少(shao)年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國說是清朝末年(nian)梁(liang)啟超(1873—1929)所作的(de)散文,寫(xie)于戊(wu)戌變法(fa)失敗后的(de)1900年(nian),文中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)極力(li)歌頌少(shao)年(nian)的(de)朝氣蓬勃,指(zhi)出(chu)封(feng)建(jian)統治下的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國是“老大帝國”,熱切希望(wang)出(chu)現(xian)“少(shao)年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國”,振奮人民的(de)精神(shen)。文章(zhang)不拘格(ge)式(shi),多用比(bi)喻(yu),具(ju)有(you)強(qiang)烈的(de)鼓勵性。具(ju)有(you)強(qiang)烈的(de)進取精神(shen),寄托了作者(zhe)對少(shao)年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國的(de)熱愛和期(qi)望(wang)。
日(ri)本人之(zhi)稱我中國(guo)也(1),一則曰老大帝(di)國(guo),再則曰老大帝(di)國(guo)。是語也,蓋(gai)襲譯(yi)歐(ou)西人(2)之(zhi)言(yan)也。嗚呼!我中國(guo)其果老大矣(yi)乎?梁啟超曰:惡(3)!是何言(yan)!是何言(yan)!吾(wu)心目中有一少年(nian)中國(guo)在!
欲言(yan)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)老少(shao)(shao)(shao),請(qing)先言(yan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)老少(shao)(shao)(shao)。老年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)常(chang)思(si)(si)既(ji)往,少(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)常(chang)思(si)(si)將(jiang)(jiang)來。惟(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)思(si)(si)既(ji)往也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)(gu)生留戀心;惟(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)思(si)(si)將(jiang)(jiang)來也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)(gu)生希望心。惟(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)留戀也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)(gu)保守;惟(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)希望也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)(gu)進取(qu)。惟(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)保守也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)(gu)永舊(jiu);惟(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)進取(qu)也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)(gu)日新(xin)。惟(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)思(si)(si)既(ji)往也(ye)(ye)(ye),事(shi)(shi)(shi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)皆(jie)其所已經者,故(gu)(gu)(gu)惟(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)知照例;惟(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)思(si)(si)將(jiang)(jiang)來也(ye)(ye)(ye),事(shi)(shi)(shi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)皆(jie)其所未(wei)經者,故(gu)(gu)(gu)常(chang)敢破(po)格(ge)。老年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)常(chang)多(duo)憂慮,少(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)常(chang)好(hao)行(xing)樂(le)。惟(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)多(duo)憂也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)(gu)灰心;惟(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)行(xing)樂(le)也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)(gu)盛氣。惟(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)灰心也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)(gu)怯(qie)懦;惟(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)盛氣也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)(gu)豪壯。惟(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)怯(qie)懦也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)(gu)茍且;惟(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)豪壯也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)(gu)冒險。惟(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)茍且也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)(gu)能滅(mie)世界;惟(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)冒險也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)(gu)能造(zao)世界。老年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)常(chang)厭事(shi)(shi)(shi),少(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)常(chang)喜(xi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)。惟(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)厭事(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)(gu)常(chang)覺(jue)一切事(shi)(shi)(shi)無(wu)可(ke)為(wei)者;惟(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)好(hao)事(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)(gu)常(chang)覺(jue)一切事(shi)(shi)(shi)無(wu)不可(ke)為(wei)者。老年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)夕照,少(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)朝陽(yang);老年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)瘠(ji)牛(niu),少(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)乳虎。老年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)僧,少(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)俠。老年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)字典,少(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)戲文。老年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)鴉(ya)片煙,少(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)潑蘭地酒。老年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)別行(xing)星之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)隕石(shi),少(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)大(da)(da)洋海之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)珊瑚島。老年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)埃及沙(sha)漠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)金字塔(ta)(4),少(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)西比利亞(ya)(5)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鐵路;老年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)秋(qiu)后之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)柳,少(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)春前之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)草(cao)。老年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)死海(6)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)潴為(wei)澤,少(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)長江之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初發源。此老年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)與少(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)性格(ge)不同之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)略也(ye)(ye)(ye)。任公曰:人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)固有之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),國(guo)亦宜然。
梁啟超曰:傷哉,老(lao)大也!潯陽(7)江頭琵琶婦,當(dang)明月(yue)繞船,楓葉(xie)瑟瑟,衾(qin)寒于(yu)鐵(tie),似(si)夢非夢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時,追(zhui)想洛陽塵中春花(hua)秋月(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)佳趣。西宮(8)南內,白發宮娥,一燈如穗,三(san)五對坐,談開元、天寶間遺事(shi)(shi),譜《霓裳(shang)羽衣曲(qu)》。青門(9)種瓜人,左對孺人,顧(gu)弄孺子,憶侯門似(si)海珠履雜遝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盛事(shi)(shi)。拿破侖(10)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流于(yu)厄蔑,阿(a)剌飛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)幽(you)于(yu)錫蘭,與三(san)兩監守吏,或過(guo)訪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)好事(shi)(shi)者,道當(dang)年(nian)短刀匹馬(ma)馳騁中原,席卷歐洲(zhou),血戰(zhan)海樓,一聲叱咤,萬國(guo)震恐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)豐功(gong)偉烈(11),初而(er)(er)拍案,繼而(er)(er)撫髀(12),終而(er)(er)攬鏡。嗚呼,面皴齒盡,白發盈把,頹(tui)然老(lao)矣(yi)!若是者,舍(she)幽(you)郁(13)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)無(wu)心(xin)事(shi)(shi),舍(she)悲慘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)無(wu)天地,舍(she)頹(tui)唐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)無(wu)日(ri)月(yue),舍(she)嘆息之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)無(wu)音聲,舍(she)待死之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)無(wu)事(shi)(shi)業。美人豪杰且然,而(er)(er)況(kuang)尋常碌(liu)碌(liu)者耶?生平親友,皆在墟墓;起居飲食(shi),待命于(yu)人。今日(ri)且過(guo),遑(huang)知(zhi)他(ta)日(ri)?今年(nian)且過(guo),遑(huang)恤明年(nian)?普天下灰心(xin)短氣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi),未有甚于(yu)老(lao)大者。于(yu)此人也,而(er)(er)欲望以拏云(14)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)手段,回天(15)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)功(gong),挾山(shan)超海(16)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意氣,能(neng)乎不能(neng)?
嗚呼!我中(zhong)國其果老大(da)矣乎?立乎今日(ri)以(yi)指(zhi)疇昔,唐虞三(san)代(17),若何之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)郅(zhi)治(zhi)(18);秦(qin)皇漢武(wu),若何之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雄杰;漢唐來(lai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文學,若何之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)隆(long)盛;康乾間之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)武(wu)功,若何之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)烜赫。歷史家(jia)所鋪敘,詞(ci)章(zhang)家(jia)所謳歌,何一(yi)(yi)非(fei)我國民(min)少年時(shi)代良辰美景、賞(shang)心樂事(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陳跡(ji)哉!而今頹然老矣!昨(zuo)日(ri)割(ge)五城(cheng)(cheng),明日(ri)割(ge)十城(cheng)(cheng),處處雀鼠盡,夜夜雞(ji)犬驚。十八省(19)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)土地財產,已為(wei)人(ren)懷中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)肉;四百兆(zhao)(20)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)父兄子弟,已為(wei)人(ren)注籍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奴(nu)(21),豈(qi)所謂“老大(da)嫁作(zuo)(zuo)商人(ren)婦(fu)”(22)者(zhe)耶?嗚呼!憑君(jun)莫話當年事(shi),憔悴韶光不忍看!楚囚相對(dui)(23),岌岌顧影(ying),人(ren)命(ming)危淺,朝(chao)不慮夕。國為(wei)待死(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國,一(yi)(yi)國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)為(wei)待死(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)。萬事(shi)付之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奈何,一(yi)(yi)切憑人(ren)作(zuo)(zuo)弄,亦(yi)何足怪(guai)!
