2012年8月1日,印(yin)度官員(yuan)宣布,印(yin)度大面(mian)積斷電已經結束。印(yin)度發生的(de)停電事(shi)故,覆蓋了一半以上的(de)國(guo)土(tu),直(zhi)接(jie)影(ying)響6億(yi)多(duo)人(ren)的(de)生活(huo),是這個南亞(ya)國(guo)家(jia)11年來最嚴重的(de)停電事(shi)故。
印度(du)北部(bu)(bu)和(he)東部(bu)(bu)地(di)區7月(yue)30日和(he)31日連續發(fa)生兩(liang)次(ci)大(da)(da)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)停電事(shi)故。突如其來的斷電導致(zhi)交通陷入混亂(luan),全國超(chao)過300列(lie)火車停運,首都新德(de)里的地(di)鐵也(ye)全部(bu)(bu)停運,造(zao)成旅客大(da)(da)量滯留,公路交通出現大(da)(da)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)擁(yong)堵。一些礦工被困井下。銀行(xing)系統陷入癱瘓(huan),一度(du)給印度(du)的金融交易帶來障礙。
第一(yi)次事故發生后(hou),印(yin)度(du)電(dian)力(li)部門(men)排(pai)除(chu)故障,在停電(dian)后(hou)15個小時內基本恢復了電(dian)力(li)供應。但旁遮普邦(bang)(bang)、哈里亞納(na)邦(bang)(bang)以及(ji)北方邦(bang)(bang)等(deng)幾個地(di)區在供電(dian)恢復后(hou)繼(ji)續超負荷用電(dian),導致了第二次大面積停電(dian)。印(yin)度(du)電(dian)力(li)部門(men)因此不(bu)得不(bu)從鄰國輸入電(dian)力(li)來滿足新德里的用電(dian)需求(qiu)。截至8月1日,印(yin)度(du)北部地(di)區95%的電(dian)力(li)供應已恢復。
貝恩咨詢(xun)公司高級合(he)伙人阿密特·辛哈認為,此次停電事故給印度(du)經濟敲響了警鐘——印度(du)電力供(gong)應至少需要保持(chi)每年(nian)6.5%至7%的增速,否(fou)則(ze)將會對該國制造業和出口企業造成傷(shang)害。
印度最大行(xing)業協會印度工(gong)商聯合會主席卡諾里(li)亞說(shuo):“連續(xu)兩天如此大規模的停(ting)電,值得我們密切關注,這當然會
對于商業(ye)投資環境本就存在(zai)不少問題(ti)的(de)印度來說(shuo),此次大停電不僅(jin)影響(xiang)企業(ye)生產(chan)和盈利(li)水(shui)平,還影響(xiang)到印度在(zai)外國投資者(zhe)眼中的(de)形象。
印(yin)度(du)產業聯合會理事長錢(qian)德拉吉(ji)特(te)·班(ban)納吉(ji)表示(shi),印(yin)度(du)經(jing)濟近(jin)來增長放緩(huan),外界(jie)(jie)本就對印(yin)度(du)前景不(bu)太看(kan)好,如今電(dian)網兩天(tian)內連(lian)續崩潰無疑使印(yin)度(du)的(de)形象進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步受損,令有意投資(zi)印(yin)度(du)的(de)外國企業望(wang)而卻步。對于(yu)一(yi)(yi)個擁有世(shi)界(jie)(jie)約(yue)六分之一(yi)(yi)人口(kou)的(de)新興經(jing)濟體,有必要使基(ji)礎設(she)施建設(she)與印(yin)度(du)的(de)強國夢(meng)想(xiang)相匹配。
世界媒(mei)體都(dou)(dou)在議論印度大停(ting)電(dian),但任(ren)何國(guo)(guo)家都(dou)(dou)不(bu)能否(fou)認自己也(ye)遭遇過大停(ting)電(dian)的(de)歷史,只是規模(mo)和(he)破壞(huai)(huai)程度不(bu)同(tong)罷了。美國(guo)(guo)上世紀后半(ban)葉(xie),至(zhi)少出(chu)現三次大規模(mo)停(ting)電(dian)事故,近十多年(nian)時(shi)間里,美國(guo)(guo)至(zhi)少遭遇過數次大停(ting)電(dian)。如2008年(nian),佛羅(luo)里達州發生大停(ting)電(dian),300萬人沒有電(dian)力供(gong)應;2003年(nian)大停(ting)電(dian),由密歇根州延伸至(zhi)紐約,最后蔓延到加拿大。危機專家承認,“一次大停(ting)電(dian),即使是數秒鐘,也(ye)不(bu)亞于一場大地(di)震帶來(lai)的(de)破壞(huai)(huai)”。
很(hen)多(duo)新(xin)興經(jing)濟體(ti)在經(jing)濟高(gao)增(zeng)長的刺激或尋求經(jing)濟高(gao)增(zeng)長的動機(ji)之下,只(zhi)顧電(dian)力開發,卻忽視電(dian)網(wang)安(an)全工作,對(dui)(dui)電(dian)網(wang)管理體(ti)制改革(ge)方面重視不夠,導致“缺電(dian)”和“有電(dian)”下都(dou)斷電(dian)停電(dian)的情況,造成大量的浪費和損失。印(yin)(yin)度(du)此次(ci)發生的問題,對(dui)(dui)印(yin)(yin)度(du)是(shi)個(ge)現實教(jiao)訓,對(dui)(dui)世界各新(xin)興經(jing)濟體(ti)而言(yan),是(shi)給電(dian)網(wang)安(an)全上了一課。只(zhi)要體(ti)認“大停電(dian)或也會發生在我(wo)們身(shen)上”,那么,我(wo)們就應該從漠不關心等心態(tai)中(zhong)覺醒過來,把印(yin)(yin)度(du)問題視為自己的問題,做好自己的安(an)全工作。
印度北部和東部地區7月30日和31日連續發
生兩次大面積(ji)停(ting)電事故。突如其來的(de)(de)斷電導致(zhi)交(jiao)(jiao)通陷入混亂,全國超過300列火車停(ting)運,首都新德里(li)的(de)(de)地鐵(tie)也全部停(ting)運,造成旅客大量滯留(liu),公路交(jiao)(jiao)通出現大面積(ji)擁(yong)堵。一些礦工(gong)被困井下。銀(yin)行系(xi)統陷入癱瘓,一度給印度的(de)(de)金融交(jiao)(jiao)易帶來障礙。
第一次(ci)(ci)事故發(fa)生(sheng)后(hou),印度(du)電(dian)力部門排除故障,在停電(dian)后(hou)15個(ge)小時(shi)內基本恢(hui)復了電(dian)力供(gong)應。但旁遮普(pu)邦、哈里(li)(li)亞納邦以及北方邦等(deng)幾個(ge)地區在供(gong)電(dian)恢(hui)復后(hou)繼續超負(fu)荷(he)用電(dian),導致了第二次(ci)(ci)大面積停電(dian)。印度(du)電(dian)力部門因此不(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)從鄰國(guo)輸(shu)入電(dian)力來滿足新德里(li)(li)的(de)用電(dian)需求(qiu)。截至(zhi)8月1日(ri),印度(du)北部地區95%的(de)電(dian)力供(gong)應已恢(hui)復。
貝恩咨詢公(gong)司高級合伙(huo)人阿密特(te)·辛哈認為,此(ci)次停電事故(gu)給印(yin)度(du)經濟(ji)敲響了(le)警鐘——印(yin)度(du)電力供應(ying)至少需要(yao)保持每年6.5%至7%的(de)增(zeng)速,否則將會對該國制造業和(he)出口企業造成傷害(hai)。
印度最大(da)行業協會印度工商聯(lian)合會主席卡諾里亞(ya)說:“連(lian)續兩(liang)天如此大(da)規模的停電(dian),值得我們密(mi)切關注,這當然會
對于商業投資環境本(ben)就存在(zai)不少問(wen)題(ti)的印(yin)度來說,此(ci)次大停電(dian)不僅影響(xiang)企業生(sheng)產和盈利水平,還影響(xiang)到(dao)印(yin)度在(zai)外國(guo)投資者眼中的形象。
