyllobothrium latum)主(zhu)要(yao)分布(bu)在(zai)(zai)北半球水(shui)域,侵(qin)入(ru)人(ren)和(he)(he)其(qi)他(ta)吃魚的(de)(de)哺乳動(dong)物(wu),特別是狗和(he)(he)熊(xiong);受(shou)精卵(luan)(luan)隨(sui)糞便排(pai)到水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong),孵(fu)出(chu)的(de)(de)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)為(wei)(wei)小甲殼動(dong)物(wu)所吃,后(hou)者又被(bei)(bei)(bei)魚(鱒、鮭、狗魚和(he)(he)鱸)所吃,幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)(zai)魚肌(ji)肉內結成(cheng)包(bao)囊(nang);哺乳動(dong)物(wu)吃魚後(hou),幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)(zai)腸(chang)內發育(yu)為(wei)(wei)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。扁形動(dong)物(wu)門的(de)(de)1綱。全部營寄生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活。成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)寄生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)脊(ji)椎動(dong)物(wu),幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)主(zhu)要(yao)寄生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)無脊(ji)椎動(dong)物(wu),但(dan)也(ye)有以脊(ji)椎動(dong)物(wu)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)宿(su)(su)主(zhu)的(de)(de)。除單節(jie)(jie)(jie)絳(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)外(wai),所有的(de)(de)絳(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)均分節(jie)(jie)(jie),由頭(tou)節(jie)(jie)(jie)、幼(you)節(jie)(jie)(jie)、成(cheng)節(jie)(jie)(jie)和(he)(he)孕(yun)節(jie)(jie)(jie)組成(cheng)1條帶狀(zhuang)鏈體(ti)(ti),成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)身(shen)體(ti)(ti)約有2000節(jie)(jie)(jie),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)孕(yun)節(jie)(jie)(jie)不斷(duan)地在(zai)(zai)脫離母體(ti)(ti),母體(ti)(ti)也(ye)不斷(duan)地生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie),每一節(jie)(jie)(jie)都可以發育(yu)成(cheng)新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)個體(ti)(ti)。絳(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)廣泛地寄生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)人(ren)、家畜、家禽、魚和(he)(he)其(qi)他(ta)經濟動(dong)物(wu)的(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)內,引起各(ge)種絳(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)病(bing)和(he)(he)絳(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)蚴(you)病(bing)。
因為(wei)絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)節(jie)(jie)(jie)片(pian)能(neng)自動脫離蟲(chong)(chong)體,所以(yi)患(huan)(huan)(huan)兒(er)(er)常(chang)有(you)(you)節(jie)(jie)(jie)片(pian)隨(sui)大便排(pai)出,有(you)(you)時單個節(jie)(jie)(jie)片(pian)能(neng)從(cong)肛門爬(pa)出來,患(huan)(huan)(huan)兒(er)(er)可(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)直腸(chang)內(nei)絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)蠕(ru)動的感覺。上中腹部(bu)疼痛(tong)是常(chang)見癥狀(zhuang),有(you)(you)時疼痛(tong)很劇(ju)烈(lie),但進食以(yi)后,疼痛(tong)多數能(neng)緩解。還有(you)(you)少數患(huan)(huan)(huan)兒(er)(er)惡心(xin)(xin)、腹瀉、便秘。病(bing)初起(qi)(qi)(qi)食欲亢進,病(bing)久食欲不(bu)振(zhen),出現消瘦、無力、頭昏等癥狀(zhuang)。豬肉絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)的囊(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)尾蚴,可(ke)(ke)以(yi)在身體的任何(he)部(bu)位(wei)發育,引(yin)(yin)起(qi)(qi)(qi)囊(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)蟲(chong)(chong)病(bing),其(qi)危害(hai)性遠較(jiao)絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)成蟲(chong)(chong)大,癥狀(zhuang)及嚴(yan)重度因囊(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)蟲(chong)(chong)數目(mu)和(he)寄生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)部(bu)位(wei)而異。