任公曰(yue):我(wo)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)其(qi)果老大矣乎?是(shi)今(jin)(jin)日(ri)全地球之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一大問(wen)題也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。如(ru)其(qi)老大也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),則是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)為過(guo)去之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo),即(ji)(ji)地球上昔本有(you)此(ci)國(guo)(guo),而(er)(er)今(jin)(jin)漸澌(si)滅,他日(ri)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命運(yun)殆將盡也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。如(ru)其(qi)非(fei)老大也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),則是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)為未來之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo),即(ji)(ji)地球上昔未現此(ci)國(guo)(guo),而(er)(er)今(jin)(jin)漸發達,他日(ri)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前程且方長也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。欲斷(duan)今(jin)(jin)日(ri)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)為老大耶?為少年耶?則不可不先明“國(guo)(guo)”字(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意義。夫國(guo)(guo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)者,何物也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)?有(you)土地,有(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民,以居于其(qi)土地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民,而(er)(er)治其(qi)所(suo)居之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)土地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,自制法律而(er)(er)自守之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);有(you)主權,有(you)服從,人(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)皆(jie)主權者,人(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)皆(jie)服從者。夫如(ru)是(shi),斯謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)完全成立(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo),地球上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)完全成立(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),自百年以來也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。完全成立(li)(li)者,壯年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。未能(neng)完全成立(li)(li)而(er)(er)漸進于完全成立(li)(li)者,少年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。故吾得(de)一言以斷(duan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue):歐(ou)洲列邦(bang)在今(jin)(jin)日(ri)為壯年國(guo)(guo),而(er)(er)我(wo)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)在今(jin)(jin)日(ri)為少年國(guo)(guo)。
夫古昔之(zhi)(zhi)中國(guo)(guo)者,雖(sui)有(you)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)名(ming),而(er)未(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)形也(ye)。或(huo)為(wei)(wei)家族之(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo),或(huo)為(wei)(wei)酋(qiu)長之(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo),或(huo)為(wei)(wei)諸侯封(feng)建之(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo),或(huo)為(wei)(wei)一王專制之(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)。雖(sui)種類不(bu)(bu)一,要之(zhi)(zhi),其(qi)(qi)于國(guo)(guo)家之(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)質也(ye),有(you)其(qi)(qi)一部而(er)缺(que)其(qi)(qi)一部。正如嬰兒(er)自胚(pei)胎以(yi)(yi)迄成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)童,其(qi)(qi)身體(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)一二官支,先行長成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),此外則(ze)全體(ti)雖(sui)粗具,然(ran)未(wei)能得其(qi)(qi)用也(ye)。故唐(tang)虞以(yi)(yi)前為(wei)(wei)胚(pei)胎時代,殷周之(zhi)(zhi)際(ji)為(wei)(wei)乳哺時代,由孔子(zi)而(er)來至于今為(wei)(wei)童子(zi)時代。逐漸發達,而(er)今乃(nai)始將(jiang)入(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)童以(yi)(yi)上少年之(zhi)(zhi)界焉(yan)。其(qi)(qi)長成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)所以(yi)(yi)若是之(zhi)(zhi)遲者,則(ze)歷代之(zhi)(zhi)民賊有(you)窒其(qi)(qi)生機者也(ye)。譬猶童年多病,轉類老態,或(huo)且疑其(qi)(qi)死期之(zhi)(zhi)將(jiang)至焉(yan),而(er)不(bu)(bu)知皆由未(wei)完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)未(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立也(ye)。非過去之(zhi)(zhi)謂,而(er)未(wei)來之(zhi)(zhi)謂也(ye)。
且我中國(guo)(guo)疇(chou)昔,豈(qi)嘗有(you)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)哉?不過有(you)朝廷耳!我黃(huang)帝子孫,聚(ju)族而(er)(er)居(ju),立于此地球之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上者既數千年(nian)(nian),而(er)(er)問其(qi)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)何名(ming),則(ze)(ze)無(wu)有(you)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。夫所謂唐、虞、夏(xia)、商、周、秦、漢、魏、晉(jin)、宋、齊、梁、陳(chen)、隋、唐、宋、元、明、清者,則(ze)(ze)皆朝名(ming)耳。朝也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)者,一(yi)(yi)家(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)私(si)產(chan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。國(guo)(guo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)者,人民之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)公產(chan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。朝有(you)朝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)少(shao)(shao),國(guo)(guo)有(you)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)少(shao)(shao)。朝與國(guo)(guo)既異物,則(ze)(ze)不能以朝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)少(shao)(shao)而(er)(er)指(zhi)為(wei)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)少(shao)(shao)明矣。文、武、成(cheng)、康(26),周朝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)少(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)時代也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。幽(you)、厲、桓(huan)、赧(27),則(ze)(ze)其(qi)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)時代也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。高、文、景、武(28),漢朝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)少(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)時代也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。元、平、桓(huan)、靈(29),則(ze)(ze)其(qi)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)時代也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。自余歷朝,莫不有(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。凡此者謂為(wei)一(yi)(yi)朝廷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)則(ze)(ze)可(ke)(ke),謂為(wei)一(yi)(yi)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)則(ze)(ze)不可(ke)(ke)。一(yi)(yi)朝廷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)且死,猶(you)一(yi)(yi)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)且死也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),于吾(wu)所謂中國(guo)(guo)者何與焉(yan)。然則(ze)(ze),吾(wu)中國(guo)(guo)者,前此尚(shang)未出現于世界,而(er)(er)今乃始萌(meng)芽云(yun)爾。天地大(da)矣,前途(tu)遼(liao)矣。美哉我少(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)中國(guo)(guo)乎(hu)!
瑪志尼(ni)(ni)(30)者(zhe),意(yi)(yi)大利(li)三杰之(zhi)(zhi)魁也(ye)。以國(guo)(guo)事被罪,逃竄(cuan)異(yi)邦。乃創立一(yi)會(hui),名曰“少(shao)年(nian)意(yi)(yi)大利(li)”。舉國(guo)(guo)志士(shi),云涌霧集以應之(zhi)(zhi)。卒乃光復舊(jiu)物,使意(yi)(yi)大利(li)為(wei)歐洲(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)雄(xiong)邦。夫意(yi)(yi)大利(li)者(zhe),歐洲(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)第(di)一(yi)老大國(guo)(guo)也(ye)。自羅(luo)馬亡后(hou)(31),土地隸于教皇,政權歸于奧國(guo)(guo),殆所謂老而瀕于死者(zhe)矣。而得一(yi)瑪志尼(ni)(ni),且能舉全國(guo)(guo)而少(shao)年(nian)之(zhi)(zhi),況我(wo)中國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)實為(wei)少(shao)年(nian)時代者(zhe)耶(ye)!堂堂四百(bai)余(yu)州(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)土,凜(lin)凜(lin)四百(bai)余(yu)兆之(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)民,豈遂無(wu)一(yi)瑪志尼(ni)(ni)其人者(zhe)!
