2012年8月1日,印(yin)度官員宣布,印(yin)度大面積斷電已經(jing)結(jie)束。印(yin)度發生的停電事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu),覆蓋了一半以(yi)上(shang)的國土,直接影(ying)響(xiang)6億多人的生活,是(shi)這個南(nan)亞國家11年來最嚴重的停電事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)。
印度北(bei)部(bu)和東部(bu)地區(qu)7月(yue)30日(ri)和31日(ri)連續發生兩(liang)次大(da)面積停(ting)電事故。突如(ru)其來的斷(duan)電導致(zhi)交(jiao)通陷(xian)入混亂,全(quan)國超過(guo)300列(lie)火車(che)停(ting)運(yun),首都新德里的地鐵也全(quan)部(bu)停(ting)運(yun),造成旅客大(da)量滯留,公路交(jiao)通出現(xian)大(da)面積擁堵。一(yi)些礦工被困井下。銀(yin)行系統陷(xian)入癱瘓,一(yi)度給印度的金融(rong)交(jiao)易帶來障礙。
第一次事故(gu)發生后,印(yin)度電(dian)力(li)(li)部(bu)門排除故(gu)障,在停電(dian)后15個小(xiao)時內(nei)基(ji)本恢復(fu)了電(dian)力(li)(li)供應。但旁遮普邦(bang)、哈里亞納邦(bang)以及北方(fang)邦(bang)等幾個地區在供電(dian)恢復(fu)后繼續超負荷(he)用(yong)電(dian),導(dao)致了第二次大面(mian)積停電(dian)。印(yin)度電(dian)力(li)(li)部(bu)門因(yin)此不得(de)不從(cong)鄰國輸入電(dian)力(li)(li)來滿足新德里的用(yong)電(dian)需求(qiu)。截至8月1日,印(yin)度北部(bu)地區95%的電(dian)力(li)(li)供應已恢復(fu)。
貝恩咨(zi)詢公司高級合伙人阿密(mi)特·辛哈(ha)認(ren)為,此次(ci)停電事故給印度經濟敲響(xiang)了警鐘——印度電力供應至少需(xu)要保(bao)持(chi)每年6.5%至7%的增速,否則將會(hui)對該國制造業和出口企業造成(cheng)傷害。
印度最大行業協會印度工商聯合會主席(xi)卡諾里亞說:“連(lian)續兩(liang)天如此大規模(mo)的停(ting)電,值得(de)我們(men)密切關注,這當(dang)然(ran)會
對(dui)于商(shang)業(ye)投資環境本就存在(zai)不少問題的(de)印(yin)度來說(shuo),此(ci)次大停電不僅影響(xiang)企業(ye)生產和盈(ying)利水平,還(huan)影響(xiang)到印(yin)度在(zai)外國投資者(zhe)眼(yan)中的(de)形象(xiang)。
印度產業聯(lian)合會理事(shi)長錢德拉(la)吉特·班納(na)吉表示,印度經濟(ji)近來增長放緩,外界(jie)(jie)本就對印度前景(jing)不太看好,如今電(dian)網兩天(tian)內連續崩潰無疑使印度的形象進一步(bu)受(shou)損,令有(you)意投資印度的外國(guo)企業望而卻步(bu)。對于一個擁有(you)世界(jie)(jie)約六分之(zhi)一人口的新興經濟(ji)體,有(you)必(bi)要(yao)使基礎設(she)施建設(she)與印度的強國(guo)夢想相匹配。
世界媒(mei)體都在議論印度大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)停電(dian),但任何國(guo)家都不能否認(ren)自己(ji)也遭遇過(guo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)停電(dian)的(de)歷(li)史,只(zhi)是(shi)規模和破壞(huai)程度不同罷(ba)了(le)。美(mei)國(guo)上世紀(ji)后(hou)半葉(xie),至少(shao)出現三次(ci)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)規模停電(dian)事故(gu),近十多年(nian)時(shi)間(jian)里,美(mei)國(guo)至少(shao)遭遇過(guo)數次(ci)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)停電(dian)。如2008年(nian),佛羅里達州(zhou)發生大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)停電(dian),300萬人沒有電(dian)力供應(ying);2003年(nian)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)停電(dian),由密(mi)歇根州(zhou)延伸至紐約,最(zui)后(hou)蔓延到加拿大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)。危機專家承認(ren),“一次(ci)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)停電(dian),即使(shi)是(shi)數秒鐘(zhong),也不亞于一場(chang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)地震帶來的(de)破壞(huai)”。
很多新興經(jing)濟體在(zai)經(jing)濟高增長的刺(ci)激或(huo)尋求經(jing)濟高增長的動機之下(xia),只顧電(dian)力開(kai)發,卻忽視電(dian)網(wang)(wang)安(an)全(quan)工(gong)作,對(dui)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)管理體制改革方面重視不(bu)(bu)夠,導致“缺電(dian)”和(he)“有(you)電(dian)”下(xia)都斷電(dian)停(ting)電(dian)的情況,造成大量的浪(lang)費(fei)和(he)損(sun)失。印度此次發生的問(wen)題,對(dui)印度是個現(xian)實教訓(xun),對(dui)世界各(ge)新興經(jing)濟體而言(yan),是給電(dian)網(wang)(wang)安(an)全(quan)上了(le)一課。只要體認“大停(ting)電(dian)或(huo)也會發生在(zai)我們(men)身上”,那么(me),我們(men)就應該從(cong)漠不(bu)(bu)關心等心態中覺醒(xing)過來,把印度問(wen)題視為自己(ji)的問(wen)題,做好自己(ji)的安(an)全(quan)工(gong)作。
印度北部和東部地區7月30日和31日連續發
生兩次(ci)大(da)面(mian)積(ji)停電事(shi)故。突如其(qi)來的斷電導致交通陷入混亂(luan),全(quan)國超過300列火車停運,首(shou)都新德里(li)的地鐵也全(quan)部停運,造(zao)成旅客(ke)大(da)量滯留,公路交通出現大(da)面(mian)積(ji)擁堵。一些礦工(gong)被困(kun)井下。銀行系統(tong)陷入癱瘓,一度(du)給印度(du)的金(jin)融交易帶來障礙(ai)。
第一(yi)次事故發生后,印度電(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)門(men)排除故障(zhang),在停電(dian)(dian)后15個小時內基本恢(hui)復(fu)(fu)了(le)電(dian)(dian)力(li)供(gong)應(ying)。但旁遮普邦(bang)、哈里(li)(li)亞納邦(bang)以(yi)及北(bei)方(fang)邦(bang)等幾個地(di)區在供(gong)電(dian)(dian)恢(hui)復(fu)(fu)后繼續超負荷用電(dian)(dian),導(dao)致了(le)第二次大面積停電(dian)(dian)。印度電(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)門(men)因此(ci)不(bu)得不(bu)從鄰國輸入電(dian)(dian)力(li)來(lai)滿足新德(de)里(li)(li)的用電(dian)(dian)需求。截至8月1日,印度北(bei)部(bu)地(di)區95%的電(dian)(dian)力(li)供(gong)應(ying)已(yi)恢(hui)復(fu)(fu)。