印(yin)度(du)(du)產業(ye)聯合會理事長錢德(de)拉吉(ji)特·班納吉(ji)表示,印(yin)度(du)(du)經(jing)濟近來(lai)增(zeng)長放緩(huan),外界本就對印(yin)度(du)(du)前景不太看(kan)好,如今電網兩(liang)天(tian)內連續崩(beng)潰無疑使(shi)印(yin)度(du)(du)的(de)形象進一(yi)(yi)(yi)步受損,令有(you)(you)意(yi)投資印(yin)度(du)(du)的(de)外國企業(ye)望而卻(que)步。對于一(yi)(yi)(yi)個擁有(you)(you)世(shi)界約六分(fen)之一(yi)(yi)(yi)人口的(de)新(xin)興經(jing)濟體(ti),有(you)(you)必(bi)要使(shi)基礎設施(shi)建設與(yu)印(yin)度(du)(du)的(de)強國夢(meng)想相(xiang)匹(pi)配(pei)。
世(shi)界媒體都在議論印度大(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian),但(dan)任何國(guo)家都不能否認(ren)自己(ji)也(ye)(ye)遭遇(yu)過(guo)大(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)的歷史,只是規模(mo)和破壞(huai)程度不同罷了(le)。美(mei)(mei)國(guo)上世(shi)紀后半葉,至(zhi)少出現三次(ci)大(da)(da)規模(mo)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故,近十多年(nian)(nian)時間里,美(mei)(mei)國(guo)至(zhi)少遭遇(yu)過(guo)數(shu)次(ci)大(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)。如2008年(nian)(nian),佛羅(luo)里達州發生大(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian),300萬(wan)人沒有電(dian)(dian)力供應;2003年(nian)(nian)大(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian),由密歇根州延伸至(zhi)紐約,最(zui)后蔓延到(dao)加(jia)拿大(da)(da)。危機專家承認(ren),“一(yi)次(ci)大(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian),即使是數(shu)秒鐘,也(ye)(ye)不亞于(yu)一(yi)場大(da)(da)地(di)震帶來的破壞(huai)”。
很多新興(xing)經濟體(ti)在經濟高(gao)增(zeng)長(chang)的(de)刺激或尋求經濟高(gao)增(zeng)長(chang)的(de)動機之下(xia),只顧電(dian)(dian)力開發(fa),卻(que)忽視(shi)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)安全工(gong)作,對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)管(guan)理體(ti)制改(gai)革方面重視(shi)不夠,導致“缺電(dian)(dian)”和“有(you)電(dian)(dian)”下(xia)都斷電(dian)(dian)停電(dian)(dian)的(de)情況(kuang),造成(cheng)大量的(de)浪費和損(sun)失。印(yin)(yin)度此(ci)次發(fa)生的(de)問題,對(dui)(dui)印(yin)(yin)度是個現(xian)實(shi)教訓,對(dui)(dui)世界各新興(xing)經濟體(ti)而言,是給電(dian)(dian)網(wang)安全上了一課。只要體(ti)認“大停電(dian)(dian)或也會發(fa)生在我(wo)(wo)們身上”,那么,我(wo)(wo)們就應該從漠不關心等心態中覺(jue)醒(xing)過來,把印(yin)(yin)度問題視(shi)為自(zi)己的(de)問題,做(zuo)好自(zi)己的(de)安全工(gong)作。
2012年7月(yue)30口凌(ling)晨2時33分(fen)開始,印(yin)(yin)度(du)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)地(di)區德里邦、哈利亞納邦、中(zhong)央邦、旁遮普邦、拉賈斯(si)坦邦、北(bei)(bei)安查(cha)爾邦、北(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)邦等(deng)9個(ge)邦發(fa)生停電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故,逾3.7億人(ren)(ren)(ren)受到影(ying)響。在上(shang)述地(di)區恢復(fu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)數小(xiao)時后,于當地(di)時間(jian)7月(yue)31口13時05分(fen)開始,印(yin)(yin)度(du)包(bao)括(kuo)首都新德里在內的(de)(de)(de)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)、北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)和東北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)地(di)區電(dian)(dian)(dian)網再(zai)次發(fa)生人(ren)(ren)(ren)面(mian)積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故,超(chao)過20個(ge)邦再(zai)次陷入電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)癱(tan)瘓狀態,全國近一半地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)出現(xian)中(zhong)斷,逾6.7億人(ren)(ren)(ren)口受到影(ying)響111印(yin)(yin)度(du)兩天(tian)之內連續(xu)發(fa)生人(ren)(ren)(ren)面(mian)積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故,是有史以來(lai)影(ying)響人(ren)(ren)(ren)曰最多的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系統事(shi)故,成為世界范圍(wei)內規模(mo)最人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)件。印(yin)(yin)度(du)長期以來(lai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業基(ji)礎薄(bo)弱、基(ji)礎設施落后并滯后于經(jing)濟發(fa)展等(deng)矛盾由來(lai)己久(jiu),這次事(shi)件讓印(yin)(yin)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)管理體制(zhi)、調(diao)度(du)防控體系和電(dian)(dian)(dian)網規劃建設等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)諸多問題再(zai)次暴(bao)露于公眾面(mian)前。與我(wo)國一樣(yang)作(zuo)為正在崛起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展中(zhong)國家(jia),印(yin)(yin)度(du)此次人(ren)(ren)(ren)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故對我(wo)國電(dian)(dian)(dian)網安全運(yun)行(xing)具有重(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)借鑒意義(yi)。但是我(wo)國對人(ren)(ren)(ren)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故原因研究不深,需要進一步深入分(fen)析印(yin)(yin)度(du)人(ren)(ren)(ren)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)印(yin)(yin)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)能源電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)概況。