皮下組(zu)織和(he)肌肉組(zu)織為(wei)好發部(bu)位(wei),其(qi)次尚有(you)(you)腦(nao)、眼、心(xin)(xin)、肝、肺(fei)等。寄生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在皮下組(zu)織,則出現皮下結(jie)節(jie)(jie)(jie),結(jie)節(jie)(jie)(jie)堅實而有(you)(you)彈性,不(bu)痛(tong)不(bu)癢,患(huan)(huan)(huan)兒(er)(er)沒(mei)有(you)(you)不(bu)舒適感覺,經過(guo)一段時間,結(jie)節(jie)(jie)(jie)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)鈣化。寄生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在肌肉內(nei),可(ke)(ke)引(yin)(yin)起(qi)(qi)(qi)肌肉酸脹的感覺。囊(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)蟲(chong)(chong)寄生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在腦(nao)內(nei)引(yin)(yin)起(qi)(qi)(qi)腦(nao)囊(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)蟲(chong)(chong)病(bing),對患(huan)(huan)(huan)兒(er)(er)危害(hai)最大,患(huan)(huan)(huan)兒(er)(er)顱壓增高,引(yin)(yin)起(qi)(qi)(qi)頭痛(tong)、嘔吐,和(he)癲癇樣發作,嚴(yan)重的可(ke)(ke)引(yin)(yin)起(qi)(qi)(qi)死(si)亡。牛(niu)肉絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)的囊(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)尾蚴不(bu)在人體寄生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),所以(yi)牛(niu)肉絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)感染,不(bu)會引(yin)(yin)起(qi)(qi)(qi)囊(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)(nang)蟲(chong)(chong)病(bing)。
絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲是(shi)寄生蟲,有時能(neng)(neng)使豬(zhu)及牛受(shou)到(dao)病(bing)害(hai)。人(ren)們吃(chi)了未經適當烹煮的帶絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲豬(zhu)肉(rou)、牛肉(rou)或(huo)魚肉(rou),絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲就會(hui)進(jin)入(ru)人(ren)體寄生。絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲一(yi)旦(dan)進(jin)入(ru)腸(chang)道(dao),它(ta)會(hui)將頭端嵌入(ru)腸(chang)壁。然后在腸(chang)壁上吸取食物,能(neng)(neng)長到(dao)十公(gong)尺(chi)。絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲的環節會(hui)斷脫(tuo),隨糞便(bian)排出(chu)體外(wai)。這些(xie)環節看起來像一(yi)段(duan)段(duan)白色狹小的緞帶。如果絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲留在腸(chang)道(dao),它(ta)不(bu)會(hui)造成太大(da)的損害(hai),但卻經常會(hui)引發輕(qing)微(wei)、偶爾(er)腹痛、食欲減退及肛門四周刺癢等(deng)輕(qing)度癥狀。
盡管家畜(chu)屠宰場在處理肉(rou)(rou)類(lei)(lei)時都(dou)有嚴(yan)格的規定,但偶(ou)爾還是有帶絳蟲的肉(rou)(rou)類(lei)(lei)進入市場。不過,只要將肉(rou)(rou)類(lei)(lei)徹底煮熟,就能將寄生在肉(rou)(rou)中(zhong)的任(ren)何絳蟲殺死。
應該如何處理?
如(ru)果(guo)你認為你身體內(nei)可能(neng)(neng)有絳蟲(chong),你去看醫生(sheng)(sheng),醫生(sheng)(sheng)可能(neng)(neng)會對你做糞便采樣檢查(cha)。有許多(duo)藥物能(neng)(neng)夠殺滅寄生(sheng)(sheng)絳蟲(chong),如(ru)有必要(yao),醫生(sheng)(sheng)會給你服用一(yi)種殺蟲(chong)藥。當你將絳蟲(chong)的(de)(de)頭部排出體外后,這(zhe)種感染病(bing)也(ye)就痊(quan)愈了,不(bu)過這(zhe)需(xu)要(yao)好幾天(tian)的(de)(de)時間(jian)。