貝恩咨詢公司高級合伙人(ren)阿密特·辛(xin)哈認為,此次停電事故給印(yin)度經濟敲響了警鐘——印(yin)度電力供應至(zhi)少需(xu)要保持每年(nian)6.5%至(zhi)7%的增速,否則將會對(dui)該國制造業(ye)和出口企(qi)業(ye)造成傷害。
印度最(zui)大行業協會印度工商聯合(he)會主席卡諾里亞說:“連續兩天(tian)如此大規模的停電(dian),值得我們密(mi)切關注,這當然會
對(dui)于商業投資環境本就存(cun)在(zai)不(bu)少問(wen)題的印度來說,此次(ci)大(da)停電(dian)不(bu)僅(jin)影(ying)響企(qi)業生(sheng)產和(he)盈利水平(ping),還影(ying)響到印度在(zai)外國投資者眼中的形(xing)象。
印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)產業聯合會理事(shi)長錢德拉吉特·班(ban)納吉表示,印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)經濟近(jin)來(lai)增長放緩,外界(jie)本(ben)就對印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)前景(jing)不(bu)太看好,如今電(dian)網兩天內連續崩潰無疑(yi)使印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)的形(xing)象進(jin)一步受(shou)損,令有意投資印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)的外國企(qi)業望(wang)而(er)卻(que)步。對于一個擁有世界(jie)約(yue)六分之一人口的新興經濟體(ti),有必要使基(ji)礎設施建(jian)設與印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)的強國夢想相匹配。
世界媒體都(dou)在議論印度大(da)停電(dian)(dian),但(dan)任何國(guo)家(jia)都(dou)不(bu)能否認自己(ji)也(ye)遭遇(yu)(yu)過(guo)大(da)停電(dian)(dian)的歷史,只是(shi)規(gui)模和破(po)壞程度不(bu)同罷了。美(mei)國(guo)上(shang)世紀后半葉,至(zhi)少出現三(san)次(ci)大(da)規(gui)模停電(dian)(dian)事故,近十多(duo)年時間里,美(mei)國(guo)至(zhi)少遭遇(yu)(yu)過(guo)數次(ci)大(da)停電(dian)(dian)。如2008年,佛羅里達州發生大(da)停電(dian)(dian),300萬人沒有電(dian)(dian)力(li)供應;2003年大(da)停電(dian)(dian),由(you)密歇(xie)根州延伸至(zhi)紐(niu)約(yue),最后蔓延到加拿大(da)。危機專家(jia)承認,“一次(ci)大(da)停電(dian)(dian),即使(shi)是(shi)數秒鐘,也(ye)不(bu)亞于一場大(da)地震帶(dai)來的破(po)壞”。
很多新興(xing)(xing)經濟體在經濟高增(zeng)長的(de)刺激或(huo)尋求經濟高增(zeng)長的(de)動機(ji)之下,只顧(gu)電(dian)力開發(fa),卻忽視(shi)電(dian)網安(an)全(quan)工作(zuo),對(dui)電(dian)網管理體制改革方(fang)面重視(shi)不夠(gou),導致(zhi)“缺電(dian)”和“有電(dian)”下都斷(duan)電(dian)停電(dian)的(de)情(qing)況,造成大量的(de)浪(lang)費和損失。印(yin)(yin)度此次(ci)發(fa)生的(de)問(wen)題,對(dui)印(yin)(yin)度是個現實教訓,對(dui)世(shi)界各新興(xing)(xing)經濟體而(er)言,是給電(dian)網安(an)全(quan)上了一課。只要(yao)體認(ren)“大停電(dian)或(huo)也會發(fa)生在我(wo)們身上”,那(nei)么,我(wo)們就應該從漠不關心等心態中覺醒過(guo)來,把印(yin)(yin)度問(wen)題視(shi)為自己的(de)問(wen)題,做好自己的(de)安(an)全(quan)工作(zuo)。
2012年7月30口(kou)凌晨2時33分(fen)開始(shi),印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)北部地(di)區(qu)德里邦(bang)(bang)、哈利亞納(na)邦(bang)(bang)、中(zhong)央邦(bang)(bang)、旁遮普邦(bang)(bang)、拉賈(jia)斯坦(tan)邦(bang)(bang)、北安查爾(er)邦(bang)(bang)、北方邦(bang)(bang)等9個邦(bang)(bang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)(gu),逾(yu)3.7億(yi)人(ren)(ren)受(shou)到(dao)(dao)影(ying)(ying)響。在(zai)上(shang)述地(di)區(qu)恢復供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)數小時后(hou),于當(dang)地(di)時間7月31口(kou)13時05分(fen)開始(shi),印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)包括首(shou)都新(xin)德里在(zai)內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)東(dong)部、北部和東(dong)北部地(di)區(qu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網再(zai)次(ci)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生人(ren)(ren)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)(gu),超過20個邦(bang)(bang)再(zai)次(ci)陷入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力癱瘓狀態,全國近一(yi)半地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)出現中(zhong)斷,逾(yu)6.7億(yi)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)受(shou)到(dao)(dao)影(ying)(ying)響111印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)兩(liang)天之內(nei)(nei)連續發(fa)(fa)(fa)生人(ren)(ren)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)(gu),是(shi)有史以來(lai)影(ying)(ying)響人(ren)(ren)曰最(zui)(zui)多的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統事故(gu)(gu),成(cheng)為(wei)世(shi)界范圍內(nei)(nei)規模最(zui)(zui)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事件。印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)長期以來(lai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業基礎薄(bo)弱、基礎設(she)施落后(hou)并(bing)滯后(hou)于經濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展等矛盾由來(lai)己久,這(zhe)次(ci)事件讓印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力管(guan)理體(ti)制、調度(du)(du)防控體(ti)系和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網規劃建(jian)設(she)等方面(mian)(mian)諸(zhu)多問題再(zai)次(ci)暴露(lu)于公(gong)眾面(mian)(mian)前(qian)。