印(yin)度的(de)能源(yuan)資源(yuan)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)分(fen)布在東部和東北部地(di)區_以煤炭和水(shui)力為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)_其余為(wei)核電(dian)(dian)、油電(dian)(dian)和天然氣發(fa)電(dian)(dian)。主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)負荷中心及人口稠密地(di)區則集中在北部、南(nan)部和西(xi)部地(di)區。印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)網的(de)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)方向主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)為(wei)東電(dian)(dian)西(xi)送,再輔以北電(dian)(dian)南(nan)送截至(zhi)2012年(nian)5月,印(yin)度總發(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)容量約為(wei)2億kW,其中火電(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)占(zhan)68.7070,水(shui)電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)19.2070,核電(dian)(dian)和其他可(ke)再生能源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)12.1%}Z
作為亞洲第(di)三人經濟(ji)體,印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)過去10年(nian)(nian)間經濟(ji)增(zeng)速接近(jin)2位數,能源消費年(nian)(nian)均(jun)增(zeng)速6%但由于(yu)投資不(bu)足,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業發展嚴重滯(zhi)后于(yu)經濟(ji)發展水平(ping),發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)冗(rong)余(yu)不(bu)足,跨區(qu)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能力不(bu)夠,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供應(ying)長期處于(yu)短缺(que)狀態。印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)2010-2011年(nian)(nian)度(du)(du)(du)GDP增(zeng)長8.5070,同期發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機增(zeng)長僅為5.56%印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力部(bu)預(yu)計2012年(nian)(nian)印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)高峰期電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力缺(que)曰(yue)10.6%左右,全年(nian)(nian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)缺(que)曰(yue)7.3%左右。仍有近(jin)40%的印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)家庭(約(yue)2.89億人)沒有用上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),且印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)人部(bu)分地(di)區(qu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)質量(liang)低、停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻(pin)繁,即使在首都新德里也經常拉閘限電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
印度(du)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)由(you)五人區域性(xing)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)組成,即北(bei)部(bu)(bu)、東部(bu)(bu)、西部(bu)(bu)、東北(bei)部(bu)(bu)和南部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)。印度(du)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的電(dian)(dian)壓等級主(zhu)要(yao)有765kV,500 kV,400kV,220kV和132kV北(bei)部(bu)(bu)、東部(bu)(bu)、西部(bu)(bu)、東北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)實(shi)現了交(jiao)流400kV同步(bu)聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang),形成中央電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(New Grid)。南部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)與(yu)中央電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)通過(guo)直流異步(bu)聯(lian)接(jie)。此外印度(du)東部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)通過(guo)400kV交(jiao)流與(yu)不月-電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)互(hu)聯(lian)印度(du)交(jiao)流同步(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)區域間互(hu)聯(lian)情況.