絳蟲(chong)妊娠節片和蟲(chong)卵隨人(ren)的糞便排出體外,污染(ran)周圍環境,如果豬或(huo)牛吃(chi)了這些(xie)蟲(chong)卵,經過48~72小(xiao)時,蟲(chong)卵六鉤蚴(you)(you)就會在(zai)它們的腸道里面(mian)脫殼而(er)出,穿過腸壁(bi)進入血(xue)液,隨血(xue)流到(dao)達(da)全身各(ge)處,經過60~70天,發育(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)囊(nang)尾(wei)(wei)蚴(you)(you)。囊(nang)尾(wei)(wei)蚴(you)(you)可在(zai)豬體內生(sheng)存(cun)3~5年。小(xiao)兒吃(chi)了含有囊(nang)尾(wei)(wei)蚴(you)(you)的豬肉或(huo)牛肉,在(zai)小(xiao)腸液的作(zuo)用下(xia),囊(nang)尾(wei)(wei)蚴(you)(you)頭節翻出來(lai),吸附在(zai)腸壁(bi)上,經2~3個月(yue),發育(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)。小(xiao)兒也可能吃(chi)下(xia)被蟲(chong)卵污染(ran)過的食物,絳蟲(chong)卵在(zai)腸道內脫殼,孵(fu)化(hua)出六鉤蚴(you)(you),六鉤蚴(you)(you)穿過腸壁(bi),隨血(xue)流到(dao)達(da)全身各(ge)組(zu)織,發育(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)囊(nang)尾(wei)(wei)蚴(you)(you),引起囊(nang)蟲(chong)病。
因絳蟲病患者是唯一(yi)的傳(chuan)染病源,所以控制本病,首要(yao)任務是治療(liao)病人。驅(qu)絳蟲成蟲常(chang)選用下列藥物:
①氯硝柳(liu)胺(滅絳靈):總劑量為3~5歲0.5~1克(ke),5~10歲1~1.5克(ke),10歲以上1.5~2克(ke),分(fen)兩次空(kong)腹(fu)嚼碎(sui)后吞服(fu),間(jian)隔1小(xiao)時,服(fu)后2小(xiao)時服(fu)瀉藥硫酸鎂(mei)。
②檳(bin)榔和南(nan)瓜子:南(nan)瓜子粉50~90克(帶皮80~125g)空腹口(kou)服,2小(xiao)時后服檳(bin)榔煎劑(以生檳(bin)榔子每歲2~3毫克,每天最大(da)劑量不超過50g,加水10倍(bei)煎成40~60毫升),半小(xiao)時后服瀉藥。
不(bu)論何種(zhong)藥物驅絳(jiang),患兒應坐在便(bian)盆上排便(bian),事先(xian)在便(bian)盆內放入40℃熱水(shui)松弛肛門(men),以(yi)(yi)便(bian)蟲體(ti)完整排出(chu)。如果蟲體(ti)掛在肛門(men)下(xia)面(mian),不(bu)能(neng)用(yong)手扯斷,以(yi)(yi)免頭(tou)節留在腸內。絳(jiang)蟲排出(chu)后(hou),應檢(jian)查(cha)頭(tou)節,若無頭(tou)節,排出(chu)效果不(bu)好。
治療(liao)囊蟲病首(shou)選丙(bing)硫咪(mi)唑,每(mei)天每(mei)公斤體重(zhong)20毫克,分2次于飯(fan)前半小時服用,連續服10天。此藥副作用較(jiao)少(shao),療(liao)效可(ke)達(da)98%以上。如(ru)療(liao)效不好,可(ke)做外科治療(liao)。
預防絳蟲要:
①禁止出售含有囊尾蚴的豬(zhu)肉(rou)和(he)牛肉(rou)。
②提倡豬(zhu)圈(quan)(quan)養豬(zhu),豬(zhu)圈(quan)(quan)遠離廁所。
③改(gai)變(bian)生(sheng)(sheng)吃豬、牛(niu)肉(rou)習慣,所用菜刀、菜板生(sheng)(sheng)熟分開。
含大量囊蟲的豬肉俗稱“米豬肉”,又稱“豆(dou)豬肉”。
人吃(chi)了(le)生的或(huo)未熟(shu)透的含(han)囊(nang)蟲(chong)(chong)的豬肉(rou)后(hou),囊(nang)蟲(chong)(chong)在人體(ti)小腸(chang)內(nei)受膽汁的刺激,頭節(jie)自囊(nang)內(nei)翻出,吸附于腸(chang)壁并(bing)逐(zhu)漸伸長(chang),頸(jing)部逐(zhu)漸分裂而(er)形(xing)成(cheng)鏈狀體(ti)節(jie),約2~3個月發育為成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong),即(ji)絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)。絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)是(shi)(shi)人類寄生蟲(chong)(chong)之一,最常(chang)見的是(shi)(shi)豬肉(rou)絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)和牛(niu)肉(rou)絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong),這兩種絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)病從癥(zheng)狀到診斷、治療都基(ji)本相同,唯一不同的是(shi)(shi),豬肉(rou)絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)病是(shi)(shi)吃(chi)了(le)含(han)囊(nang)蟲(chong)(chong)的病豬肉(rou)而(er)罹患(huan)的,而(er)牛(niu)肉(rou)絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)則是(shi)(shi)吃(chi)了(le)含(han)囊(nang)蟲(chong)(chong)的病牛(niu)肉(rou)而(er)罹患(huan)的。人對牛(niu)肉(rou)絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)卵似(si)有(you)先天性免(mian)疫,故一般(ban)不發生牛(niu)絳(jiang)(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)病。
豬(zhu)(zhu)肉絳蟲呈扁平帶狀,長達2~4m,寄生于人(ren)體(ti)小腸上部,雌雄同體(ti),其妊娠節片隨糞便排出,被中(zhong)間宿主豬(zhu)(zhu)(或牛)吞(tun)食后,在(zai)其十(shi)二指腸內孵(fu)出六(liu)鉤(gou)蚴,鉆入腸系膜小靜脈(mo)及淋巴管,隨血流播散至全身各組織,尤以橫紋肌為(wei)其主要寄生部位,經(jing)2~3個月發育為(wei)囊蟲。
絳蟲寄(ji)生(sheng)人(ren)體(ti)大(da)多為1條,少數(shu)可(ke)(ke)多條,成蟲在人(ren)體(ti)壽命約(yue)數(shu)年至20年或更久(jiu)。絳蟲寄(ji)生(sheng)在人(ren)的小腸(chang)內,除奪取營養外,致病作(zuo)用一(yi)般較輕微,有(you)時可(ke)(ke)有(you)腹部不適、腹瀉、消(xiao)化不良、惡(e)心、體(ti)重減輕等癥狀和體(ti)征,大(da)便中常有(you)白(bai)色(se)蟲體(ti)節(jie)片排出。
(1)堅持飯(fan)前便后洗手。