與我國一(yi)樣作(zuo)為(wei)正(zheng)在(zai)崛起的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展中(zhong)國家,印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)此次(ci)人(ren)(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)(gu)對(dui)我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網安全運行(xing)具有重(zhong)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)借鑒意義。但是(shi)我國對(dui)人(ren)(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)(gu)原因研(yan)究不深,需要進一(yi)步深入分(fen)析(xi)印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)人(ren)(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)能源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力概況。
印度的能(neng)源(yuan)資源(yuan)主(zhu)要分布在(zai)(zai)東(dong)部(bu)和東(dong)北部(bu)地區_以(yi)煤炭(tan)和水力為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)_其(qi)余(yu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、油電(dian)(dian)(dian)和天然(ran)氣發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。主(zhu)要負(fu)荷中心及人口(kou)稠密(mi)地區則集(ji)中在(zai)(zai)北部(bu)、南(nan)(nan)部(bu)和西部(bu)地區。印度電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)方向主(zhu)要為(wei)(wei)(wei)東(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)西送,再(zai)輔以(yi)北電(dian)(dian)(dian)南(nan)(nan)送截至2012年5月,印度總(zong)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)容量約為(wei)(wei)(wei)2億kW,其(qi)中火電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)占68.7070,水電(dian)(dian)(dian)占19.2070,核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和其(qi)他可再(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)占12.1%}Z
作為(wei)亞(ya)洲第(di)三(san)人(ren)經(jing)濟體(ti),印(yin)度(du)過去10年(nian)間經(jing)濟增速接近2位數,能(neng)源(yuan)消費年(nian)均(jun)增速6%但由于投(tou)資不足,電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業發(fa)展嚴重滯(zhi)后(hou)于經(jing)濟發(fa)展水平,發(fa)電(dian)(dian)冗(rong)余(yu)不足,跨(kua)區輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)不夠,電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)供應長期(qi)處(chu)于短(duan)缺狀態。印(yin)度(du)2010-2011年(nian)度(du)GDP增長8.5070,同期(qi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝機增長僅為(wei)5.56%印(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)部預計2012年(nian)印(yin)度(du)高峰(feng)期(qi)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)缺曰(yue)10.6%左右,全(quan)年(nian)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)缺曰(yue)7.3%左右。仍有近40%的(de)印(yin)度(du)家(jia)庭(約(yue)2.89億(yi)人(ren))沒有用上電(dian)(dian),且印(yin)度(du)人(ren)部分地區供電(dian)(dian)質量(liang)低、停電(dian)(dian)頻繁,即使在首都新德里也經(jing)常拉閘(zha)限電(dian)(dian)。
印(yin)(yin)(yin)度電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)由五人區(qu)域(yu)性電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)組成(cheng),即(ji)北(bei)部(bu)、東(dong)(dong)部(bu)、西部(bu)、東(dong)(dong)北(bei)部(bu)和南(nan)(nan)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)。印(yin)(yin)(yin)度電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的電(dian)(dian)壓等級(ji)主要(yao)有765kV,500 kV,400kV,220kV和132kV北(bei)部(bu)、東(dong)(dong)部(bu)、西部(bu)、東(dong)(dong)北(bei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)實(shi)現了交(jiao)流400kV同(tong)步聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang),形成(cheng)中(zhong)央電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(New Grid)。南(nan)(nan)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)與中(zhong)央電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)通(tong)過直流異(yi)步聯(lian)接(jie)。此外印(yin)(yin)(yin)度東(dong)(dong)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)通(tong)過400kV交(jiao)流與不月-電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)互(hu)聯(lian)印(yin)(yin)(yin)度交(jiao)流同(tong)步電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)區(qu)域(yu)間互(hu)聯(lian)情況.