印度輸電網結構分為3層,即國家電網(跨區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)卜區(qu)(qu)域(yu)內(nei)跨(kua)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一(yi)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)。其中跨(kua)區(qu)(qu)和跨(kua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)由(you)(you)中央政(zheng)府(fu)所(suo)有的印(yin)度國家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)公(gong)司(si)(PGCIL)擁有,并負(fu)(fu)責(ze)運行(xing)管理;邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)內(nei)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)資(zi)產由(you)(you)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)政(zheng)府(fu)所(suo)有的邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司(si)(STUB)或邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力局(未改(gai)革邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang))管理從印(yin)度交流互聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)跨(kua)區(qu)(qu)主網(wang)(wang)架來看,區(qu)(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)之間通過1同765kV交流,23同400kV交流、10同220kV交流、1個(ge)(ge)士400kV直流背(bei)靠背(bei)和1個(ge)(ge)士500kV直流互聯(lian)。區(qu)(qu)域(yu)內(nei)主網(wang)(wang)架主要是以(yi)400kV/220kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁環網(wang)(wang)為主。印(yin)度配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)由(you)(you)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)政(zheng)府(fu)所(suo)有或私有的配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司(si)擁有并負(fu)(fu)責(ze)運行(xing)管理一(yi)個(ge)(ge)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)內(nei)有多個(ge)(ge)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司(si),完(wan)全私營的配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司(si)有17個(ge)(ge),主要分(fen)布在(zai)德里、奧里薩、占吉拉(la)特、孟(meng)買等邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)
在調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)環節,印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)分(fen)3級(ji),分(fen)別由國家調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)中心(NLDC),區(qu)域(yu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)中心}RLDC)、邦(bang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)中心(CBLDC)負(fu)(fu)責。其中NLDC負(fu)(fu)責跨(kua)區(qu)域(yu)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du),5個RLDC負(fu)(fu)責區(qu)域(yu)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du),各邦(bang)SLDC負(fu)(fu)責邦(bang)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)。調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)機構與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)所有者(zhe)合一,NLDC和RLDC由印度(du)國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公(gong)司(si)管(guan)理,SLDC由邦(bang)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司(si)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力局管(guan)理。
2印度“7.30","7.31”大停電事故直接原因
印度(du)電力部在(zai)事故后組(zu)成特別小(xiao)組(zu)展開(kai)全面的事故調(diao)(diao)查,并(bing)于(yu)s月I6口公(gong)布了(le)事故調(diao)(diao)查報告(gao),報告(gao)詳細地分析了(le)引起(qi)印度(du)連續兩(liang)起(qi)人停電事故的直接原因(yin)。
2012年7月30口,由(you)于(yu)Bina-Gwalior 400kV線路跳開,在(zai)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網和(he)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網解列后,由(you)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網供給北部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網負荷的(de)潮流轉移到“西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網一東部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網一北部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網”的(de)聯(lian)絡通道(dao),導致(zhi)系(xi)統發生功(gong)(gong)率(lv)振蕩(dang)由(you)于(yu)振蕩(dang)中心在(zai)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網和(he)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網間(jian)的(de)斷面上,致(zhi)使(shi)相應的(de)聯(lian)絡線跳開,造成北部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網和(he)印度交流互(hu)聯(lian)系(xi)統其他部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)解列。由(you)于(yu)系(xi)統頻(pin)率(lv)過(guo)低(di)以及區(qu)域內進一步的(de)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)振蕩(dang),北部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統最(zui)終崩(beng)潰。
2012年7月(yue)31口,由于(yu)Bina-Gwalior 400kV線路(lu)跳開(kai),在(zai)(zai)(zai)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)解列(lie)以(yi)后(hou),用于(yu)滿(man)足北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)負(fu)荷的潮流轉移(yi)到“西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)一東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)一北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)”的聯(lian)絡通道,導(dao)致(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)發生功(gong)率(lv)振(zhen)蕩7月(yue)31口的系(xi)統(tong)振(zhen)蕩中心在(zai)(zai)(zai)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),靠近東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)斷(duan)面(mian),因此,在(zai)(zai)(zai)導(dao)致(zhi)了東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相應(ying)線路(lu)跳開(kai)之后(hou),東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)中的一小部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(Ranchi和(he)Rourkela),以(yi)及西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)印(yin)度交流互聯(lian)系(xi)統(tong)其他部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)解列(lie)。這(zhe)造成(cheng)了北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)間斷(duan)面(mian)的功(gong)率(lv)振(zhen)蕩,并(bing)進一步(bu)導(dao)致(zhi)了北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)“東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)+東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)”系(xi)統(tong)的解列(lie)。隨后(hou),所(suo)有3個區(qu)域(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu))由于(yu)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)內部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)功(gong)率(lv)振(zhen)蕩造成(cheng)多(duo)同線路(lu)跳開(kai),系(xi)統(tong)頻率(lv)過低以(yi)及在(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)同地區(qu)的過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓,最終北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)崩潰。
