齊襄公(gong)時,齊國政治混亂。管(guan)仲(zhong)、召忽(hu)保(bao)護公(gong)子糾逃到(dao)魯國,鮑叔牙保(bao)護小(xiao)白(bai)逃到(dao)莒國。
襄公十二年(nian)(nian)(前686年(nian)(nian)),公孫(sun)無(wu)知(zhi)殺(sha)齊襄公,自立(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)君。次年(nian)(nian),雍林人殺(sha)無(wu)知(zhi),并(bing)討論重立(li)(li)君主。高、國(guo)(guo)(guo)兩家事(shi)先暗地(di)通知(zhi)了(le)小白回(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。魯國(guo)(guo)(guo)聽說(shuo)以后也(ye)發兵送(song)小白的哥哥公子(zi)糾回(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo),并(bing)派管(guan)(guan)仲帶兵堵截(jie)了(le)莒國(guo)(guo)(guo)到齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)的路,管(guan)(guan)仲一箭射中小白的帶鉤。小白假(jia)裝倒地(di)而死,管(guan)(guan)仲派人回(hui)魯國(guo)(guo)(guo)報捷。魯國(guo)(guo)(guo)于(yu)是慢慢地(di)送(song)公子(zi)糾回(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo),過了(le)六天才到達齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)。這(zhe)時小白早已兼程(cheng)趕(gan)回(hui)齊國(guo)(guo)(guo),高傒立(li)(li)他(ta)為(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)君,是為(wei)(wei)桓公。
齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)被射中(zhong)(zhong)帶鉤,裝死迷惑管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲。躲(duo)在(zai)帳篷車里(li)日(ri)夜兼程(cheng)趕回齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),又有(you)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)貴族國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、高兩(liang)氏支(zhi)持,成為(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun),即位以(yi)后發兵攻擊魯(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),在(zai)乾時(今桓(huan)(huan)臺(tai)縣)大(da)(da)戰,魯(lu)(lu)軍敗走。鮑(bao)叔(shu)牙給魯(lu)(lu)侯寫了(le)一(yi)封信,信中(zhong)(zhong)說:“公(gong)(gong)子糾是齊(qi)君(jun)(jun)(jun)的兄弟,不(bu)忍殺他(ta)(ta),請(qing)魯(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)自己殺他(ta)(ta)。公(gong)(gong)子糾的老師召(zhao)忽、管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲是仇(chou)人(ren),請(qing)魯(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)把他(ta)(ta)們送(song)來(lai)。如不(bu)從命,將要出兵討(tao)伐魯(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。”魯(lu)(lu)人(ren)害怕,殺公(gong)(gong)子糾,召(zhao)忽自殺,管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲被囚禁。桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)要殺管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲,鮑(bao)叔(shu)牙勸說:“臣幸(xing)運地跟從了(le)君(jun)(jun)(jun)上,君(jun)(jun)(jun)上現在(zai)成為(wei)了(le)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)。如果(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)上只想治理齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),那(nei)么有(you)叔(shu)牙和高傒(xi)就(jiu)(jiu)夠(gou)了(le)。如果(guo)君(jun)(jun)(jun)上想成就(jiu)(jiu)天下霸(ba)(ba)業,那(nei)么非管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲不(bu)可。管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲到哪(na)個國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia),哪(na)個國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)就(jiu)(jiu)能強盛(sheng),不(bu)可以(yi)失去他(ta)(ta)。”桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)便聽(ting)從他(ta)(ta)的建(jian)議,假借殺仇(chou)血恨(hen)之(zhi)名把管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲接到齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)和管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲談論(lun)霸(ba)(ba)王之(zhi)術,大(da)(da)喜過望,拜其為(wei)大(da)(da)夫,委以(yi)政(zheng)事。
齊(qi)桓公(gong)拜管仲為相之后,君臣同心(xin),勵精圖治,對(dui)內整(zheng)頓朝政、例行改革(ge),對(dui)外尊王攘(rang)夷,存亡續(xu)絕。這一時期(qi),齊(qi)桓公(gong)起用了一批(pi)各有(you)所長、盡忠職(zhi)守的出(chu)色人才(cai)。其中最(zui)具代表性的便是“桓管五杰(jie)”。