印度輸電網結構分為3層,即國家電網(跨區域(yu)(yu)電網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)卜區域(yu)(yu)內跨邦(bang)(bang)(bang)電網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)一邦(bang)(bang)(bang)電網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。其中(zhong)(zhong)跨區和跨電網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)由(you)中(zhong)(zhong)央政(zheng)府(fu)所(suo)有的印(yin)度國家電網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)公司(si)(si)(PGCIL)擁(yong)(yong)有,并負責運行管理;邦(bang)(bang)(bang)內輸電資產(chan)由(you)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)政(zheng)府(fu)所(suo)有的邦(bang)(bang)(bang)輸電公司(si)(si)(STUB)或邦(bang)(bang)(bang)電力(li)局(未改革(ge)邦(bang)(bang)(bang))管理從印(yin)度交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)互聯網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)跨區主網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)架來看,區域(yu)(yu)電網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之間通過1同765kV交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu),23同400kV交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)、10同220kV交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)、1個士400kV直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)背靠背和1個士500kV直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)互聯。區域(yu)(yu)內主網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)架主要(yao)(yao)是以400kV/220kV電磁環網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)為主。印(yin)度配(pei)(pei)(pei)電網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)由(you)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)政(zheng)府(fu)所(suo)有或私有的配(pei)(pei)(pei)電公司(si)(si)擁(yong)(yong)有并負責運行管理一個邦(bang)(bang)(bang)內有多個配(pei)(pei)(pei)電公司(si)(si),完全私營的配(pei)(pei)(pei)電公司(si)(si)有17個,主要(yao)(yao)分布在德里、奧(ao)里薩(sa)、占吉拉特、孟買(mai)等邦(bang)(bang)(bang)
在調(diao)(diao)度環節,印度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統調(diao)(diao)度分3級(ji),分別由(you)國家(jia)(jia)調(diao)(diao)度中心(NLDC),區域調(diao)(diao)度中心}RLDC)、邦調(diao)(diao)度中心(CBLDC)負(fu)責(ze)。其中NLDC負(fu)責(ze)跨區域輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路調(diao)(diao)度,5個(ge)RLDC負(fu)責(ze)區域內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)度,各(ge)邦SLDC負(fu)責(ze)邦內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)度。調(diao)(diao)度機構與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)所有者合一,NLDC和(he)RLDC由(you)印度國家(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公(gong)司管(guan)理,SLDC由(you)邦輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司或(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)局管(guan)理。
2印度“7.30","7.31”大停電事故直接原因
印度電力部(bu)在事故(gu)后組(zu)成特別小(xiao)組(zu)展開全面的(de)事故(gu)調查,并于s月(yue)I6口公布了事故(gu)調查報告(gao),報告(gao)詳細(xi)地分析了引(yin)起印度連(lian)續兩起人停(ting)電事故(gu)的(de)直(zhi)接原因(yin)。
2012年(nian)7月30口,由(you)于(yu)Bina-Gwalior 400kV線路(lu)跳(tiao)開(kai),在北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網和(he)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網解列后,由(you)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網供給北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網負荷的潮流(liu)轉移到“西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網一東部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網一北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網”的聯絡通道,導(dao)致系統發生功率(lv)振蕩(dang)由(you)于(yu)振蕩(dang)中(zhong)心在北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網和(he)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網間的斷面上,致使相應的聯絡線跳(tiao)開(kai),造(zao)成北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網和(he)印度交流(liu)互聯系統其(qi)他部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)解列。由(you)于(yu)系統頻率(lv)過低以(yi)及區域內進一步的功率(lv)振蕩(dang),北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統最終(zhong)崩潰。
2012年7月(yue)31口(kou),由于Bina-Gwalior 400kV線(xian)路(lu)跳開(kai),在北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)解列以(yi)后,用于滿足北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)域(yu)負荷的(de)潮流(liu)轉移到“西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一(yi)(yi)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一(yi)(yi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)”的(de)聯絡通道,導致(zhi)系(xi)統發生功率(lv)振蕩(dang)7月(yue)31口(kou)的(de)系(xi)統振蕩(dang)中心在東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)內部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),靠近東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)斷(duan)面,因此,在導致(zhi)了東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)內部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相應(ying)線(xian)路(lu)跳開(kai)之后,東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)中的(de)一(yi)(yi)小部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(Ranchi和(he)Rourkela),以(yi)及(ji)西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)印度交(jiao)流(liu)互聯系(xi)統其他部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)解列。這造成(cheng)了北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)間斷(duan)面的(de)功率(lv)振蕩(dang),并進一(yi)(yi)步導致(zhi)了北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)“東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)+東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)”系(xi)統的(de)解列。隨后,所(suo)有3個區(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu))由于區(qu)域(yu)內部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)功率(lv)振蕩(dang)造成(cheng)多同(tong)線(xian)路(lu)跳開(kai),系(xi)統頻率(lv)過(guo)低以(yi)及(ji)在不同(tong)地(di)區(qu)的(de)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓,最終(zhong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統崩潰。
根據(ju)印度的(de)調(diao)查報告,2次(ci)事故當天的(de)故障錄(lu)波器(qi)結果均顯(xian)示,系(xi)統中并沒有(you)監(jian)測到有(you)故障發生。在2次(ci)事故發生前,由(you)于(yu)西(xi)部電(dian)網和北部電(dian)網斷面(mian),以(yi)及靠近東部電(dian)網和西(xi)部電(dian)網斷面(mian)的(de)多條區域間聯(lian)絡(luo)線(xian)停運(yun)導(dao)致跨(kua)區通(tong)道弱(ruo)聯(lian)系(xi),系(xi)統間的(de)輸電(dian)能力被顯(xian)著削弱(ruo)。西(xi)部電(dian)網和北部電(dian)網斷面(mian)均只有(you)Bina-Agra 400kV(單同)一(yi)條交流主干聯(lian)絡(luo)線(xian)路處(chu)于(yu)運(yun)行狀態。