(2)不吃(chi)(chi)"米豬肉(rou)",不吃(chi)(chi)生肉(rou)和未煮熟(shu)的肉(rou)。食物生熟(shu)要分開,刀(dao)、菜(cai)板(ban)、菜(cai)盒用開水洗捌后使用。
(3)服藥后(hou)大便(bian)(bian)應(ying)坐在溫水盆上,便(bian)(bian)蟲自然排出(chu),不要牽拉,以免拉斷,蟲排后(hou)要細(xi)致檢(jian)查(cha)有無(wu)頭(tou)節,如無(wu)頭(tou)節,1個月后(hou)應(ying)重復治(zhi)療。
治療絳蟲病(bing),中醫多(duo)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)榧(fei)子(zi)散,即榧(fei)子(zi)、檳(bin)榔(lang)、蕪(wu)荑各等份(fen)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)。或(huo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)香榔(lang)丸(wan),由(you)木香、檳(bin)榔(lang)、大黃、使君(jun)子(zi)、雷丸(wan)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)。或(huo)檳(bin)榔(lang)與南瓜子(zi)方(fang):南瓜子(zi)炒熟(shu)去皮食仁,用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量30~90克(ke),嚼(jiao)服(fu)(fu)或(huo)研粉沖服(fu)(fu),早晨空腹(fu)服(fu)(fu)下(xia),1小(xiao)時后,服(fu)(fu)檳(bin)榔(lang)煎劑。若1小(xiao)時后,大便不(bu)(bu)解者,可(ke)再(zai)給檳(bin)榔(lang)煎1次。解大便時必(bi)須(xu)坐便盆(pen)里(li),蟲體(ti)排出(chu)后,必(bi)須(xu)找到“頭節(jie)”方(fang)為驅蟲成(cheng)(cheng)功。若未見(jian)“頭節(jie)”,二周后再(zai)重復用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao),定要(yao)把蟲體(ti)頭部排出(chu)方(fang)能(neng)痊(quan)愈(yu)。對(dui)囊蟲病(bing)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)海(hai)藻玉壺湯加(jia)(jia)減:海(hai)藻、昆布、海(hai)帶、連(lian)翹、陳(chen)皮、半夏(xia)、當歸、川芎。如有合并(bing)腦囊蟲、抽搐(chu)者,可(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)定癇(xian)丸(wan);皮下(xia)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)結節(jie),痰(tan)濁流注肌肉,可(ke)加(jia)(jia)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)雷丸(wan),按(an)年齡大小(xiao)每次10~20克(ke),生研后吞服(fu)(fu),不(bu)(bu)可(ke)加(jia)(jia)熱,日2~3次,連(lian)服(fu)(fu)2~3天,不(bu)(bu)需服(fu)(fu)瀉藥(yao)。蟲下(xia)后調理脾(pi)胃以六(liu)君(jun)子(zi)湯煎服(fu)(fu)善后。外治法,詳見(jian)中醫藥(yao)外治方(fang)法。
(1)取(qu)檳(bin)(bin)榔120克,加(jia)水300毫(hao)升,熬至150毫(hao)升,先(xian)吃炒南瓜(gua)子120克,2小時后再溫(wen)服檳(bin)(bin)榔煎的藥汁,服后坐(zuo)在溫(wen)水盆內(nei),絳蟲自下(xia)。
(2)檳榔(lang)、南瓜子、石榴(liu)根皮(pi)各(ge)30克,水煎服,30分鐘后(hou)再服硫(liu)酸鎂20-30克。
(3)檳(bin)榔(lang)120克,雷(lei)丸(wan)9克,吳(wu)萊英10克,將雷(lei)丸(wan)研成細粉,檳(bin)榔(lang)、吳(wu)茱萸水煎(jian)后送服雷(lei)丸(wan)粉。
(4)豬牙草根適量研(yan)成細末(mo),空(kong)腹服(fu)50克,一日1次。
(5)山椒樹皮20克切細絲,煎后空腹服,一日(ri)3劑(ji)。
(6)南(nan)瓜(gua)子炒熱(re)去殼,隨時咀嚼,連(lian)服十來天有(you)效。
(7)檳榔124克,加水煎,去渣,空腹(fu)頓服(fu)。
方名:治絳蟲方
主治:絳蟲病
處方(fang):石(shi)榴根四錢(鮮者一兩)、蓖麻油60-100毫升(sheng)
制法:將石榴根皮(pi)用(yong)水400毫升(sheng)煎至200毫升(sheng),備用(yong)
用法:成人(ren)每次一劑,兒(er)童酌減。服后過五分鐘,再服蓖麻油,待絳蟲(chong)排出后,再服些小米粥
禁忌:孕(yun)婦忌服。排(pai)蟲前禁食,三日內忌食生冷
來源:束(shu)鹿縣和(he)睦井醫院
方名:檳(bin)榔(lang)南瓜子方
主治:絳蟲病
處(chu)方:南瓜子(zi)半(ban)斤(jin)、檳榔二至四兩、硫酸鎂50克
制法:南瓜子炒熟,備用
用(yong)(yong)(yong)法:早晨五(wu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)空腹吃南瓜(gua)子,七點(dian)(dian)(dian)熬檳(bin)榔水喝,十點(dian)(dian)(dian)服硫(liu)酸鎂30-50克(ke)。當絳蟲排(pai)(pai)出時(shi),嚴禁用(yong)(yong)(yong)手牽拉(la),以免將蟲拉(la)斷(duan),如果絳蟲不能一(yi)次(ci)排(pai)(pai)出時(shi),可用(yong)(yong)(yong)36.5-37度溫水坐浴(yu),使蟲慢慢排(pai)(pai)出體(ti)外
來源:隆化縣醫院
方名:驅絳蟲方
主治:絳蟲病
處(chu)方:檳榔二兩、木香三錢、川軍三錢、雷丸(wan)二錢
制(zhi)法:把(ba)雷(lei)丸為面(mian),其余三味藥水煎(jian),先服(fu)雷(lei)丸面(mian),半小(xiao)時后再服(fu)煎(jian)劑(ji)
禁忌:孕婦忌服
療效:療效很好,尤其(qi)服檳榔,南瓜子而無效者,服此藥效果佳
來源:新城縣醫院
(1)吡喹酮:成人(ren)晨起空腹頓(dun)服,15~20mg/kg,隔30分鐘后服50%的硫酸鎂60ml。本藥為廣(guang)譜驅(qu)蟲(chong)藥,主要作用于蟲(chong)體(ti)頸部,使蟲(chong)體(ti)表膜對鈣(gai)離子(zi)通透(tou)性(xing)增加(jia),破壞、殺(sha)死(si)蟲(chong)體(ti)。