桓(huan)公十四年(前672),陳(chen)厲(li)公子完(即(ji)田(tian)完)逃到(dao)齊國(guo),桓(huan)公想任命他(ta)為(wei)卿,他(ta)不接受,桓(huan)公就任命他(ta)為(wei)工正(zheng)。
攻滅譚遂兩國、北杏會盟
桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)逃亡(wang)時經過了譚(tan)國,但譚(tan)國待桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)不好(hao),所以桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)在齊桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)二年(nian)(前684年(nian))出兵滅掉(diao)譚(tan)國,譚(tan)國君(jun)主逃向莒國。
齊(qi)桓公五年(前(qian)681年),齊(qi)、宋、陳、蔡、邾五國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)君(jun)在(zai)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)舉行“北杏(xing)(xing)會盟(meng)”,旨在(zai)協力平息宋國(guo)(guo)內部爭(zheng)奪君(jun)位的變亂,齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)首開以諸侯身份(fen)主持天下會盟(meng)的記錄,齊(qi)桓公的威望在(zai)諸侯中開始不斷升高。會盟(meng)前(qian)齊(qi)桓公曾邀遂國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)君(jun)入盟(meng),遭到拒(ju)絕。“北杏(xing)(xing)會盟(meng)”結(jie)束后,齊(qi)桓公吞滅遂國(guo)(guo)。
與魯會盟
齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)五年(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元前681年(nian))桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)攻打魯(lu)(lu)國(guo),魯(lu)(lu)國(guo)戰敗,魯(lu)(lu)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)請求(qiu)割讓城(cheng)池平息(xi)戰爭,桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)應允,并與魯(lu)(lu)在柯地會(hui)盟。會(hui)上,魯(lu)(lu)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)的臣子曹沫拔(ba)出寶劍,劫(jie)持齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong),要求(qiu)齊(qi)國(guo)歸還(huan)魯(lu)(lu)國(guo)在齊(qi)魯(lu)(lu)邊(bian)境上的汶陽(yang)之田(tian)。齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)答應曹沫的要求(qiu)。
事(shi)后(hou)齊(qi)桓(huan)公想不(bu)歸還土地并殺掉(diao)曹沫。管仲勸諫說:“不(bu)給(gei)汶陽之(zhi)田,只是逞一時之(zhi)快。失(shi)信于諸(zhu)侯,天下人就(jiu)不(bu)幫(bang)我們了(le)。”最(zui)后(hou)齊(qi)桓(huan)公將汶陽之(zhi)田還給(gei)了(le)魯(lu)國。諸(zhu)侯們知(zhi)道這(zhe)件事(shi)情后(hou),都認(ren)為(wei)齊(qi)桓(huan)公有信譽,漸漸地都想依附齊(qi)國了(le)。
鄄地會盟
齊桓公六年(nian)(公元前680年(nian)),參(can)加過“北杏(xing)會(hui)盟(meng)”的宋(song)國背叛盟(meng)約,齊桓公約請曾參(can)加“北杏(xing)會(hui)盟(meng)”的陳、蔡二國一起出兵伐宋(song)。
齊桓公先派(pai)人(ren)帶(dai)(dai)著豐盛(sheng)的(de)禮物(wu)去朝(chao)拜周天子(zi)(zi)(zi),說宋國(guo)(guo)不尊(zun)重周天子(zi)(zi)(zi),隨(sui)便廢立國(guo)(guo)君,請周天子(zi)(zi)(zi)興(xing)師問罪。周天子(zi)(zi)(zi)想借齊國(guo)(guo)的(de)力量來樹立天子(zi)(zi)(zi)威望,遂答應齊桓公要求,派(pai)大(da)夫單(dan)伯(bo)帶(dai)(dai)部分兵力,會同(tong)齊、陳、蔡三國(guo)(guo)合兵伐宋。
宋(song)國看(kan)(kan)到齊(qi)國打著周天(tian)(tian)子(zi)的旗號來(lai)討(tao)伐,不(bu)想背負抗御王師(shi)、與天(tian)(tian)子(zi)作(zuo)對(dui)的罪(zui)名,請(qing)求歸順王室、與諸(zhu)侯和(he)好。齊(qi)桓公(gong)覺得“拉(la)大旗作(zuo)虎(hu)皮”的辦法比(bi)自(zi)己直接出兵更有效,便又在第二年(公(gong)元(yuan)前679年)冬天(tian)(tian)請(qing)周天(tian)(tian)子(zi)的代表(biao)單伯(bo),約集衛(wei)、鄭、宋(song)三國國君一(yi)起(qi)在鄄(juan)地(di)會盟,各國諸(zhu)侯看(kan)(kan)到周天(tian)(tian)子(zi)支(zhi)持齊(qi)國,遂共推齊(qi)桓公(gong)為盟主,齊(qi)桓公(gong)的霸主地(di)位開始確立。
幽地會盟
齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公八年(公元(yuan)前(qian)678年),齊(qi)(qi)又約(yue)集魯(lu)、宋(song)、陳、衛、鄭、許、滑、滕等(deng)國在“幽地(di)會盟”。會上大家(jia)再(zai)推齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公為盟主,承認(ren)了齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公的(de)霸主地(di)位。
救援燕國