電(dian)(dian)網(wang)內的(de)邦負荷(he)調度中心對(dui)區域負荷(he)調度中心要求(qiu)其降(jiang)低邦內電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公司(si)透(tou)支用電(dian)(dian),以(yi)及要求(qiu)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)內電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公司(si)降(jiang)低發電(dian)(dian)出力(li)(li)的(de)指令響應不充分部(bu)(bu)分北部(bu)(bu)區域電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公司(si)透(tou)支用電(dian)(dian),產生(sheng)了(le)計(ji)劃外的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)交換,導致了(le)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)與北部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)間唯一保(bao)(bao)持運行的(de)400kV聯絡線處于高載荷(he)狀態,并超過了(le)線路白身的(de)額定(ding)功率。距離保(bao)(bao)護繼電(dian)(dian)器3段(duan)保(bao)(bao)護動作使得(de)該線路跳開,導致北部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和西(xi)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)解列。
在(zai)(zai)(zai)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)解列(lie)后,由(you)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)供給北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)負荷的(de)潮(chao)流轉移到“西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一(yi)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一(yi)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)”的(de)聯(lian)絡(luo)通道,導致系統發生振蕩在(zai)(zai)(zai)2次連續人面(mian)積停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事(shi)故中(zhong),振蕩中(zhong)心分(fen)別在(zai)(zai)(zai)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)間(jian)的(de)斷面(mian)上,及在(zai)(zai)(zai)靠近(jin)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)斷面(mian)的(de)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),致使相應(ying)的(de)聯(lian)絡(luo)線(xian)和(he)主干線(xian)路跳開,北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)印(yin)度(du)交(jiao)流互聯(lian)系統其他部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)解列(lie)。由(you)于各個(ge)區域內(nei)系統頻(pin)率(lv)過低以及進(jin)一(yi)步的(de)功率(lv)振蕩等原因(yin)導致電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統崩潰,最終造成人面(mian)積停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事(shi)故
在這2次人面積停電(dian)事(shi)故中(zhong),西部(bu)(bu)電(dian)力(li)系統通過在區域內采(cai)取(qu)高頻(pin)切(qie)機措(cuo)施,得(de)以幸免(mian)南部(bu)(bu)電(dian)力(li)系統從(cong)東部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網和西部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網饋入電(dian)力(li),也(ye)在7月31口的事(shi)故中(zhong)得(de)以幸免(mian),在事(shi)故發生(sheng)后(hou)依(yi)然從(cong)西部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網饋入部(bu)(bu)分(fen)電(dian)力(li),并采(cai)取(qu)了若(ruo)干防御機制,如白動低頻(pin)減(jian)負荷以及(ji)逐漸提(ti)升高壓直流受電(dian)功率(lv)
人電網(wang)(wang)統一(yi)防(fang)控體(ti)系(xi)(xi)是以(yi)堅強網(wang)(wang)架為基(ji)礎的(de)(de)(de)、基(ji)于人安全觀的(de)(de)(de)、以(yi)統一(yi)規劃(hua)、統一(yi)調度(du)、統一(yi)管理為手段的(de)(de)(de)人電網(wang)(wang)安全防(fang)御與運行(營)控制體(ti)系(xi)(xi)。該(gai)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)不完善(shan)是木(mu)次印度(du)連續(xu)發(fa)生人面積停電事(shi)故的(de)(de)(de)深(shen)層次原(yuan)因
1網架結構不夠堅強,區域間交換能力不足
受印(yin)度(du)電力(li)工業(ye)的(de)(de)經營與管理體制限制,各級電網(wang)建(jian)設(she)缺(que)乏區(qu)(qu)域(yu)間(jian)統籌協調,區(qu)(qu)域(yu)主網(wang)架(jia)以400kV/220kV電磁(ci)環(huan)網(wang)為主,沒(mei)有合理的(de)(de)分(fen)層分(fen)區(qu)(qu),網(wang)架(jia)結構較(jiao)易(yi)引發(fa)(fa)穩定(ding)破壞。400kV線路作為主干網(wang)架(jia)己不滿足印(yin)度(du)經濟(ji)的(de)(de)快速(su)增(zeng)長對電力(li)負荷的(de)(de)需要,765kV系(xi)統剛(gang)剛(gang)啟動建(jian)設(she),還未(wei)成網(wang)。跨區(qu)(qu)主網(wang)架(jia)之間(jian)呈弱(ruo)連接,一旦局部故(gu)障引發(fa)(fa)連鎖反應(ying),或(huo)者區(qu)(qu)域(yu)電網(wang)白身發(fa)(fa)電能力(li)人(ren)幅減少,各區(qu)(qu)域(yu)間(jian)彼此難(nan)以形成有力(li)的(de)(de)支(zhi)援(yuan),加入了發(fa)(fa)生人(ren)面積停電的(de)(de)可能性。
2電網發展缺乏統一規劃
印(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)規劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、建設主體和(he)(he)資產歸屬(shu)復雜,主要包(bao)括印(yin)度(du)(du)國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)公(gong)(gong)司、邦(bang)(bang)(bang)屬(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司以及私(si)人(ren)企業印(yin)度(du)(du)國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)公(gong)(gong)司負責(ze)區域及跨(kua)區域輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路的(de)(de)規劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),邦(bang)(bang)(bang)屬(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司負責(ze)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)內輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)絡的(de)(de)規劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。盡管由隸屬(shu)于印(yin)度(du)(du)國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)公(gong)(gong)司的(de)(de)5個區域級電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)調(diao)度(du)(du)中心負責(ze)協調(diao)和(he)(he)管理有關(guan)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)之間輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路的(de)(de)相關(guan)事務,但(dan)其對邦(bang)(bang)(bang)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司并無(wu)管理關(guan)系,無(wu)力(li)(li)(li)有效(xiao)實現跨(kua)區、跨(kua)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)和(he)(he)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)統一(yi)規劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),各區域間電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)發(fa)展規劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)較難形成合理的(de)(de)匹配和(he)(he)有效(xiao)的(de)(de)銜接。除(chu)上述所述的(de)(de)長期電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)規劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)問題(ti)外,印(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)還存在短期運(yun)行規劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)中,區域電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)、邦(bang)(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路停運(yun)計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)不協調(diao)的(de)(de)嚴(yan)重問題(ti),并因此直接造成了區域間聯絡線(xian)的(de)(de)功率調(diao)控能力(li)(li)(li)缺失。
3電網缺乏統一調度機制
除了固(gu)有的發電冗余不足(zu),調(diao)峰能力(li)(li)弱(ruo)等(deng)客觀原(yuan)因(yin)外(wai),此次(ci)事(shi)故(gu)暴露出印(yin)度(du)(du)電網(wang)調(diao)度(du)(du)體制不健全,電網(wang)運(yun)行缺乏(fa)統(tong)一調(diao)度(du)(du),不同級調(diao)度(du)(du)機(ji)構約束能力(li)(li)弱(ruo)、跨邦跨區(qu)調(diao)度(du)(du)協調(diao)能力(li)(li)不足(zu),調(diao)度(du)(du)指(zhi)揮(hui)不暢,調(diao)度(du)(du)指(zhi)令失靈等(deng)問題。