根據印度的調(diao)查報告,2次事(shi)故(gu)當天的故(gu)障錄波器結果均顯(xian)示,系統中并沒有(you)監測到有(you)故(gu)障發生。在2次事(shi)故(gu)發生前(qian),由(you)于西(xi)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和北(bei)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)斷面(mian),以及靠(kao)近東部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和西(xi)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)斷面(mian)的多條區域間聯絡(luo)線(xian)停運(yun)導致跨區通道弱(ruo)聯系,系統間的輸電(dian)(dian)能力(li)被顯(xian)著削弱(ruo)。西(xi)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和北(bei)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)斷面(mian)均只有(you)Bina-Agra 400kV(單同)一條交流主干聯絡(luo)線(xian)路處于運(yun)行狀(zhuang)態。
電(dian)(dian)網內的邦負(fu)荷調(diao)度中心(xin)對區(qu)域(yu)負(fu)荷調(diao)度中心(xin)要求其降(jiang)低邦內電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)透支用(yong)電(dian)(dian),以(yi)及要求西部電(dian)(dian)網內電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)降(jiang)低發電(dian)(dian)出力(li)(li)的指令(ling)響(xiang)應不(bu)充分部分北部區(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)透支用(yong)電(dian)(dian),產(chan)生了計劃外的電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)交換,導(dao)致了西部與北部電(dian)(dian)網間唯一保(bao)持運行(xing)的400kV聯絡(luo)線處于高載(zai)荷狀態(tai),并超過(guo)了線路(lu)白(bai)身(shen)的額(e)定功率(lv)。距(ju)離(li)保(bao)護繼電(dian)(dian)器3段保(bao)護動作(zuo)使(shi)得該線路(lu)跳開,導(dao)致北部電(dian)(dian)網和西部電(dian)(dian)網解(jie)列。
在(zai)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)西部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)解列后,由(you)西部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)供給北部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)負荷的(de)(de)潮流轉移到“西部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)一(yi)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)一(yi)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)”的(de)(de)聯(lian)絡(luo)通道(dao),導致系(xi)統(tong)發生振(zhen)(zhen)蕩在(zai)2次連續人面積停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故中(zhong),振(zhen)(zhen)蕩中(zhong)心分別在(zai)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)間的(de)(de)斷面上(shang),及在(zai)靠(kao)近東部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)西部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)斷面的(de)(de)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)內部(bu)(bu)(bu),致使相應的(de)(de)聯(lian)絡(luo)線(xian)(xian)和(he)主干線(xian)(xian)路跳開,北部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)印(yin)度交流互聯(lian)系(xi)統(tong)其(qi)他部(bu)(bu)(bu)分解列。由(you)于各個區域內系(xi)統(tong)頻率(lv)過低(di)以及進一(yi)步的(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv)振(zhen)(zhen)蕩等原因導致電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)崩潰,最終造(zao)成人面積停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故
在(zai)這2次人面積停電(dian)(dian)事故中(zhong),西部電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系統通過在(zai)區域內采(cai)取(qu)高(gao)(gao)頻切機措施,得以幸(xing)免南部電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系統從(cong)東部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)西部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)饋(kui)入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li),也在(zai)7月31口的事故中(zhong)得以幸(xing)免,在(zai)事故發生后依然從(cong)西部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)饋(kui)入(ru)(ru)部分電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li),并采(cai)取(qu)了若(ruo)干(gan)防(fang)御機制(zhi),如白動低頻減負(fu)荷以及逐漸提升高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)直流受電(dian)(dian)功率
人電網(wang)統(tong)一防控(kong)體系是(shi)以堅強網(wang)架為基礎的(de)、基于人安全觀(guan)的(de)、以統(tong)一規劃、統(tong)一調(diao)度、統(tong)一管理為手段的(de)人電網(wang)安全防御(yu)與(yu)運行(營)控(kong)制體系。該體系的(de)不完(wan)善是(shi)木次印(yin)度連續發生人面積停電事故的(de)深層次原因
1網架結構不夠堅強,區域間交換能力不足
受印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)的(de)經(jing)營(ying)與管(guan)理體制(zhi)(zhi)限制(zhi)(zhi),各級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)建(jian)設缺乏區(qu)域(yu)(yu)間統籌協(xie)調,區(qu)域(yu)(yu)主(zhu)網(wang)架(jia)以(yi)400kV/220kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)環網(wang)為(wei)主(zhu),沒(mei)有合理的(de)分層分區(qu),網(wang)架(jia)結構較易引發穩定破壞。400kV線(xian)路(lu)作為(wei)主(zhu)干(gan)網(wang)架(jia)己(ji)不滿(man)足(zu)印(yin)度經(jing)濟的(de)快速增長對電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)負荷的(de)需要,765kV系統剛剛啟動建(jian)設,還未(wei)成(cheng)網(wang)。跨區(qu)主(zhu)網(wang)架(jia)之間呈(cheng)弱連(lian)接,一(yi)旦局(ju)部故障引發連(lian)鎖反應,或者區(qu)域(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)白身發電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力(li)人(ren)(ren)幅減少,各區(qu)域(yu)(yu)間彼此難以(yi)形成(cheng)有力(li)的(de)支(zhi)援,加入了發生人(ren)(ren)面積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)可能(neng)性。
2電網發展缺乏統一規劃
印(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)規劃(hua)、建設主體和(he)資產(chan)歸屬復雜,主要包(bao)括印(yin)度(du)國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)、邦(bang)屬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)以及(ji)私人(ren)企(qi)業印(yin)度(du)國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)負(fu)責區(qu)域(yu)及(ji)跨區(qu)域(yu)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)的(de)(de)規劃(hua),邦(bang)屬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)負(fu)責邦(bang)內輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)絡的(de)(de)規劃(hua)。盡管由(you)隸屬于印(yin)度(du)國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)的(de)(de)5個區(qu)域(yu)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力調(diao)度(du)中心負(fu)責協調(diao)和(he)管理(li)有關(guan)邦(bang)之間輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)的(de)(de)相關(guan)事務,但其對邦(bang)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)并無(wu)管理(li)關(guan)系,無(wu)力有效實現跨區(qu)、跨邦(bang)和(he)邦(bang)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)統一規劃(hua),各(ge)區(qu)域(yu)間電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)發展規劃(hua)較難形成合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)匹(pi)配(pei)和(he)有效的(de)(de)銜接(jie)。除(chu)上述所述的(de)(de)長期電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)規劃(hua)問題(ti)外,印(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)還存在短期運行規劃(hua)中,區(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)、邦(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)停運計劃(hua)不(bu)協調(diao)的(de)(de)嚴重問題(ti),并因此直接(jie)造(zao)成了區(qu)域(yu)間聯絡線(xian)的(de)(de)功率調(diao)控能(neng)力缺失。
3電網缺乏統一調度機制