龔自珍氏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)集(ji)有(you)(you)詩一(yi)章,題曰《能令公少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)行》(32)。吾(wu)嘗愛讀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),而(er)(er)有(you)(you)味乎(hu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)用意之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所存。我(wo)國(guo)民而(er)(er)自謂(wei)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)大(da)也(ye),斯果老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)大(da)矣(yi)(yi);我(wo)國(guo)民而(er)(er)自知其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)也(ye),斯乃少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)矣(yi)(yi)。西諺有(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰:“有(you)(you)三歲(sui)(sui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)翁,有(you)(you)百(bai)歲(sui)(sui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)童。”然則(ze)(ze)(ze),國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)少(shao),又無定形,而(er)(er)實(shi)隨國(guo)民之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心力以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)消長者(zhe)也(ye)。吾(wu)見(jian)乎(hu)瑪志尼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能令國(guo)少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)也(ye),吾(wu)又見(jian)乎(hu)我(wo)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官吏士民能令國(guo)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)大(da)也(ye)。吾(wu)為(wei)(wei)此(ci)(ci)懼!夫以(yi)(yi)如此(ci)(ci)壯麗濃郁翩(pian)翩(pian)絕世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)中(zhong)國(guo),而(er)(er)使(shi)歐西日本(ben)(ben)人(ren)(ren)謂(wei)我(wo)為(wei)(wei)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)大(da)者(zhe),何(he)(he)也(ye)?則(ze)(ze)(ze)以(yi)(yi)握國(guo)權者(zhe)皆老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)朽(xiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)。非(fei)(fei)哦幾(ji)(ji)(ji)十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)八股,非(fei)(fei)寫(xie)幾(ji)(ji)(ji)十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)白折(zhe)(33),非(fei)(fei)當(dang)幾(ji)(ji)(ji)十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)差,非(fei)(fei)捱幾(ji)(ji)(ji)十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)俸,非(fei)(fei)遞幾(ji)(ji)(ji)十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)手(shou)(shou)本(ben)(ben)(34),非(fei)(fei)唱幾(ji)(ji)(ji)十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)喏(35),非(fei)(fei)磕(ke)幾(ji)(ji)(ji)十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)頭(tou),非(fei)(fei)請幾(ji)(ji)(ji)十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)安,則(ze)(ze)(ze)必不(bu)能得(de)一(yi)官、進一(yi)職。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)內任(ren)卿貳(er)(36)以(yi)(yi)上,外任(ren)監(jian)司(37)以(yi)(yi)上者(zhe),百(bai)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)五官不(bu)備(38)者(zhe),殆九十(shi)(shi)(shi)六七人(ren)(ren)也(ye)。非(fei)(fei)眼盲則(ze)(ze)(ze)耳聾,非(fei)(fei)手(shou)(shou)顫則(ze)(ze)(ze)足跛(bo),否則(ze)(ze)(ze)半身不(bu)遂也(ye)。彼(bi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)身飲食(shi)步(bu)履視聽言語,尚(shang)且(qie)不(bu)能自了(le),須三四(si)人(ren)(ren)左右扶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)捉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),乃能度日,于(yu)此(ci)(ci)而(er)(er)乃欲責之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)國(guo)事(shi),是(shi)何(he)(he)異立無數木偶而(er)(er)使(shi)治天(tian)下也(ye)!且(qie)彼(bi)輩者(zhe),自其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)少(shao)壯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時既已不(bu)知亞細(xi)亞、歐羅(luo)巴為(wei)(wei)何(he)(he)處(chu)地方,漢祖唐(tang)宗是(shi)那朝皇帝,猶嫌其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)頑鈍腐敗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)未(wei)臻其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)極,又必搓磨(39)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),陶冶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),待其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)腦髓(sui)已涸,血管已塞,氣(qi)息奄(yan)奄(yan),與鬼為(wei)(wei)鄰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時,然后將我(wo)二萬(wan)里山河,四(si)萬(wan)萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)命(ming)(ming),一(yi)舉而(er)(er)界(jie)于(yu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)手(shou)(shou)。嗚呼!老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)大(da)帝國(guo),誠哉其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)大(da)也(ye)!而(er)(er)彼(bi)輩者(zhe),積其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)數十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)八股、白折(zhe)、當(dang)差、捱俸、手(shou)(shou)本(ben)(ben)、唱喏、磕(ke)頭(tou)、請安,千辛萬(wan)苦,千苦萬(wan)辛,乃始得(de)此(ci)(ci)紅頂(ding)花翎(40)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)服色,中(zhong)堂大(da)人(ren)(ren)(41)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名號,乃出其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)全(quan)副(fu)精神,竭其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)畢生(sheng)力量,以(yi)(yi)保持之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。如彼(bi)乞兒拾金(jin)一(yi)錠,雖轟雷盤(pan)旋(xuan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)頂(ding)上,而(er)(er)兩手(shou)(shou)猶緊抱其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)荷包,他事(shi)非(fei)(fei)所顧也(ye),非(fei)(fei)所知也(ye),非(fei)(fei)所聞也(ye)。于(yu)此(ci)(ci)而(er)(er)告之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)亡(wang)國(guo)也(ye),瓜分(fen)(fen)也(ye),彼(bi)烏(42)從(cong)而(er)(er)聽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),烏從(cong)而(er)(er)信之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)!