(2)滅絳靈(ling)(氯硝柳(liu)胺):成人(ren)2g,兒童酌減,晨起(qi)空腹一(yi)次或兩次(間(jian)隔1小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)),嚼碎后吞(tun)服(fu)(fu),服(fu)(fu)藥后2~3小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)服(fu)(fu)硫酸(suan)鎂導瀉。本(ben)藥能(neng)抑制絳蟲(chong)線粒體(ti)(ti)的氧化磷酸(suan)化作(zuo)用(yong),破(po)壞(huai)蟲(chong)體(ti)(ti),但對(dui)蟲(chong)卵(luan)無(wu)作(zuo)用(yong)。因副作(zuo)用(yong)小(xiao)(xiao),孕婦也可服(fu)(fu)用(yong)。
(3)中(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)治(zhi)療(liao):采(cai)用檳榔及南瓜子(zi)聯合(he)療(liao)法,檳榔對(dui)絳(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)的頭部及前段有(you)麻痹(bi)作用,南瓜子(zi)主要(yao)使絳(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)的中(zhong)、后段節片麻痹(bi),兩者聯合(he)應用療(liao)效(xiao)更佳。服用方(fang)法為(wei):空腹(fu)口服南瓜子(zi)仁粉50~90g,1小(xiao)時(shi)后服檳榔煎(jian)劑(檳榔片80g,兒童酌減,加水500ml,浸泡(pao)1夜,煎(jian)1小(xiao)時(shi)后濃縮(suo)成150~200ml的濾液),再過半小(xiao)時(shi)服50%硫酸鎂60ml。一般在3小(xiao)時(shi)內即有(you)完整蟲(chong)(chong)體排(pai)出,少(shao)數病人可有(you)惡心、嘔吐、腹(fu)痛(tong)等反應。
驅蟲(chong)治(zhi)(zhi)療前(qian)應用小劑量氯丙嗪,防止惡心(xin)、嘔吐而致全身(shen)感染。根(gen)治(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)準(zhun)是半年內糞便(bian)中無蟲(chong)卵(luan)和節片發現(xian)。
絳蟲(chong)(chong)寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓葉(xie)目(mu)絳蟲(chong)(chong)其(qi)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)長(chang),扁如帶狀(zhuang)(zhuang),大(da)(da)(da)多(duo)(duo)分(fen)(fen)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie),白色或乳白色,體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)長(chang)因蟲(chong)(chong)種不同(tong)可(ke)以(yi)數毫米(mi)(mi)至數米(mi)(mi)。蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)前端細(xi)(xi)小(xiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)頭(tou)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)緊接其(qi)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)短而(er)細(xi)(xi)、不分(fen)(fen)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頸部(bu)(bu)頸部(bu)(bu)以(yi)后(hou)是(shi)(shi)鏈(lian)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)鏈(lian)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)由(you)3~4個節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)片(pian)(pian)至數千個節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)片(pian)(pian)前后(hou)相連組成(cheng)。頭(tou)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)呈球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)、卵圓形(xing)(xing)或菱形(xing)(xing)等,其(qi)上有(you)(you)附(fu)著器官。附(fu)著器官為(wei)(wei)(wei)吸盤(pan)(pan)吸盤(pan)(pan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)陷入頭(tou)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)表(biao)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肌(ji)(ji)質(zhi)附(fu)著器,除固(gu)著外(wai),還(huan)有(you)(you)使蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)移動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能。