印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)實行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)分散(san)的(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)體制,存在國(guo)家(jia)、區(qu)(qu)域(yu)、邦級(ji)以(yi)及邦內各地區(qu)(qu)4級(ji)以(yi)上(shang)的(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)_缺乏統一(yi)(yi)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)制。各邦調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構(gou)獨立于國(guo)家(jia)和(he)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構(gou),主要(yao)受當地電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)局或(huo)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)公司管(guan)理(li)。國(guo)家(jia)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構(gou)對(dui)邦調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構(gou)的(de)約束能力(li)較弱,白上(shang)而卜的(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)和(he)管(guan)理(li)的(de)無(wu)法做到“一(yi)(yi)票(piao)到底”。當區(qu)(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)與邦級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)發生矛(mao)盾時(shi),需向電(dian)(dian)(dian)監會反應并由電(dian)(dian)(dian)監會負(fu)(fu)(fu)責協調(diao)(diao)(diao)解(jie)決。事故(gu)中北部各邦不(bu)(bu)服從區(qu)(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du),使電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)設備持續維(wei)持超(chao)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),區(qu)(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)指令對(dui)各邦超(chao)計劃受電(dian)(dian)(dian)無(wu)能為(wei)(wei)力(li)。印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)多位電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)官員表示,各州(zhou)沒有(you)按(an)照規(gui)定調(diao)(diao)(diao)整負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)需求,致使跨邦聯絡線超(chao)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),導致了系統崩(beng)潰此外,印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)標(biao)準(zhun)偏(pian)低,調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)裕度(du)(du)(du)(du)不(bu)(bu)足印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)營模式允(yun)許(xu)用頻率換(huan)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei),系統運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)經(jing)常出現背離計劃的(de)情況,而且輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)頻率的(de)正常運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)范圍值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)48.5--50.2Hz,允(yun)許(xu)頻率偏(pian)差(cha)較人,這些造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)長期(qi)處于緊張(zhang)狀(zhuang)態。
4電力管理體制分散,缺乏統一管理
印度電(dian)(dian)力(li)管(guan)理體(ti)制缺乏(fa)集(ji)約(yue)化,各邦(bang)政(zheng)府對電(dian)(dian)力(li)改革擁有較高白主權(quan),使得各邦(bang)改革進程(cheng)不(bu)盡(jin)相同,統籌(chou)協調發展實現困難。發、輸(shu)、配(pei)電(dian)(dian)所有權(quan)和經營(ying)權(quan)分(fen)散(san),利益(yi)主體(ti)多元,電(dian)(dian)網(wang)發展長期各白為政(zheng),注重局部利益(yi),不(bu)重視整體(ti)安全,電(dian)(dian)網(wang)管(guan)理水(shui)平偏低(di)、線損(sun)高、人部分(fen)電(dian)(dian)力(li)企業處于虧(kui)損(sun)狀態、投(tou)資能(neng)力(li)弱。
一方(fang)(fang)面,由于印度(du)推行(xing)(xing)以私有化為(wei)方(fang)(fang)向的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)改革,輸配電(dian)(dian)網(wang)在(zai)(zai)體制(zhi)上(shang)(shang)并(bing)非一體化運(yun)行(xing)(xing);另一方(fang)(fang)面,印度(du)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)管(guan)理(li)體制(zhi)為(wei)中(zhong)央和(he)邦(bang)(bang)2個層(ceng)次的(de)(de)分(fen)散管(guan)理(li)模式,各邦(bang)(bang)政府對電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)改革擁有較(jiao)高白主權(quan)邦(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)監(jian)會不受中(zhong)央電(dian)(dian)監(jian)會管(guan)理(li),邦(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)監(jian)會在(zai)(zai)邦(bang)(bang)內發、輸、配、電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)交易和(he)輸電(dian)(dian)定價(jia)等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面有較(jiao)高的(de)(de)白主權(quan)這種整(zheng)體層(ceng)面比較(jiao)分(fen)散的(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)體制(zhi)與模式,在(zai)(zai)很(hen)人(ren)程(cheng)度(du)上(shang)(shang)造成了印度(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)發展很(hen)難(nan)形成統一、科學的(de)(de)規劃。加入了印度(du)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)建(jian)設與運(yun)行(xing)(xing)難(nan)度(du),也影響了印度(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企業運(yun)營與積(ji)極性,導(dao)致印度(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)在(zai)(zai)整(zheng)體上(shang)(shang)統籌協調發展實現困難(nan)。
5電網系統保護與設備運行的功能不健全
印度配(pei)電(dian)(dian)網保(bao)護(hu)體系中的(de)(de)“第(di)(di)二道防(fang)線”不(bu)健全(quan),基(ji)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)變化(hua)(hua)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)措施(shi)和(he)(he)低(di)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)措施(shi)實施(shi)不(bu)力。在“7.30”第(di)(di)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)北部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網崩(beng)潰(kui)(kui)前,北部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網與其他(ta)電(dian)(dian)網解列運行。北部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網損失(shi)約(yue)5800MW外(wai)來(lai)電(dian)(dian),導(dao)致頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)降低(di)。為了(le)改(gai)善頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv),避免系統崩(beng)潰(kui)(kui),北部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網實施(shi)了(le)低(di)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)計劃(hua)(可(ke)(ke)以減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)約(yue)4000MW的(de)(de)負(fu)荷(he))和(he)(he)基(ji)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)變化(hua)(hua)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)計劃(hua)(可(ke)(ke)減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)約(yue)6000MW的(de)(de)負(fu)荷(he))。然而,2項計劃(hua)的(de)(de)實施(shi)并(bing)未減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)足夠(gou)的(de)(de)負(fu)荷(he),導(dao)致除了(le)Badax-p二和(he)(he)NAPS幾個(ge)小(xiao)區(qu)域(yu)外(wai)的(de)(de)北部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網崩(beng)潰(kui)(kui)在“7.31”第(di)(di)二次(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)網崩(beng)潰(kui)(kui)前,北部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網與其他(ta)電(dian)(dian)網首(shou)先(xian)解列運行,并(bing)遭遇了(le)與第(di)(di)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)停電(dian)(dian)事故(gu)類似的(de)(de)“第(di)(di)二道防(fang)線”失(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)情況在緊急情況卜的(de)(de)低(di)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)和(he)(he)基(ji)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)變化(hua)(hua)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)保(bao)護(hu)策略木應能維持(chi)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)來(lai)保(bao)證系統安全(quan)運行,但印度的(de)(de)事故(gu)分(fen)析報告(gao)指出,7月31口并(bing)沒有監測到(dao)低(di)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)和(he)(he)基(ji)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)變化(hua)(hua)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)保(bao)護(hu)計劃(hua)有適當的(de)(de)動(dong)作。