即使(shi)果亡(wang)矣(yi)(yi),果分(fen)(fen)矣(yi)(yi),而(er)(er)吾(wu)今年(nian)(nian)(nian)七十(shi)(shi)(shi)矣(yi)(yi),八十(shi)(shi)(shi)矣(yi)(yi),但(dan)求(qiu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)兩年(nian)(nian)(nian)內,洋人(ren)(ren)不(bu)來,強盜不(bu)起,我(wo)已快活過了(le)一(yi)世矣(yi)(yi)!若不(bu)得(de)已,則(ze)(ze)(ze)割三頭(tou)兩省(43)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)土地奉申賀(he)敬,以(yi)(yi)換我(wo)幾(ji)(ji)(ji)個衙門(men);賣三幾(ji)(ji)(ji)百(bai)萬(wan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)民作仆為(wei)(wei)奴,以(yi)(yi)贖(shu)我(wo)一(yi)條(tiao)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)命(ming)(ming),有(you)(you)何(he)(he)不(bu)可(ke)?有(you)(you)何(he)(he)難辦?嗚呼!今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所謂(wei)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)后、老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)臣、老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)將、老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)吏者(zhe),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)修身齊家治國(guo)平天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)手(shou)(shou)段,皆具于(yu)是(shi)矣(yi)(yi)。西風(feng)一(yi)夜催人(ren)(ren)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao),凋盡(jin)朱顏白盡(jin)頭(tou)。使(shi)走無常(chang)(44)當(dang)醫生(sheng),攜催命(ming)(ming)符以(yi)(yi)祝壽,嗟乎(hu)痛哉!以(yi)(yi)此(ci)(ci)為(wei)(wei)國(guo),是(shi)安得(de)不(bu)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)且(qie)死,且(qie)吾(wu)恐其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)未(wei)及歲(sui)(sui)而(er)(er)殤也(ye)。
任(ren)公曰(yue):造成今日之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)老大(da)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)者(zhe),則(ze)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)老朽(xiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)冤業也(ye)。制出將來(lai)(lai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)者(zhe),則(ze)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)責任(ren)也(ye)。彼(bi)(bi)老朽(xiu)者(zhe)何足(zu)道,彼(bi)(bi)與此世(shi)界作別(bie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日不遠矣,而(er)我少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)乃(nai)新來(lai)(lai)而(er)與世(shi)界為(wei)(wei)緣。如僦屋(wu)(45)者(zhe)然(ran),彼(bi)(bi)明(ming)日將遷居(ju)他方,而(er)我今日始入此室處。將遷居(ju)者(zhe),不愛護其(qi)窗(chuang)櫳(long),不潔治其(qi)庭(ting)廡(46),俗人恒(heng)情,亦何足(zu)怪!若我少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)者(zhe),前程浩(hao)浩(hao),后顧(gu)茫茫。中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)而(er)為(wei)(wei)牛為(wei)(wei)馬為(wei)(wei)奴為(wei)(wei)隸(li),則(ze)烹臠(47)鞭棰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)慘酷,惟我少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)當之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)如稱霸宇內,主盟地(di)(di)球(qiu),則(ze)指揮顧(gu)盼(pan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尊榮,惟我少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)享之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。于(yu)(yu)(yu)彼(bi)(bi)氣息奄奄與鬼為(wei)(wei)鄰者(zhe)何與焉(yan)?彼(bi)(bi)而(er)漠(mo)然(ran)置之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),猶可(ke)言也(ye)。我而(er)漠(mo)然(ran)置之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),不可(ke)言也(ye)。使(shi)舉國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)而(er)果為(wei)(wei)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)也(ye),則(ze)吾中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)為(wei)(wei)未來(lai)(lai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),其(qi)進(jin)步(bu)(bu)未可(ke)量也(ye)。使(shi)舉國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)而(er)亦為(wei)(wei)老大(da)也(ye),則(ze)吾中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)為(wei)(wei)過去之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),其(qi)澌亡可(ke)翹足(zu)而(er)待也(ye)。故今日之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)責任(ren),不在(zai)他人,而(er)全在(zai)我少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)。少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)智則(ze)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)智,少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)富(fu)(fu)則(ze)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)富(fu)(fu),少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)強(qiang)則(ze)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)強(qiang),少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)獨立則(ze)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)獨立,少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)自由(you)則(ze)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)自由(you),少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)進(jin)步(bu)(bu)則(ze)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)進(jin)步(bu)(bu),少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)勝(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)歐洲則(ze)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)勝(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)歐洲,少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)雄于(yu)(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)球(qiu)則(ze)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)雄于(yu)(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)球(qiu)。紅日初升(sheng),其(qi)道大(da)光(48)。河出伏流,一瀉汪洋。潛龍騰(teng)淵,鱗爪飛揚。乳虎嘯谷,百獸震惶(huang)。鷹隼(sun)試翼,風塵翕(xi)張(又作風塵吸張)。奇花初胎,矞(yu)矞(yu)皇(huang)皇(huang)(49)。干將發硎(xing),有(you)作其(qi)芒(50)。天(tian)戴其(qi)蒼,地(di)(di)履其(qi)黃(huang)。縱有(you)千古,橫有(you)八(ba)荒。前途(tu)似(si)海,來(lai)(lai)日方長(chang)。美(mei)哉我少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),與天(tian)不老!壯(zhuang)哉我中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian),與國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)無疆!