圓葉(xie)目(mu)絳蟲(chong)(chong)頭(tou)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)多(duo)(duo)呈球(qiu)形(xing)(xing),4個圓形(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吸盤(pan)(pan)分(fen)(fen)列(lie)于頭(tou)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)四周;頭(tou)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)頂(ding)部(bu)(bu)可(ke)有(you)(you)能伸縮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓形(xing)(xing)突起,稱(cheng)(cheng)頂(ding)突頂(ding)突上常具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)若(ruo)干(gan)棘(ji)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)或矛狀(zhuang)(zhuang)小(xiao)鉤,小(xiao)鉤常排(pai)列(lie)成(cheng)1~2圈。頸部(bu)(bu)一(yi)般比頭(tou)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)細(xi)(xi)、不分(fen)(fen)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)。頸部(bu)(bu)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)生(sheng)(sheng)發(fa)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao),鏈(lian)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)片(pian)(pian)即由(you)此向(xiang)后(hou)連續長(chang)出(chu)。鏈(lian)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)由(you)一(yi)定數目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)片(pian)(pian)前后(hou)連接構(gou)成(cheng)。節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)片(pian)(pian)之間(jian)多(duo)(duo)有(you)(you)明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)界(jie)限(xian),靠近(jin)頸部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)片(pian)(pian)較(jiao)(jiao)細(xi)(xi)小(xiao),其(qi)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)器官尚未發(fa)育(yu)成(cheng)熟,稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)幼節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie);鏈(lian)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)片(pian)(pian)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)(da),其(qi)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)器官已發(fa)育(yu)成(cheng)熟,稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)成(cheng)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie);鏈(lian)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)后(hou)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)片(pian)(pian)最大(da)(da)(da),子宮中(zhong)(zhong)充滿蟲(chong)(chong)卵,稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)孕節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)。成(cheng)熟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孕節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)逐(zhu)(zhu)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)或逐(zhu)(zhu)段自鏈(lian)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)末端脫落或裂解,隨宿(su)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)糞便排(pai)出(chu)。絳蟲(chong)(chong)無消(xiao)化器官和體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)腔,其(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)壁分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)兩(liang)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),即皮(pi)(pi)(pi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)及皮(pi)(pi)(pi)下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。皮(pi)(pi)(pi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)表(biao)面具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)許多(duo)(duo)微(wei)(wei)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)棘(ji)樣突起,稱(cheng)(cheng)之為(wei)(wei)(wei)微(wei)(wei)毛(mao)微(wei)(wei)毛(mao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構(gou)與(yu)(yu)腸(chang)粘膜(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)絨毛(mao)很相似,所不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)微(wei)(wei)毛(mao)頂(ding)部(bu)(bu)呈致(zhi)(zhi)密的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尖棘(ji)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。