除了固有的發電冗余不足,調(diao)(diao)峰能(neng)力(li)弱等客觀(guan)原因外,此(ci)次事故暴露出(chu)印(yin)度(du)電網(wang)調(diao)(diao)度(du)體制(zhi)不健全,電網(wang)運行缺乏統一調(diao)(diao)度(du),不同級調(diao)(diao)度(du)機構約束能(neng)力(li)弱、跨邦跨區調(diao)(diao)度(du)協(xie)調(diao)(diao)能(neng)力(li)不足,調(diao)(diao)度(du)指揮不暢,調(diao)(diao)度(du)指令失(shi)靈等問題(ti)。
印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)實行(xing)分(fen)散(san)的(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)體制,存(cun)在國(guo)家、區域、邦(bang)(bang)級以(yi)及邦(bang)(bang)內各地區4級以(yi)上的(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)管理_缺乏統(tong)一調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)制。各邦(bang)(bang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構獨(du)立于國(guo)家和(he)區域調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構,主要受當地電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)局或(huo)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)公司管理。國(guo)家調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構對(dui)(dui)邦(bang)(bang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構的(de)約束能力(li)(li)較弱,白上而卜的(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)和(he)管理的(de)無法做到“一票到底”。當區域電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)與邦(bang)(bang)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)發生矛盾時,需(xu)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)監會反(fan)應并(bing)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)監會負(fu)(fu)責協(xie)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)解決。事故中(zhong)北部各邦(bang)(bang)不服從區域電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du),使電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)設備持(chi)續維持(chi)超(chao)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)運(yun)(yun)行(xing),區域電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)指令對(dui)(dui)各邦(bang)(bang)超(chao)計劃受電(dian)(dian)(dian)無能為(wei)力(li)(li)。印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)多位(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)官員表示,各州沒有按照規定調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)整(zheng)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)需(xu)求,致使跨邦(bang)(bang)聯絡(luo)線超(chao)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)運(yun)(yun)行(xing),導(dao)致了系統(tong)崩潰(kui)此外,印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)標準偏(pian)(pian)低,調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)裕度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)不足印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)(yun)營模(mo)式允許用頻率換用電(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)行(xing)為(wei),系統(tong)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)經(jing)常出現(xian)背離計劃的(de)情況,而且(qie)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)頻率的(de)正常運(yun)(yun)行(xing)范圍值為(wei)48.5--50.2Hz,允許頻率偏(pian)(pian)差(cha)較人(ren),這些造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)長期處于緊張狀態。
4電力管理體制分散,缺乏統一管理
印度電(dian)力(li)管(guan)理(li)體(ti)制缺乏集約化,各(ge)邦(bang)政府對電(dian)力(li)改革擁有較高白主權(quan)(quan),使得各(ge)邦(bang)改革進程不(bu)盡相同,統籌協(xie)調發展實現困難(nan)。發、輸、配電(dian)所有權(quan)(quan)和經營權(quan)(quan)分(fen)散,利益主體(ti)多元,電(dian)網(wang)發展長(chang)期各(ge)白為政,注重(zhong)局部(bu)(bu)利益,不(bu)重(zhong)視整(zheng)體(ti)安全,電(dian)網(wang)管(guan)理(li)水平(ping)偏低、線損(sun)高、人部(bu)(bu)分(fen)電(dian)力(li)企業(ye)處于虧損(sun)狀態、投資(zi)能(neng)力(li)弱。
一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面,由于印(yin)度推行(xing)以私(si)有(you)化(hua)為(wei)方(fang)(fang)向的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)改革,輸(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網在(zai)(zai)體(ti)制(zhi)上并非一(yi)(yi)體(ti)化(hua)運(yun)行(xing);另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面,印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)網管(guan)理體(ti)制(zhi)為(wei)中(zhong)央和邦(bang)2個(ge)層次的(de)分散(san)(san)管(guan)理模式,各邦(bang)政府對電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)改革擁有(you)較(jiao)高白主權邦(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)監(jian)會不受中(zhong)央電(dian)(dian)(dian)監(jian)會管(guan)理,邦(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)監(jian)會在(zai)(zai)邦(bang)內發、輸(shu)、配(pei)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)交易和輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)定價(jia)等方(fang)(fang)面有(you)較(jiao)高的(de)白主權這種整(zheng)體(ti)層面比(bi)較(jiao)分散(san)(san)的(de)管(guan)理體(ti)制(zhi)與(yu)模式,在(zai)(zai)很(hen)人程度上造成(cheng)了(le)印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)發展很(hen)難形(xing)成(cheng)統一(yi)(yi)、科學的(de)規(gui)劃。加入了(le)印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)網建設(she)與(yu)運(yun)行(xing)難度,也影(ying)響了(le)印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)企業運(yun)營與(yu)積極性,導致(zhi)印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)在(zai)(zai)整(zheng)體(ti)上統籌協(xie)調發展實現困難。
5電網系統保護與設備運行的功能不健全
印度配電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)體系(xi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“第(di)二道防(fang)線”不(bu)健全,基(ji)于(yu)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)變化(hua)(hua)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)措施和低頻(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)措施實(shi)施不(bu)力。在(zai)(zai)“7.30”第(di)一次北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)崩潰(kui)前,北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)與(yu)其他(ta)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)解(jie)列(lie)運(yun)行。北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)損失約(yue)5800MW外(wai)來(lai)電(dian)(dian),導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)降低。為了改善頻(pin)(pin)率(lv),避(bi)免系(xi)統(tong)崩潰(kui),北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)實(shi)施了低頻(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)計劃(可以(yi)減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)約(yue)4000MW的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)荷)和基(ji)于(yu)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)變化(hua)(hua)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)計劃(可減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)約(yue)6000MW的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)荷)。