印(yin)度(du)電(dian)網的(de)(de)各級(ji)調(diao)度(du)中(zhong)心缺乏(fa)電(dian)力系(xi)統動態安(an)全評估和(he)快(kuai)速狀態估計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)研究機制,無法有(you)效制定補(bu)救措施(shi)計(ji)(ji)劃;在系(xi)統運(yun)行調(diao)度(du)過程(cheng)中(zhong)一也沒有(you)在計(ji)(ji)劃外電(dian)力交換情況(kuang)卜,對功率(lv)透(tou)支(zhi)與過度(du)發電(dian)的(de)(de)情況(kuang)進行監管。在這2次(ci)停電(dian)事故(gu)中(zhong),均發生(sheng)了在負荷(he)逐漸損(sun)失的(de)(de)情況(kuang)卜距離保護誤動現象,而且缺乏(fa)足夠的(de)(de)無功補(bu)償(chang)裝(zhuang)置和(he)動態補(bu)償(chang)裝(zhuang)置對故(gu)障中(zhong)的(de)(de)系(xi)統電(dian)壓提供支(zhi)撐。
6電力投資不足
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)不足一直是印(yin)(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業發(fa)展(zhan)的核心制(zhi)(zhi)約因素,印(yin)(yin)度曾試(shi)圖采取多項措(cuo)施吸(xi)(xi)引電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi),但收效甚微2003年(nian)印(yin)(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)法案明確鼓勵引入(ru)競爭。2005年(nian)印(yin)(yin)度國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)發(fa)展(zhan)政(zheng)策(ce)也提出要在(zai)(zai)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)環節引入(ru)私人(ren)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)。但在(zai)(zai)實(shi)際操作中,并(bing)未(wei)建立完善的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)體制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)順(shun)暢的資(zi)(zi)金(jin)渠道,往往由(you)于土地糾(jiu)紛(fen)和(he)其他繁瑣的政(zheng)策(ce)障礙,導致基礎設(she)施建設(she)資(zi)(zi)金(jin)無法到位(wei)。另一方面,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價水平等諸多因素也導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)業難以吸(xi)(xi)引投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)。印(yin)(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價機制(zhi)(zhi)不順(shun),存在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價同收難、線損(sun)(sun)居高(gao)不卜等問(wen)題,印(yin)(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)企(qi)業普(pu)遍(bian)虧(kui)損(sun)(sun),政(zheng)府補貼對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市場運營虧(kui)損(sun)(sun)來說也是“杯(bei)水車(che)薪”,企(qi)業缺乏白主(zhu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)能力(li)和(he)積極性(xing)
印度2天內連續2次發生(sheng)人面積(ji)停電事(shi)故(gu),給當地經濟(ji)發展、社會穩(wen)定及國家形象(xiang)帶(dai)來嚴重(zhong)影響。此次印度人停電事(shi)件對我國電力工業發展具有重(zhong)要啟示。
電力要適度超前發展并把安全放在首位
電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)是(shi)現(xian)代經濟(ji)社會發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)基礎,也是(shi)組成國民經濟(ji)的(de)(de)重要組成部分(fen)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行業的(de)(de)基礎性特(te)征、工程(cheng)建設周期(qi)長、系(xi)統運(yun)行備用(yong)需求(qiu)等要求(qiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)發展(zhan)(zhan)必(bi)須適度超前如(ru)果(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)發展(zhan)(zhan)滯(zhi)后,就(jiu)會成為制約經濟(ji)社會發展(zhan)(zhan)和(he)人民生(sheng)活(huo)水平提高(gao)的(de)(de)瓶頸。印度電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業基礎設施薄弱,電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供需矛(mao)盾突出,電(dian)(dian)(dian)網安全可靠供電(dian)(dian)(dian)水平低(di)。近(jin)年來,印度電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)持續存(cun)在(zai)(zai)10%左右的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)缺}!,而(er)在(zai)(zai)夏季用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)高(gao)峰這(zhe)個比(bi)例(li)可能(neng)超過20%如(ru)此(ci)滯(zhi)后的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業,不僅嚴重影(ying)響(xiang)了水民的(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo),更讓(rang)印度在(zai)(zai)對外招商(shang)引資、經濟(ji)發展(zhan)(zhan)方(fang)面都面臨(lin)多方(fang)垢病,國際競爭力(li)也因(yin)此(ci)人打折扣(kou)。
加強電網統籌規劃,夯實電網安全的基礎
無論(lun)美加“8.14”人停(ting)電(dian)(dian)、巴西“11.10”人停(ting)電(dian)(dian),還(huan)是(shi)(shi)木次印度(du)連續2次人停(ting)電(dian)(dian),其中一(yi)個重要(yao)原因就是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)網發展滯(zhi)后,沒有(you)形成結構堅強、運行靈(ling)活的(de)主網架(jia)。電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)是(shi)(shi)由不同電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級(ji)設備(bei)緊(jin)密(mi)連接(jie)在一(yi)起的(de)系統(tong),必須堅持統(tong)一(yi)規劃、統(tong)一(yi)建(jian)(jian)設,從源(yuan)(yuan)頭上消(xiao)除(chu)隱(yin)患,提高電(dian)(dian)網建(jian)(jian)設安(an)全(quan)質(zhi)量和抵御白然災害的(de)能力,滿足能源(yuan)(yuan)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)配(pei)置要(yao)求和事(shi)故情況卜(bu)相互(hu)支(zhi)援(yuan)的(de)能力。立(li)足我(wo)國(guo)能源(yuan)(yuan)逆(ni)向分布實際,加快(kuai)發展特(te)高壓(ya)跨區輸電(dian)(dian),構建(jian)(jian)“強交強直”的(de)全(quan)國(guo)特(te)高壓(ya)堅強骨干網架(jia),是(shi)(shi)保障我(wo)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)力供應安(an)全(quan)的(de)必備(bei)物(wu)質(zhi)基礎。
堅持電力系統安全穩定“三道防線”
印度電(dian)力(li)公司縮減(jian)電(dian)網維護(hu)成木,在電(dian)網超負荷運(yun)行(xing)、頻率卜降時(shi),技(ji)術上沒有相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)“第三道防(fang)(fang)線(xian)”,最終拖(tuo)垮整個電(dian)網。而在美國(guo)(guo)等(deng)一(yi)些(xie)國(guo)(guo)家也存(cun)在類似我國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)穩(wen)定“三道防(fang)(fang)線(xian)”,但因(yin)制(zhi)(zhi)度體制(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)問(wen)題,讓“三道防(fang)(fang)線(xian)”運(yun)行(xing)失靈。隨著我國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)容量交/直(zhi)流輸電(dian)工程、人(ren)(ren)規(gui)模間歇式電(dian)源的(de)(de)投運(yun),交直(zhi)流系(xi)統(tong)(tong)拙合關系(xi)增強(qiang),系(xi)統(tong)(tong)運(yun)行(xing)方式多變,容易發生(sheng)多重擾動/故障,對(dui)人(ren)(ren)電(dian)網安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)運(yun)行(xing)提(ti)出了更高的(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)需要(yao)進一(yi)步加(jia)強(qiang)“三道防(fang)(fang)線(xian)”建設,落實(shi)《電(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)穩(wen)定導則》要(yao)求(qiu),深入開展系(xi)統(tong)(tong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)穩(wen)定分析和(he)校(xiao)核,健全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度,提(ti)高運(yun)行(xing)維護(hu)水(shui)平、人(ren)(ren)員素(su)質,加(jia)強(qiang)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)基礎管理(li)和(he)細節控制(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)“嚴、細、實(shi)”的(de)(de)作(zuo)風保障電(dian)網安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)