微(wei)(wei)毛(mao)遍被整(zheng)個蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti),包括(kuo)吸盤(pan)(pan)表(biao)面。微(wei)(wei)毛(mao)下(xia)是(shi)(shi)較(jiao)(jiao)厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)量空(kong)泡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胞(bao)質(zhi)區(qu)或稱(cheng)(cheng)基(ji)(ji)質(zhi)區(qu)。胞(bao)質(zhi)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)部(bu)(bu)即皮(pi)(pi)(pi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最內(nei)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),線(xian)粒(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)密集。皮(pi)(pi)(pi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)界(jie)有(you)(you)明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)膜(mo),使之與(yu)(yu)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)截然(ran)分(fen)(fen)界(jie)。皮(pi)(pi)(pi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)是(shi)(shi)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)高度代謝活性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組織。它(ta)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)吸收、分(fen)(fen)泌(mi)以(yi)及抵抗(kang)宿(su)主消(xiao)化液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能。皮(pi)(pi)(pi)下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)主要由(you)表(biao)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)肌(ji)(ji)組成(cheng),包括(kuo)環(huan)肌(ji)(ji)、縱肌(ji)(ji)及少(shao)量斜(xie)肌(ji)(ji),均為(wei)(wei)(wei)平滑肌(ji)(ji)。表(biao)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)肌(ji)(ji)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)實質(zhi)組織中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電子致(zhi)(zhi)密細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)或稱(cheng)(cheng)核周體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)核周體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)通過若(ruo)干(gan)連接小(xiao)管穿過表(biao)肌(ji)(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)和基(ji)(ji)膜(mo)與(yu)(yu)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)相連。核周體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)核、內(nei)質(zhi)網(wang)、線(xian)粒(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti),以(yi)及蛋(dan)白類晶體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)和脂或糖原小(xiao)滴。表(biao)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)肌(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)縱肌(ji)(ji)較(jiao)(jiao)強(qiang)大(da)(da)(da),它(ta)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)壁內(nei)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)包繞著蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)實質(zhi)組織和各器官并(bing)貫(guan)穿整(zheng)個蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)。但在節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)片(pian)(pian)成(cheng)熟后(hou),節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)片(pian)(pian)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肌(ji)(ji)纖維會逐(zhu)(zhu)漸退化脫落。