然而,2項計劃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)施并(bing)未減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)足(zu)夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)荷,導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)除了Badax-p二和NAPS幾個小(xiao)區(qu)域(yu)外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)崩潰(kui)在(zai)(zai)“7.31”第(di)二次電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)崩潰(kui)前,北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)與(yu)其他(ta)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)首先解(jie)列(lie)運(yun)行,并(bing)遭遇了與(yu)第(di)一次停電(dian)(dian)事(shi)故類似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“第(di)二道防(fang)線”失效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)在(zai)(zai)緊急情況(kuang)卜(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低頻(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)和基(ji)于(yu)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)變化(hua)(hua)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)策略木應(ying)能維(wei)持頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)來(lai)保(bao)(bao)證系(xi)統(tong)安全運(yun)行,但(dan)印度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)故分析報(bao)告指出,7月(yue)31口并(bing)沒有(you)監測到低頻(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)和基(ji)于(yu)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)變化(hua)(hua)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)計劃有(you)適當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動作。
印(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)網的(de)各級調(diao)度(du)(du)中心缺乏電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統動(dong)態安(an)全評估和(he)快速(su)狀(zhuang)態估計的(de)研究機制,無法有效制定補救措施計劃;在(zai)系統運行調(diao)度(du)(du)過(guo)程(cheng)中一也沒有在(zai)計劃外(wai)電(dian)(dian)力(li)交換情況卜(bu),對功率透支與(yu)過(guo)度(du)(du)發電(dian)(dian)的(de)情況進行監管。在(zai)這(zhe)2次停電(dian)(dian)事故(gu)中,均發生(sheng)了在(zai)負荷逐漸損失的(de)情況卜(bu)距離保(bao)護誤動(dong)現象,而且缺乏足(zu)夠的(de)無功補償裝置和(he)動(dong)態補償裝置對故(gu)障(zhang)中的(de)系統電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)提供支撐(cheng)。
6電力投資不足
電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)投資(zi)不(bu)足一(yi)直是印度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展的核(he)心制約因素(su)(su),印度(du)(du)曾(ceng)試圖采取多項措施吸引(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)投資(zi),但(dan)收(shou)效甚(shen)微2003年印度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)法(fa)案明確(que)鼓勵引(yin)入競爭(zheng)。2005年印度(du)(du)國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)發(fa)展政(zheng)策(ce)也(ye)(ye)(ye)提出要在輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)環(huan)節引(yin)入私人投資(zi)。但(dan)在實際操(cao)作中(zhong),并(bing)未建(jian)立完善的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)投資(zi)體制和順暢的資(zi)金(jin)渠道(dao),往(wang)往(wang)由于土地糾紛和其他繁瑣的政(zheng)策(ce)障礙,導致基礎設施建(jian)設資(zi)金(jin)無法(fa)到位(wei)。另一(yi)方面(mian),電(dian)(dian)(dian)價水平等(deng)(deng)諸(zhu)多因素(su)(su)也(ye)(ye)(ye)導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)難以吸引(yin)投資(zi)。印度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價機(ji)制不(bu)順,存在電(dian)(dian)(dian)價同收(shou)難、線損居高不(bu)卜等(deng)(deng)問題,印度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)企業(ye)(ye)普遍虧損,政(zheng)府補貼(tie)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)運(yun)營虧損來(lai)說(shuo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)是“杯水車薪”,企業(ye)(ye)缺乏白主投資(zi)能力(li)和積極性
印(yin)度2天內連(lian)續2次發生人面積停電事(shi)故,給(gei)當地經(jing)濟發展(zhan)、社會穩(wen)定及國家形(xing)象帶(dai)來(lai)嚴重影響(xiang)。此次印(yin)度人停電事(shi)件對(dui)我國電力(li)工業發展(zhan)具有重要啟示。
電力要適度超前發展并把安全放在首位
電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)是現(xian)代經濟(ji)社會發展(zhan)的(de)基礎(chu),也是組成(cheng)國民(min)經濟(ji)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)組成(cheng)部分。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)行(xing)業的(de)基礎(chu)性特征、工程(cheng)建設周期長(chang)、系統運(yun)行(xing)備用需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)等要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)發展(zhan)必須適度超前如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)發展(zhan)滯后,就會成(cheng)為制(zhi)約經濟(ji)社會發展(zhan)和人(ren)民(min)生(sheng)活(huo)水平提高的(de)瓶頸。印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業基礎(chu)設施薄(bo)弱(ruo),電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供需(xu)矛盾(dun)突(tu)出,電(dian)(dian)(dian)網安全可靠(kao)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)水平低。近年來,印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)持續存(cun)在(zai)(zai)10%左右的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)缺}!,而在(zai)(zai)夏季用電(dian)(dian)(dian)高峰這(zhe)個比例可能超過(guo)20%如此滯后的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業,不僅嚴(yan)重(zhong)影響了水民(min)的(de)生(sheng)活(huo),更讓印(yin)度在(zai)(zai)對外(wai)招商引(yin)資、經濟(ji)發展(zhan)方面都面臨多方垢病,國際競爭(zheng)力(li)(li)也因此人(ren)打(da)折扣(kou)。
加強電網統籌規劃,夯實電網安全的基礎
無論美加(jia)“8.14”人停(ting)電、巴西(xi)“11.10”人停(ting)電,還是木次印度連(lian)續2次人停(ting)電,其中(zhong)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)重要原(yuan)因就是電網(wang)(wang)發展(zhan)滯后,沒有(you)形成(cheng)結構堅強(qiang)、運行靈活的(de)主網(wang)(wang)架。電力系統(tong)(tong)是由不同電壓等(deng)級設(she)備(bei)緊密連(lian)接在(zai)一(yi)(yi)起的(de)系統(tong)(tong),必(bi)須堅持統(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)規劃、統(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)建(jian)設(she),從源頭上消除隱患,提高(gao)電網(wang)(wang)建(jian)設(she)安全(quan)質(zhi)(zhi)量和抵(di)御白然災害的(de)能(neng)力,滿(man)足能(neng)源資源配置要求和事故情況卜相互支援的(de)能(neng)力。立(li)足我國能(neng)源逆向分布實際(ji),加(jia)快發展(zhan)特(te)高(gao)壓跨區輸電,構建(jian)“強(qiang)交強(qiang)直”的(de)全(quan)國特(te)高(gao)壓堅強(qiang)骨(gu)干網(wang)(wang)架,是保障我國電力供應(ying)安全(quan)的(de)必(bi)備(bei)物質(zhi)(zhi)基礎。
堅持電力系統安全穩定“三道防線”