齊桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)十三年(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元前(qian)663年),山戎攻打(da)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo)(guo),燕(yan)(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)向齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)求救,齊桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)出兵討伐山戎救援燕(yan)(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo)(guo),一直打(da)到(dao)孤竹(zhu)才回(hui)師。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)于(yu)是送齊桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)回(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)一直送到(dao)了齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)境內(nei)。桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)說:“不(bu)是天(tian)子,諸侯相(xiang)送不(bu)能出境,我不(bu)可以(yi)對燕(yan)(yan)(yan)無禮。”于(yu)是把燕(yan)(yan)(yan)君(jun)所到(dao)的(de)地(di)方盡數割予燕(yan)(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo)(guo),并叮囑燕(yan)(yan)(yan)君(jun)學習召公(gong)(gong)(gong)為政,像在周成王、周康王時那樣給周天(tian)子納貢(gong)。諸侯聽說此事,都擁護齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)。
檉之會與重建邢衛
齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)二十七(qi)年(公(gong)元(yuan)前659年)春,齊(qi)、宋、曹(cao)三國之君各(ge)率本國兵(bing)(bing)馬(ma)共(gong)同救邢(xing)(xing)。狄(di)(di)人退兵(bing)(bing)后,三國決定將邢(xing)(xing)國遷得(de)離狄(di)(di)族遠些,齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)幫助(zhu)邢(xing)(xing)國把都城遷到靠近(jin)齊(qi)國較為安全的夷儀(今聊城西南)。
不久狄人又侵犯衛(wei)國(guo)(guo),齊桓公(gong)考(kao)慮到衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)已是君(jun)死國(guo)(guo)滅,需(xu)要重新建(jian)國(guo)(guo),便(bian)于第二年(前658年)春在楚丘幫助衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)筑新城,使衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)在黃河南岸(an)重建(jian)國(guo)(guo)都。
貫之會、陽谷之會與召陵之盟
齊桓(huan)公二十九年(公元(yuan)前657),桓(huan)公和蔡(cai)(cai)姬(ji)在(zai)水中(zhong)游玩,蔡(cai)(cai)姬(ji)晃船,桓(huan)公心怕,阻止蔡(cai)(cai)姬(ji)。蔡(cai)(cai)姬(ji)不(bu)(bu)聽,晃個不(bu)(bu)停。齊桓(huan)公大發雷霆(ting),將蔡(cai)(cai)姬(ji)送了(le)回去。蔡(cai)(cai)國(guo)也不(bu)(bu)高(gao)興,把蔡(cai)(cai)姬(ji)又(you)嫁給別人。桓(huan)公便興兵(bing)討伐蔡(cai)(cai)國(guo)。秋、楚(chu)兩國(guo)進攻鄭國(guo),齊桓(huan)公約集各國(guo)國(guo)君在(zai)“陽谷會盟”,商討伐楚(chu)救鄭。
齊桓公三十年(前656年)春,齊桓公率領齊、魯、宋、陳、衛、鄭(zheng)、許(xu)、曹(cao)等八國(guo)(guo)(guo)聯(lian)軍先對楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)盟(meng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)蔡國(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)行軍事行動(dong);接(jie)著,齊桓公率大軍聯(lian)合進(jin)攻楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。兩者相持不下,通過外交(jiao)談判,楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)答應(ying)遵守諸侯(hou)的(de)本(ben)分,恢(hui)復向(xiang)周天(tian)子納(na)貢。于是齊桓公和各(ge)小(xiao)國(guo)(guo)(guo)諸侯(hou)共同(tong)與楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)在召陵(ling)(ling)訂(ding)立盟(meng)約,互相結盟(meng),各(ge)自退兵(bing),史稱“召陵(ling)(ling)之(zhi)盟(meng)”。
首止之會、寧母之會與洮之會
齊(qi)桓公(gong)三(san)十(shi)一(yi)年(公(gong)元前(qian)655年),周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)室發生更立太(tai)子(zi)(zi)之事:周(zhou)(zhou)惠王(wang)已立王(wang)子(zi)(zi)鄭為太(tai)子(zi)(zi),因惠后喜(xi)歡小兒子(zi)(zi)帶,周(zhou)(zhou)惠王(wang)便欲廢鄭立帶。在周(zhou)(zhou)惠王(wang)死后,齊(qi)桓公(gong)約集魯、宋、衛、許、曹(cao)、陳(chen)等國在洮(tao)會(hui)盟,正式將王(wang)太(tai)子(zi)(zi)鄭扶上(shang)周(zhou)(zhou)天子(zi)(zi)寶座,是(shi)為周(zhou)(zhou)襄王(wang)。
葵丘會盟
齊桓公(gong)三十五年(nian)(公(gong)元前651年(nian)),齊桓公(gong)與各諸侯(hou)國在古(gu)葵丘會盟時,周襄王因齊桓公(gong)帶頭支持自己繼位(wei),便派(pai)宰孔賜給齊桓公(gong)祭廟所用的(de)胙肉、彤(tong)弓矢以(yi)及天子車馬,這是周天子對于諸侯(hou)國的(de)最高獎賞。