加強對電網骨干網架安全保障理論的研究
各國電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)向其目標網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)架(jia)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)渡(du)(du)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中,都(dou)存在(zai)(zai)薄弱環節(jie)和(he)(he)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)風險(xian)(xian)(xian),忽視這些環節(jie)和(he)(he)對相應(ying)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)控將加(jia)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生類(lei)似于(yu)印度(du)人(ren)(ren)(ren)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可能性(xing)(xing)。為在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)渡(du)(du)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中避免發(fa)(fa)(fa)生人(ren)(ren)(ren)面積(ji)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu),必須樹立立足于(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)、科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)觀,結合(he)人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)及其安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)運行控制的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)趨勢(shi),進一步(bu)加(jia)強對電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)骨干網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)架(jia)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)保障(zhang)理(li)論的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究與技(ji)術(shu)措施的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li),提(ti)高人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)監測、預(yu)警和(he)(he)控制能力,構建時空(kong)協調綜合(he)防御系統(tong),提(ti)高技(ji)術(shu)保障(zhang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能力,保證系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)長期(qi)(qi)(qi)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)穩定運行。深化人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li),實現(xian)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)超前(qian)分(fen)析和(he)(he)流程(cheng)化控制;開展(zhan)周期(qi)(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、城市電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)性(xing)(xing)評(ping)價(jia),滾(gun)動排查電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)薄弱環節(jie)和(he)(he)設備重(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)隱患(huan);加(jia)強資產全(quan)(quan)(quan)壽(shou)命周期(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)和(he)(he)人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)監督(du)管(guan)(guan)理(li);完善人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)應(ying)急處置機制等手段和(he)(he)措施全(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)動態防范(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)事故(gu)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)。
強化各級電網和調度的一體化運行機制
分析(xi)國際上這些人(ren)(ren)(ren)面積(ji)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故的(de)(de)直接原因,人(ren)(ren)(ren)都是因為(wei)管(guan)理(li)體制混亂、利益主體多元、調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)指(zhi)令失靈,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)事(shi)故得不到及(ji)時(shi)控制,最終發展(zhan)成(cheng)為(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)面積(ji)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這次印度(du)(du)(du)人(ren)(ren)(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)原因,再(zai)一(yi)(yi)次說明(ming)缺(que)乏統(tong)一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)體制和(he)嚴格(ge)的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)紀律(lv),人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)全(quan)無法得到保(bao)障。長(chang)期以(yi)來,我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)實施電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)一(yi)(yi)體化運行機(ji)制,實現(xian)了統(tong)一(yi)(yi)高效的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)協調(diao)(diao)運行,有效降低(di)了重(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)事(shi)故風險,沒有發生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)崩(beng)潰和(he)人(ren)(ren)(ren)面積(ji)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等重(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)及(ji)以(yi)上的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)事(shi)故特別是近年來,在連(lian)續遭受(shou)歷史罕見的(de)(de)嚴重(zhong)冰災、特人(ren)(ren)(ren)地震及(ji)重(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)洪水、臺風、泥(ni)石(shi)流等白然災害的(de)(de)情況卜,我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)體制為(wei)確保(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)和(he)可靠供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發揮(hui)了重(zhong)要作用
當前我國經(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)展和(he)(he)負(fu)荷(he)需求增(zeng)長較快,結(jie)構性和(he)(he)季節性電(dian)(dian)力(li)緊張時有發(fa)生,新能(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)迅猛發(fa)展、并(bing)網(wang)(wang)規模(mo)口益增(zeng)人(ren),電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)結(jie)構口趨復雜,未來供電(dian)(dian)安全(quan)穩定問(wen)題將(jiang)更加突(tu)出。為此,我國應積極從(cong)印(yin)度(du)(du)人(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故中汲取經(jing)驗教訓。在人(ren)力(li)增(zeng)強電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)安全(quan)的(de)(de)物理網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)支撐的(de)(de)同時,要堅持各級電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)調(diao)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)一體化運行機制,充分發(fa)揮電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)統(tong)一管(guan)理和(he)(he)運行的(de)(de)優(you)勢,最人(ren)限度(du)(du)地提升電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)調(diao)度(du)(du)安全(quan)保障(zhang)能(neng)力(li),為我國經(jing)濟(ji)社會快速發(fa)展提供安全(quan)、可靠、優(you)質、高效(xiao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)供應。