“三十功名(ming)塵與土(tu),八千里路云(yun)和月。莫等閑,白了少(shao)年頭,空悲切(qie)。”此岳飛《滿江紅·怒(nu)發沖冠》詞句也,作(zuo)者自六歲(sui)時即口受記憶,至今喜誦之(zhi)不衰。自今以往,棄“哀時客”之(zhi)名(ming),更自名(ming)曰“少(shao)年中(zhong)國(guo)之(zhi)少(shao)年”。
1.本(ben)文(wen)(wen)作于(yu)光(guang)緒二十(shi)六年(nian)(1900年(nian)),文(wen)(wen)章從駁斥日本(ben)和(he)(he)西方列強(qiang)污蔑我(wo)國(guo)為“老大(da)帝(di)國(guo)”入(ru)手,說明中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)是(shi)一個正在(zai)成長的(de)(de)少(shao)(shao)年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)。本(ben)文(wen)(wen)所說的(de)(de)“國(guo)”,是(shi)理想的(de)(de)資產(chan)階級共和(he)(he)國(guo)。文(wen)(wen)章認為封建(jian)專制制度(du)和(he)(he)封建(jian)官吏已經腐朽,希望寄(ji)托(tuo)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)少(shao)(shao)年(nian)身上,并且堅信(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)少(shao)(shao)年(nian)必有(you)志士,能(neng)使國(guo)家(jia)富強(qiang),雄(xiong)立于(yu)地球。反映了(le)作者渴望祖(zu)國(guo)繁榮昌盛的(de)(de)愛國(guo)思(si)想和(he)(he)積極(ji)樂觀的(de)(de)民族自信(xin)心。文(wen)(wen)章緊扣(kou)主題,運用排比句法(fa),層層推進,逐(zhu)次闡發,寫(xie)得極(ji)有(you)感情,極(ji)有(you)氣勢。
2.歐西人:泛指西方英、法、美(mei)、等國的人。
3.惡(wū):表示感嘆的(de)助(zhu)詞,猶“唉”,這(zhe)里(li)有反對的(de)意思。
4.金(jin)(jin)字塔:古代埃及王墓,以石筑成,底面(mian)為(wei)四方形,側(ce)面(mian)作三角形之(zhi)方尖塔,望(wang)之(zhi)狀如“金(jin)(jin)”字,故譯(yi)名“金(jin)(jin)字塔”。金(jin)(jin)字塔與(yu)下句(ju)“西伯利亞鐵路”對舉,取其古雅而無實(shi)用意。
5.西(xi)比(bi)利亞(ya):一(yi)作(zuo)“西(xi)伯利亞(ya)”。
6.死海(hai):湖名,一名咸海(hai)。因水中含鹽量高,魚類(lei)不(bu)生,故名。在約(yue)旦、以色列和巴勒斯坦間。潴(zhū):聚(ju)積(ji)的水流(liu)。
7.“潯陽”六句:用白居易《琵(pi)(pi)琶行(xing)》詩(shi)所(suo)寫的(de)(de)故事。琵(pi)(pi)琶婦原是長(chang)安歌女(此處誤為洛陽歌女),老大嫁(jia)作(zuo)商(shang)(shang)人婦。商(shang)(shang)人離她經商(shang)(shang)而(er)去。在潯陽江(jiang)頭(tou)的(de)(de)夜晚,楓葉瑟瑟,她回(hui)想往(wang)事,有不(bu)勝(sheng)零(ling)落之感(gan)。潯陽江(jiang),在今九(jiu)江(jiang)市北,長(chang)江(jiang)流經九(jiu)江(jiang)市的(de)(de)一段。
8.“西(xi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”六句:就(jiu)白居(ju)易《長恨歌》所詠唐(tang)(tang)玄(xuan)宗與(yu)楊貴妃事,用元稹《行宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)》“白頭(tou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)女(nv)在,閑(xian)坐說玄(xuan)宗”詩意,謂安史(shi)之亂(luan)后,白頭(tou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人憶(yi)及當年(nian)事,倍感(gan)凄涼。西(xi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),唐(tang)(tang)太極宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong);南(nan)(nan)內(nei),唐(tang)(tang)興慶宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。李隆基自四川返(fan)京后,先居(ju)興慶宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),后遷西(xi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。霓裳羽衣曲,本名《婆羅門(men)》,源出(chu)印(yin)度(du),開元中(zhong)傳入中(zhong)國(guo)。傳說李隆基夢(meng)游月宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),聽(ting)諸(zhu)仙奏曲,默記其調,醒(xing)后令樂工譜成。南(nan)(nan)內(nei):唐(tang)(tang)代的興慶宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),在皇城東南(nan)(nan),故稱南(nan)(nan)內(nei)。
9.“青門(men)(men)(men)”四句(ju):用漢初邵平(ping)(ping)故事。邵平(ping)(ping)在(zai)秦(qin)末(mo)為(wei)東(dong)陵(ling)侯。秦(qin)亡后(hou),在(zai)長安東(dong)門(men)(men)(men)外種(zhong)瓜(gua)為(wei)生。(見(jian)《三輔黃(huang)圖》)此句(ju)謂(wei)邵平(ping)(ping)回想當年的(de)繁華,頗(po)為(wei)感(gan)傷。青門(men)(men)(men),漢長安東(dong)門(men)(men)(men)。孺人(ren),古(gu)代(dai)大夫之(zhi)妻稱孺人(ren),明、清兩代(dai)七品官的(de)妻子(zi)封孺人(ren)。珠履,用珠子(zi)裝飾的(de)鞋(xie)。雜(za)遝(ta)(tà踏(ta)),雜(za)亂。
10.拿(na)破侖(lun):即(ji)拿(na)破侖(lun)一(yi)世。法國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)資產(chan)階級政(zheng)治(zhi)家、軍事(shi)家。他于(yu)1804年(nian)為法國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)皇帝(di),曾稱霸(ba)歐洲(zhou)。1814年(nian)各國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)聯軍攻(gong)(gong)破巴(ba)黎,拿(na)破侖(lun)被流(liu)放(fang)(fang)于(yu)厄(e)爾巴(ba)島。厄(e)蔑:即(ji)厄(e)爾巴(ba)島,在意大利半島和法國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)科西嘉島之間。⑩阿剌飛:指埃(ai)及(ji)民族(zu)解放(fang)(fang)運(yun)動(dong)領(ling)袖阿拉比,曾率眾推翻英、法殖民統治(zhi)。1882年(nian),英國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)侵(qin)略軍進(jin)攻(gong)(gong)埃(ai)及(ji),阿拉比領(ling)導軍隊抗擊,戰(zhan)敗被流(liu)放(fang)(fang)于(yu)錫蘭。
11.偉烈:豐(feng)功偉績。烈,功績。賈誼《過秦論》:“及至始皇,奮六(liu)世(shi)之馀烈,振長(chang)策而御宇(yu)內。”
12.撫髀(bì):《三國志·蜀(shu)志·先主傳》裴注引《九(jiu)州春(chun)秋》:“備(bei)(bei)住(zhu)荊州數年,嘗于(劉(liu))表(biao)坐起至(zhi)廁,見髀里肉(rou)(rou)生,慨然流(liu)涕。還坐,表(biao)怪問備(bei)(bei),備(bei)(bei)曰:‘吾常身(shen)不(bu)離鞍,髀肉(rou)(rou)皆消;今不(bu)復騎,髀里肉(rou)(rou)生。日月若(ruo)馳,老(lao)將至(zhi)矣,而(er)功業不(bu)建(jian),是(shi)以(yi)悲耳!’”髀,大(da)腿(tui)。
13.幽(you)郁(yu)(yu):深沉的憂(you)郁(yu)(yu)。
14.拏云:上干云霄之意(yi)。李賀《致酒行》詩:“少年心事當拏云。”
15.回天(tian)(tian):使(shi)天(tian)(tian)地倒轉,喻改(gai)變(bian)局勢(shi)。
16.挾(xie)(xie)山(shan)超海(hai):喻英雄壯舉。《孟子·梁惠王上》:“挾(xie)(xie)泰山(shan)以(yi)超北海(hai)。”
17.唐(tang)虞三代(dai):指唐(tang)堯(yao)、虞舜和夏、商、周三代(dai)。
18.郅(zhi)(zhì)治:至治,把國家治理得太平強盛(sheng)。郅(zhi),極(ji),至。
19.十八(ba)省(sheng):清初全國共分十八(ba)個省(sheng)。光(guang)緒末年(nian)增至二十三省(sheng),但人們習慣上仍稱(cheng)十八(ba)省(sheng)。
20.四百兆:即四億(yi),當時中(zhong)國有四億(yi)人口(kou)。
21.注(zhu)籍之奴:注(zhu)入戶籍的奴隸(li)。這里指失去自由的人。
22.老大嫁作商人(ren)婦:白居(ju)易(yi)《琵(pi)琶(pa)行》中的詩句。
23.楚(chu)(chu)囚相(xiang)對:喻遇(yu)到強敵,窘迫無計。《晉書(shu)·王導(dao)傳》載(zai),晉元帝時(shi),國家動亂,中(zhong)州(zhou)人(ren)士紛(fen)(fen)紛(fen)(fen)避亂江左。“過江人(ren)士,每至暇日,相(xiang)要出新亭(ting)飲宴。周顗中(zhong)坐(zuo)而嘆曰(yue):‘風(feng)景不殊,舉(ju)目有江河之異。’皆(jie)相(xiang)視(shi)流涕。惟(王)導(dao)愀然(ran)變色(se)曰(yue):‘當(dang)共戮(lu)力(li)王室,克復神州(zhou),何至作楚(chu)(chu)囚相(xiang)對泣邪(xie)?”