《孟子(zi)·告子(zi)下(xia)》記載了齊桓公(gong)“葵(kui)丘會盟”盟辭的(de)(de)“五禁”條款:“一是(shi)誅殺(sha)不(bu)孝之人(ren)(ren)(ren),勿改變已(yi)確立的(de)(de)太子(zi),不(bu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)以(yi)妾為妻;二是(shi)尊(zun)重賢能之人(ren)(ren)(ren),培(pei)育(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才,要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)大力表彰(zhang)那些有(you)德行的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren);三是(shi)尊(zun)重老人(ren)(ren)(ren),愛護(hu)孩童,不(bu)忘來賓和旅客(ke);四(si)是(shi)士(shi)(shi)不(bu)能世世為官,官吏(li)的(de)(de)事情讓他們(men)自己去辦(ban),不(bu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)獨攬(lan)。取士(shi)(shi)一定要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)得到能人(ren)(ren)(ren),不(bu)專殺(sha)大夫;五是(shi)不(bu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)故意設堤壩,不(bu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)阻止別國人(ren)(ren)(ren)來糴糧食,也不(bu)能不(bu)報告天子(zi)就封(feng)國封(feng)邑。
”這“五禁(jin)”條款分明是齊桓公成就霸(ba)業的經(jing)驗總結。周(zhou)襄王派大臣與會并送重禮,說明周(zhou)襄王承認了(le)齊桓公的霸(ba)主地位,會上齊桓公儼然代周(zhou)天子號令諸侯(hou),標志(zhi)著齊桓公霸(ba)業達致顛峰。
鹽之會、牡丘之會、淮之會與抗楚援徐之戰
魯(lu)僖公(gong)(gong)十有(you)五年(nian)(前645年(nian))。春,王正月(yue)(yue)(yue),公(gong)(gong)如齊(qi)。楚人伐(fa)徐(xu)。三月(yue)(yue)(yue),公(gong)(gong)會齊(qi)侯(hou)、宋公(gong)(gong)、陳(chen)侯(hou)、衛候、鄭伯(bo)、許男、曹伯(bo)盟于(yu)牡丘,遂次于(yu)匡。公(gong)(gong)孫敖帥師及諸侯(hou)之大夫救徐(xu)。夏,五月(yue)(yue)(yue),日有(you)食(shi)之。秋,七(qi)月(yue)(yue)(yue),齊(qi)師、曹師伐(fa)厲。
魯僖公十(shi)有六(liu)年(前644年)。冬,十(shi)有二月,公會(hui)齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯(bo)(bo)、許男、邢(xing)侯、曹伯(bo)(bo)于(yu)淮。
魯(lu)僖公十有七年(前643年)。春,齊人、徐人伐英氏。
管仲逝世
桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)四(si)十一年(nian)(前645年(nian)),管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲重病,桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)問(wen)他:“群臣中(zhong)誰可以(yi)代你為(wei)相?”管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲說:“了解(jie)臣下沒有人(ren)(ren)(ren)比(bi)得上君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)。”桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)說:“易牙(ya)如何(he)?”管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲回答(da):“殺掉孩子來討(tao)好君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu),不合人(ren)(ren)(ren)情,不可以(yi)。”桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)說:“開方如何(he)?”管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲回答(da):“背(bei)棄親人(ren)(ren)(ren)來討(tao)好君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu),不合人(ren)(ren)(ren)情,難以(yi)親近。”桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)說:“豎刁如何(he)?”管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲回答(da):“自己閹割來討(tao)好君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu),不合人(ren)(ren)(ren)情,難以(yi)親愛。”桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)說:“常之(zhi)巫(wu)(wu)如何(he)?”管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲回答(da):“死(si)生,是(shi)無法逃避的;疾病,是(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)失常所(suo)致。君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)不順其(qi)自然(ran),守(shou)護根本,卻完全依賴于常之(zhi)巫(wu)(wu),那他將(jiang)對國君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)無所(suo)不為(wei)了。”管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲死(si)后,齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)不聽(ting)管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲的話,重用四(si)人(ren)(ren)(ren),四(si)人(ren)(ren)(ren)專權。
死后凄清
桓(huan)公四十(shi)二(er)年(nian)(前644年(nian)),戎(rong)攻(gong)打周朝,周告急于齊(qi)(qi),齊(qi)(qi)令(ling)各國諸侯發兵救周。
桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)四十(shi)三年(nian)(nian)(前(qian)(qian)643年(nian)(nian)),齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)重病,五公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)無(wu)虧(kui)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)昭、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)潘、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)元、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)商人)各率黨(dang)羽爭位。冬十(shi)月七日乙(yi)亥(前(qian)(qian)643年(nian)(nian)9月12日),齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)病死。五公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)互相攻打對(dui)方,齊(qi)國(guo)一(yi)片混(hun)亂(luan)。桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)尸體在床上放了六十(shi)七天,尸蟲(chong)都(dou)從窗子(zi)(zi)里爬(pa)了出(chu)來。直到十(shi)二月十(shi)四日新立的齊(qi)君(jun)無(wu)虧(kui)才把桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)收殮。
齊桓公(gong)在位時致力于(yu)劃(hua)(hua)分(fen)(fen)和(he)整頓(dun)行政(zheng)區劃(hua)(hua)和(he)機構,把國都劃(hua)(hua)分(fen)(fen)為六個工商鄉(xiang)和(he)十(shi)五個士鄉(xiang),共二十(shi)一個鄉(xiang)。十(shi)五個士鄉(xiang)是齊國的主要兵(bing)源。齊桓公(gong)自己管(guan)理五個鄉(xiang),上(shang)卿國子(zi)和(he)高(gao)子(zi)各管(guan)五個鄉(xiang)。
齊桓公(gong)強調(diao)寓兵于農,規定國(guo)(guo)都(dou)中(zhong)五(wu)(wu)家為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui),每(mei)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)設一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)長(chang)。十(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)里(li),每(mei)里(li)設里(li)有司(si)(si)。四里(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)連,每(mei)連設一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)連長(chang)。十(shi)(shi)連為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang),每(mei)鄉(xiang)設一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang)良(liang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),主管鄉(xiang)的軍(jun)令。戰(zhan)時組成軍(jun)隊,每(mei)戶出一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)五(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),五(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)伍,由(you)(you)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)長(chang)帶(dai)領。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)里(li)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)小戍(shu),由(you)(you)里(li)有司(si)(si)帶(dai)領。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)連二(er)百(bai)(bai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),二(er)百(bai)(bai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卒,由(you)(you)連長(chang)帶(dai)領。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang)二(er)千人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),二(er)千人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)旅,由(you)(you)鄉(xiang)良(liang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)帶(dai)領。五(wu)(wu)鄉(xiang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),立一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)帥,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)軍(jun),由(you)(you)五(wu)(wu)鄉(xiang)元(yuan)(yuan)帥率領。齊桓公(gong)、國(guo)(guo)子、高(gao)子三人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)就是(shi)元(yuan)(yuan)帥。
管仲在改革中(zhong)提出“相地而衰征”的(de)(de)土(tu)地稅收政策(ce),就是(shi)根(gen)據土(tu)地的(de)(de)好壞(huai)不同,來(lai)征收多少不等的(de)(de)賦(fu)稅。這(zhe)樣(yang)使賦(fu)稅負擔趨于合理,提高了人民的(de)(de)生產積極性。他又(you)提倡發展經(jing)(jing)濟,積財通(tong)貨,設“輕(qing)重九府”,觀察(cha)年(nian)景(jing)豐歉,人民的(de)(de)需求(qiu),來(lai)收散糧食(shi)和物(wu)品。又(you)規定國(guo)(guo)家鑄造錢(qian)幣,發展漁業、鹽業,鼓勵與境外的(de)(de)貿易(yi)。桓公大(da)力推行這(zhe)些(xie)經(jing)(jing)濟政策(ce),齊國(guo)(guo)經(jing)(jing)濟開始繁榮起(qi)來(lai)。