印度(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公司縮減電(dian)(dian)網(wang)維護(hu)成(cheng)木,在(zai)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)超(chao)負荷運(yun)行、頻率(lv)卜降時,技術上(shang)沒有(you)相(xiang)應的“第三(san)道(dao)防(fang)(fang)線(xian)(xian)”,最(zui)終拖(tuo)垮整(zheng)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)。而在(zai)美國(guo)等一(yi)些國(guo)家也存(cun)在(zai)類似我國(guo)的電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)穩定(ding)“三(san)道(dao)防(fang)(fang)線(xian)(xian)”,但因制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)體制(zhi)(zhi)等問題,讓(rang)“三(san)道(dao)防(fang)(fang)線(xian)(xian)”運(yun)行失靈。隨著我國(guo)人(ren)容量交(jiao)/直(zhi)流輸電(dian)(dian)工程、人(ren)規模間歇式電(dian)(dian)源的投(tou)運(yun),交(jiao)直(zhi)流系(xi)(xi)統拙合關系(xi)(xi)增強,系(xi)(xi)統運(yun)行方式多變,容易發生(sheng)多重擾動/故障,對人(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)運(yun)行提(ti)出了更高(gao)(gao)的要求需要進一(yi)步加強“三(san)道(dao)防(fang)(fang)線(xian)(xian)”建設,落實(shi)《電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)穩定(ding)導則》要求,深(shen)入開(kai)展系(xi)(xi)統安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)穩定(ding)分析(xi)和校核,健全(quan)(quan)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管理制(zhi)(zhi)度(du),提(ti)高(gao)(gao)運(yun)行維護(hu)水平、人(ren)員(yuan)素(su)質,加強安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)基(ji)礎管理和細節控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi),以“嚴、細、實(shi)”的作風保(bao)障電(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)
加強對電網骨干網架安全保障理論的研究
各國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)在向(xiang)其目標網(wang)(wang)(wang)架發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過渡過程中(zhong),都存在薄(bo)(bo)弱環節和安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)風險,忽視(shi)這(zhe)些環節和對(dui)相應風險的(de)(de)(de)(de)管控(kong)將加(jia)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)發生(sheng)類(lei)似于印度人(ren)(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可能性。為在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過渡過程中(zhong)避(bi)免發生(sheng)人(ren)(ren)面積停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu),必(bi)須樹(shu)立立足于發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)、科(ke)學的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)觀,結合人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)及(ji)其安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)運(yun)行控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術發展(zhan)趨勢,進一步加(jia)強(qiang)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)骨(gu)干(gan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)架安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)保障理(li)論(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)與技術措(cuo)施的(de)(de)(de)(de)管理(li),提高(gao)人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)監(jian)測、預警和控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)能力,構建時空協調(diao)綜(zong)合防(fang)御系統,提高(gao)技術保障電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能力,保證系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)長期安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)穩定(ding)運(yun)行。深化人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)風險管理(li),實(shi)現安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)風險的(de)(de)(de)(de)超前(qian)分析和流(liu)程化控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi);開展(zhan)周期性輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)、城市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)性評價,滾動(dong)排(pai)查電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)薄(bo)(bo)弱環節和設(she)備重人(ren)(ren)隱患;加(jia)強(qiang)資產全(quan)(quan)(quan)壽命周期管理(li)和人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)監(jian)督管理(li);完(wan)善人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)應急處置機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)手(shou)段和措(cuo)施全(quan)(quan)(quan)過程動(dong)態防(fang)范電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)事故(gu)風險。
強化各級電網和調度的一體化運行機制
分(fen)析國(guo)際(ji)上(shang)這(zhe)些人(ren)(ren)面積(ji)(ji)停電(dian)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)的直接原(yuan)因(yin),人(ren)(ren)都是(shi)因(yin)為管理(li)(li)體制混(hun)亂、利(li)益主(zhu)體多元、調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)指令(ling)失靈(ling),電(dian)網(wang)(wang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)得不到及(ji)(ji)時控制,最終發(fa)展成為人(ren)(ren)面積(ji)(ji)停電(dian)。這(zhe)次印度(du)(du)(du)人(ren)(ren)停電(dian)的原(yuan)因(yin),再一次說明缺乏統一的調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)管理(li)(li)體制和嚴格的調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)紀(ji)律,人(ren)(ren)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)安全(quan)無(wu)法得到保障。長期以來(lai)(lai),我國(guo)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)實施電(dian)網(wang)(wang)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)一體化運(yun)行(xing)(xing)機(ji)制,實現了統一高效的調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)管理(li)(li)和電(dian)力系統協調(diao)(diao)運(yun)行(xing)(xing),有(you)效降低了重人(ren)(ren)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)風險,沒有(you)發(fa)生電(dian)網(wang)(wang)崩潰和人(ren)(ren)面積(ji)(ji)停電(dian)等(deng)重人(ren)(ren)及(ji)(ji)以上(shang)的電(dian)網(wang)(wang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)特(te)別是(shi)近(jin)年來(lai)(lai),在連(lian)續遭受歷(li)史罕(han)見的嚴重冰災、特(te)人(ren)(ren)地震及(ji)(ji)重人(ren)(ren)洪水、臺風、泥石流等(deng)白然(ran)災害的情況(kuang)卜,我國(guo)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)管理(li)(li)體制為確(que)保人(ren)(ren)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)的安全(quan)和可靠供電(dian)發(fa)揮了重要作用
當前我(wo)國(guo)(guo)經濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)和(he)負荷需求增長較快(kuai),結構性和(he)季節性電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)緊張時有發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)生,新能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)迅(xun)猛發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)、并網(wang)規模口(kou)益增人,電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統(tong)的(de)(de)結構口(kou)趨復雜,未來供電(dian)(dian)(dian)安(an)全(quan)穩定問題將(jiang)更加突出。為此,我(wo)國(guo)(guo)應積極從印度人停電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)中汲取經驗教(jiao)訓(xun)。在人力(li)(li)增強電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統(tong)安(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)物理(li)網(wang)絡(luo)支(zhi)撐的(de)(de)同時,要堅持各級電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)調度的(de)(de)一體化運(yun)行(xing)機(ji)制,充分(fen)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)揮電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)統(tong)一管(guan)理(li)和(he)運(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)優勢,最(zui)人限度地提升電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調度安(an)全(quan)保障(zhang)能(neng)力(li)(li),為我(wo)國(guo)(guo)經濟(ji)社會快(kuai)速(su)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)提供安(an)全(quan)、可靠、優質、高效的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供應。