24.澌(si)亡:滅(mie)亡。澌(si),盡。
25.官(guan)支:五官(guan)、四肢。
26.文、武、成(cheng)(cheng)、康(kang):周(zhou)朝初年的幾代帝(di)王(wang)。周(zhou)文王(wang)奠定了滅商的基礎;周(zhou)武王(wang)滅商建立周(zhou)朝;成(cheng)(cheng)王(wang)、康(kang)王(wang)把國(guo)家(jia)治理(li)得非常(chang)強盛(sheng),史稱“成(cheng)(cheng)康(kang)之(zhi)治”。所以下句(ju)將其比作周(zhou)朝的少年時代。
27.幽、厲、桓、赧(nǎn):指周(zhou)幽王(wang)(wang)(wang)、厲王(wang)(wang)(wang)、桓王(wang)(wang)(wang)、赧王(wang)(wang)(wang)。幽王(wang)(wang)(wang)寵褒姒(si),廢申后,申侯(hou)聯合犬戎攻周(zhou),幽王(wang)(wang)(wang)被(bei)殺,西周(zhou)滅(mie)亡。周(zhou)厲王(wang)(wang)(wang)暴虐(nve),被(bei)流放(fang)于(yu)彘(今(jin)山西霍(huo)縣)。周(zhou)桓王(wang)(wang)(wang)時,東周(zhou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)室衰(shuai)落。周(zhou)赧王(wang)(wang)(wang)死后不(bu)久,東周(zhou)滅(mie)亡。
28.高(gao)、文(wen)、景、武:指漢(han)初四(si)代皇帝。漢(han)高(gao)祖滅秦、楚,建立漢(han)王朝。文(wen)帝、景帝發(fa)展生產,國(guo)家強盛(sheng),史稱“文(wen)景之治”。武帝重武功,國(guo)力強盛(sheng)。
29.元、平(ping)、桓(huan)、靈:漢(han)(han)(han)元帝(di)、平(ping)帝(di)、桓(huan)帝(di)、靈帝(di)。漢(han)(han)(han)元帝(di)時,西(xi)漢(han)(han)(han)開始衰落;漢(han)(han)(han)平(ping)帝(di)死后不(bu)久,王(wang)莽篡國,西(xi)漢(han)(han)(han)滅(mie)亡。桓(huan)帝(di)、靈帝(di)是東(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)末年(nian)的兩代帝(di)王(wang),其執(zhi)政期間外戚、宦官專權,政治黑(hei)暗,為(wei)東(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)滅(mie)亡種下了(le)禍(huo)根。
30.瑪志(zhi)尼(1805-1872):意(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)利(li)愛國(guo)(guo)者。羅馬帝國(guo)(guo)滅亡(wang)后,意(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)利(li)受奧地利(li)帝國(guo)(guo)奴役(yi),瑪志(zhi)尼創(chuang)立(li)“少(shao)年(nian)意(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)利(li)黨”,創(chuang)辦(ban)《少(shao)年(nian)意(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)利(li)報》,發動和(he)組織資產階級(ji)革命,完成(cheng)意(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)利(li)的(de)獨立(li)統一事業。他(ta)與同(tong)時的(de)加里波的(de)、喀富爾并稱“意(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)利(li)三杰”。下文“舊物(wu)”,指國(guo)(guo)家原有(you)的(de)基業。
31.羅(luo)馬亡(wang)后(hou):羅(luo)馬帝(di)國曾跨歐(ou)亞兩洲,后(hou)分裂為二。西(xi)羅(luo)馬亡(wang)于(yu)476年,東羅(luo)馬亡(wang)于(yu)1453年。下(xia)文“土地(di)隸于(yu)教皇(huang),政權歸于(yu)奧國”,是指1815年后(hou),意大(da)利分為幾個邦國,其中(zhong)羅(luo)馬教皇(huang)國勢(shi)力甚大(da),都受奧地(di)利的(de)控制。
32.《能令公少年行》:龔自珍抒懷之詩,收(shou)入《定(ding)庵全集》,原意(yi)是(shi)說一(yi)個人(ren)不(bu)追求名(ming)利,放寬胸懷,就(jiu)能長(chang)葆青春。這里取其長(chang)葆青春意(yi)。
33.白(bai)折(zhe)(zhe):清代科舉應(ying)試(shi)的試(shi)卷之(zhi)一。殿試(shi)取中進士(shi)后,還要進行朝(chao)考,以分別授予官職。朝(chao)考用白(bai)折(zhe)(zhe),即用工整的楷書寫在白(bai)紙制的折(zhe)(zhe)子上。
34.手本(ben):明清官場中下級晉(jin)見(jian)上(shang)級時用(yong)的名帖。
35.唱(chang)(chang)諾(rě):古代的一種禮節。對人打(da)恭作揖(yi),口中出聲,叫唱(chang)(chang)喏。諾,當作“喏”。下(xia)文“請(qing)安”,系清代問候的禮節,男子打(da)千,即右膝微跪,隆重時,雙膝跪地,呼“請(qing)某(mou)某(mou)安”。
36.卿(qing)(qing)貳(er):卿(qing)(qing)是朝廷各部的(de)長官,貳(er)指副職。
37.監(jian)司:清代通(tong)稱(cheng)各省布政使、按(an)察使及各道道員為監(jian)司。
38.五(wu)官不(bu)備(bei):指五(wu)官功能不(bu)全。
39.搓(cuo)磨(mo):磋(cuo)(cuo)磨(mo),切磋(cuo)(cuo)琢磨(mo)。原是精益求精意,這里指磨(mo)去(qu)棱角、鋒(feng)芒。
40.紅(hong)頂(ding)花翎(ling):大(da)官(guan)的(de)(de)帽(mao)飾(shi)。清代官(guan)員帽(mao)頂(ding)上頂(ding)珠的(de)(de)顏色、質料,標(biao)志(zhi)著官(guan)階(jie)的(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)級,一品(pin)(pin)官(guan)用(yong)紅(hong)寶(bao)石頂(ding)珠。花翎(ling),用(yong)孔雀翎(ling)做的(de)(de)帽(mao)飾(shi),以(yi)翎(ling)眼多者為貴,五品(pin)(pin)以(yi)上用(yong)花翎(ling),六(liu)品(pin)(pin)以(yi)下(xia)用(yong)藍翎(ling)。
41.中堂(tang)大(da)人:清代大(da)學士相當于宰(zai)相,尊(zun)稱(cheng)中堂(tang)大(da)人。
42.烏(wu):何,哪(na)里。
43.三頭兩省:閩奧方言,三兩個省。
44.走無常:迷信說法,陰司用活人為鬼(gui)役,攝(she)取后死者的(de)魂。充(chong)當這種鬼(gui)差(cha)者,稱走無常。
45.僦(jiu)(jiù)屋:租(zu)賃房(fang)屋。
46.庭廡(wǔ):庭院走廊(lang)。
47.臠(luán):切成小塊的肉,這里(li)用作動詞(ci),宰割之(zhi)意(yi)。箠:棍杖。這里(li)用作動詞(ci),捶(chui)打之(zhi)意(yi)。
48.其道大(da)光(guang):語出《周易·益》:“自上下下,其道大(da)光(guang)。”光(guang),廣(guang)大(da),發揚(yang)。
49.矞(yu)(yu)(yù)矞(yu)(yu)皇(huang)皇(huang):《太玄經·交(jiao)》:“物登明堂,矞(yu)(yu)矞(yu)(yu)皇(huang)皇(huang)。”一般用于書(shu)面古語,光明盛大的樣子。
50.干將發硎(xing),有(you)作其(qi)芒:意思是寶劍(jian)剛磨出(chu)來,鋒刃大放光(guang)芒。干將,原(yuan)是鑄劍(jian)師的(de)名字,這里指寶劍(jian)。硎(xing),磨刀石。
日(ri)本人稱呼(hu)我們中(zhong)國(guo),一稱作(zuo)老(lao)大(da)帝(di)國(guo),再稱還是(shi)老(lao)大(da)帝(di)國(guo)。這個稱呼(hu),大(da)概是(shi)承襲照譯了歐洲西方人的(de)話(hua)(hua)。真(zhen)是(shi)實在(zai)可嘆啊!我們中(zhong)國(guo)果真(zhen)是(shi)老(lao)大(da)帝(di)國(guo)嗎(ma)?梁任公(gong)說(shuo):不!這是(shi)什么話(hua)(hua)!這算什么話(hua)(hua)!在(zai)我心中(zhong)有一個少年中(zhong)國(guo)存在(zai)。
要(yao)(yao)想說(shuo)國(guo)家的(de)(de)老(lao)(lao)(lao)與少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao),請讓我先來說(shuo)一說(shuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)老(lao)(lao)(lao)與少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)。老(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)喜(xi)歡回憶過去(qu),少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)則常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)喜(xi)歡考(kao)(kao)(kao)慮(lv)將(jiang)來。由(you)(you)(you)(you)于(yu)回憶過去(qu),所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)產生(sheng)留戀(lian)之心;由(you)(you)(you)(you)于(yu)考(kao)(kao)(kao)慮(lv)將(jiang)來,所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)產生(sheng)希(xi)望之心。由(you)(you)(you)(you)于(yu)留戀(lian),所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)保(bao)守;由(you)(you)(you)(you)于(yu)希(xi)望,所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)進取。由(you)(you)(you)(you)于(yu)保(bao)守,所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)永遠陳舊;由(you)(you)(you)(you)于(yu)進取,所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)日日更新。由(you)(you)(you)(you)于(yu)回憶過去(qu),所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)的(de)(de)事(shi)情(qing)(qing)都(dou)是他(ta)已經(jing)經(jing)歷的(de)(de),所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)只知道(dao)照(zhao)慣例辦(ban)事(shi);由(you)(you)(you)(you)于(yu)思考(kao)(kao)(kao)未(wei)來,各種事(shi)情(qing)(qing)都(dou)是他(ta)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)未(wei)經(jing)歷的(de)(de),因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)此常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)敢(gan)于(yu)破格。老(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)多憂慮(lv),少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)喜(xi)歡行樂。因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)多憂愁,所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)容易灰心;因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)要(yao)(yao)行樂,所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)產生(sheng)旺盛的(de)(de)生(sheng)氣。因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)灰心,所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)怯懦(nuo);因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)氣盛,所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)豪(hao)壯。因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)怯懦(nuo),所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)只能茍(gou)且(qie);因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)豪(hao)壯,所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)敢(gan)于(yu)冒險。因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)茍(gou)且(qie)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)循,所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)必(bi)定(ding)使社會走向死亡;因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)敢(gan)于(yu)冒險,所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)能夠創造世界。老(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)厭事(shi),少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)喜(xi)歡任事(shi)。因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)厭于(yu)事(shi),所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)覺(jue)得天下一切(qie)事(shi)情(qing)(qing)都(dou)無可作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei);因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)好任事(shi),所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)覺(jue)得天下一切(qie)事(shi)情(qing)(qing)都(dou)無不可為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。老(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)夕陽殘照(zhao),少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)朝旭(xu)初(chu)陽。老(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)瘦瘠的(de)(de)老(lao)(lao)(lao)牛,少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)初(chu)生(sheng)的(de)(de)虎犢(du)。老(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)坐僧,少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)飛俠(xia)。老(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)釋義的(de)(de)字典,少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)活潑的(de)(de)戲文。老(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)抽了鴉片洋(yang)煙(yan),少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)喝了白蘭地(di)烈酒。老(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)告(gao)別行星向黑暗墜(zhui)落的(de)(de)隕石,少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)海洋(yang)中(zhong)不斷增生(sheng)的(de)(de)珊瑚島。老(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)埃及(ji)沙漠中(zhong)矗立的(de)(de)金字塔,少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)西伯利亞不斷延伸(shen)的(de)(de)大鐵路。老(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)秋后(hou)的(de)(de)柳樹,少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)春前的(de)(de)青草。老(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)死海已聚(ju)水成大澤,少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如(ru)(ru)長江涓涓初(chu)發源。這(zhe)些是老(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性格不同的(de)(de)大致情(qing)(qing)況。梁任公說(shuo):人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)固(gu)然有(you)這(zhe)種不同,國(guo)家也應當如(ru)(ru)此。
梁任(ren)公說:令(ling)人(ren)(ren)悲傷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老大(da)(da)啊!潯(xun)陽江(jiang)頭琵(pi)琶女,正當明月(yue)縈(ying)繞著(zhu)空船(chuan),楓樹葉在(zai)秋風中(zhong)瑟(se)瑟(se)作響(xiang),衾被冷(leng)得象(xiang)鐵,在(zai)似夢(meng)非夢(meng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朦朧之(zhi)(zhi)時,回(hui)想當年(nian)(nian)(nian)在(zai)長(chang)安(an)繁華的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紅塵中(zhong)對(dui)春花(hua)賞秋月(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)好意(yi)趣。清冷(leng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長(chang)安(an)太極、興慶宮內,滿頭白發的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宮娥,在(zai)結花(hua)如穗(sui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)燈下(xia),三(san)(san)三(san)(san)五五相對(dui)而坐,談論開元、天(tian)寶年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)往事,譜當年(nian)(nian)(nian)盛行宮內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《霓裳(shang)羽衣曲》。在(zai)長(chang)安(an)東門(men)外種瓜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)召平(ping),對(dui)著(zhu)身邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)妻子(zi),戲(xi)逗(dou)自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孩子(zi),回(hui)憶(yi)禁衛森嚴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)侯門(men)之(zhi)(zhi)內歌(ge)舞(wu)雜(za)沓(ta)、明珠(zhu)撒地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)盛況。拿破侖被流(liu)放到厄爾巴島(dao),阿拉比被幽禁在(zai)斯里蘭卡,與三(san)(san)兩個(ge)看守的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獄吏,或者前來拜訪的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好事的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren),談當年(nian)(nian)(nian)佩著(zhu)短刀獨自(zi)騎馬馳(chi)騁中(zhong)原,席卷歐(ou)洲大(da)(da)地(di),浴血奮戰(zhan)在(zai)海港、大(da)(da)樓,一(yi)聲怒喝,令(ling)萬國(guo)震驚恐(kong)懼的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)豐功偉業(ye),起初高(gao)興得拍桌(zhuo)子(zi),繼(ji)而拍大(da)(da)腿感嘆,最后持(chi)鏡自(zi)照。真可嘆啊,滿臉皺紋(wen)、牙(ya)齒落盡,白發正堪一(yi)把,已(yi)頹(tui)然衰老了!象(xiang)這(zhe)些人(ren)(ren),除(chu)了憂郁以(yi)(yi)外沒有別(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)緒,除(chu)了悲慘以(yi)(yi)外沒有其(qi)他(ta)(ta)天(tian)地(di);除(chu)了萎靡(mi)不振(zhen)以(yi)(yi)外沒有其(qi)他(ta)(ta)精(jing)神寄(ji)托(tuo),除(chu)了嘆息(xi)以(yi)(yi)外沒有別(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聲息(xi),除(chu)了等死以(yi)(yi)外沒有其(qi)他(ta)(ta)事情。美(mei)人(ren)(ren)和(he)英雄豪杰尚且如此(ci),何況平(ping)平(ping)常常、碌碌無為之(zhi)(zhi)輩呢?生平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)親戚朋友(you),都已(yi)入(ru)于墳墓;日(ri)常起居飲食,依賴(lai)于別(bie)人(ren)(ren)。今日(ri)得過且過,匆(cong)(cong)匆(cong)(cong)哪知他(ta)(ta)日(ri)如何?今年(nian)(nian)(nian)得過且過,哪里有閑暇去(qu)考慮明年(nian)(nian)(nian)?普天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)令(ling)人(ren)(ren)灰(hui)心喪氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事,沒有更甚于老大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)了。對(dui)于這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren),而要希(xi)望他(ta)(ta)有上天(tian)攬云的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手段,扭轉乾坤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本領(ling),挾山跨海的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)志氣(qi)概,能(neng)還(huan)是不能(neng)?
真是(shi)(shi)可(ke)悲啊(a),我們中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)果真已經(jing)是(shi)(shi)老(lao)(lao)大(da)(da)帝(di)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)了嗎?站(zhan)在今天(tian)以縱(zong)覽往昔,堯、舜和(he)夏商周三代,是(shi)(shi)何等美(mei)好的(de)(de)政(zheng)治;秦始皇漢武帝(di),是(shi)(shi)何等的(de)(de)英雄豪杰;漢代唐代以來的(de)(de)文學,是(shi)(shi)何等的(de)(de)興(xing)隆(long)繁(fan)盛;康熙、乾(qian)隆(long)年(nian)(nian)間的(de)(de)武功,是(shi)(shi)何等的(de)(de)盛大(da)(da)顯赫。歷史家所鋪敘記載(zai)的(de)(de),文學家所盡(jin)情謳歌的(de)(de),哪一樣不是(shi)(shi)我們國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)少年(nian)(nian)時代的(de)(de)良辰美(mei)景、賞心樂事的(de)(de)陳跡呢!而今頹然(ran)衰老(lao)(lao)了!昨天(tian)割去(qu)五座(zuo)城(cheng),明天(tian)又割去(qu)十座(zuo)城(cheng),處處窮得(de)鼠雀不見蹤(zong)影,夜(ye)夜(ye)擾(rao)得(de)雞犬不得(de)安寧(ning)。全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)土地(di)財產,已成(cheng)為(wei)別人(ren)(ren)懷中的(de)(de)肥(fei)肉;四萬萬父兄同(tong)胞,已成(cheng)注名于他人(ren)(ren)戶(hu)冊上的(de)(de)奴隸,這難道不就像“老(lao)(lao)大(da)(da)嫁作(zuo)商人(ren)(ren)婦(fu)”的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)一樣嗎?可(ke)悲啊(a),請(qing)君莫說當年(nian)(nian)事,衰老(lao)(lao)憔悴的(de)(de)光陰(yin)不忍目睹!象束手待斃(bi)的(de)(de)楚囚相對,孤單(dan)地(di)自顧垂危(wei)的(de)(de)身影,性命(ming)險(xian)危(wei),可(ke)謂朝不保夕,國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家成(cheng)為(wei)等死(si)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家,國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)成(cheng)為(wei)等死(si)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)。萬事已到了無可(ke)奈何的(de)(de)地(di)步,一切(qie)都(dou)聽(ting)憑他人(ren)(ren)作(zuo)弄,也沒有(you)什(shen)么(me)值得(de)奇怪的(de)(de)!
梁任(ren)公說:我們(men)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)果(guo)真是(shi)(shi)(shi)老(lao)(lao)(lao)大帝(di)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)嗎?這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)今(jin)天地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)大問題。如果(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)老(lao)(lao)(lao)大帝(di)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),那么中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)過(guo)(guo)去的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia),即(ji)地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)上(shang)原來就(jiu)(jiu)有(you)這(zhe)個國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia),而(er)(er)(er)今(jin)漸漸消滅了,以(yi)(yi)后的(de)(de)(de)命運大概也差不多快完結了。如果(guo)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)老(lao)(lao)(lao)大帝(di)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),那么中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)未來的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia),即(ji)地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)上(shang)過(guo)(guo)去從未出(chu)現(xian)這(zhe)個國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia),而(er)(er)(er)今(jin)漸漸發達(da)起來,以(yi)(yi)后的(de)(de)(de)前程正(zheng)來日方長(chang)。要(yao)想判(pan)斷今(jin)日的(de)(de)(de)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)老(lao)(lao)(lao)大?還是(shi)(shi)(shi)少年(nian)(nian)(nian)?則不可不先弄清(qing)“國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)”字的(de)(de)(de)涵義。所(suo)(suo)謂國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia),到底是(shi)(shi)(shi)什么呢?那是(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)土(tu)(tu)地(di)、有(you)人(ren)(ren)民(min)、以(yi)(yi)居住生息(xi)在這(zhe)片土(tu)(tu)地(di)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)民(min),治(zhi)理他們(men)這(zhe)塊土(tu)(tu)地(di)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)事情(qing),自己制定法律(lv)而(er)(er)(er)自己遵(zun)(zun)守它;有(you)主權(quan),有(you)服(fu)從,人(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)是(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)主權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren),人(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)又是(shi)(shi)(shi)遵(zun)(zun)守法律(lv)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren),如果(guo)做到這(zhe)樣,這(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)稱之為名符(fu)其(qi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)。地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)上(shang)開始有(you)名符(fu)其(qi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia),只是(shi)(shi)(shi)近百年(nian)(nian)(nian)以(yi)(yi)來的(de)(de)(de)事。完全(quan)名符(fu)其(qi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de),是(shi)(shi)(shi)壯(zhuang)(zhuang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)事情(qing)。未能完全(quan)合格而(er)(er)(er)漸漸演進成名符(fu)其(qi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de),是(shi)(shi)(shi)少年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)事情(qing)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)我可以(yi)(yi)用一(yi)句(ju)話判(pan)斷他們(men)說:歐洲列(lie)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)今(jin)天是(shi)(shi)(shi)壯(zhuang)(zhuang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),而(er)(er)(er)我們(men)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)今(jin)天是(shi)(shi)(shi)少年(nian)(nian)(nian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。
大凡古(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)中國(guo)(guo)(guo),雖然(ran)有(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名義,然(ran)而(er)并未具備(bei)(bei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式。或(huo)(huo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)作為(wei)(wei)家(jia)(jia)(jia)族的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia),或(huo)(huo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)作為(wei)(wei)酋長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia),或(huo)(huo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)作為(wei)(wei)封(feng)建諸(zhu)侯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia),或(huo)(huo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)作為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)王專制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)。雖種(zhong)類不一(yi)(yi)樣(yang),總而(er)言之,他們對(dui)于國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)應具備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)制來說,都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)其(qi)中一(yi)(yi)部分而(er)缺(que)少(shao)另(ling)一(yi)(yi)部分。正如(ru)(ru)嬰兒從胚(pei)胎變成(cheng)兒童,他身(shen)體(ti)(ti)(ti)上(shang)一(yi)(yi)兩種(zhong)肢體(ti)(ti)(ti)器官,先(xian)開始(shi)發育形成(cheng),此(ci)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部分雖已基本具備(bei)(bei),但(dan)尚未能(neng)得到(dao)它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)處(chu)。所以唐虞堯舜以前為(wei)(wei)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胚(pei)胎時(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai),殷周之際為(wei)(wei)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乳哺時(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai),從孔(kong)子而(er)來直至現在是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)兒童時(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)。逐漸發達,至今才(cai)開始(shi)將進(jin)入兒童以上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)少(shao)年(nian)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)。他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發育成(cheng)長之所以如(ru)(ru)此(ci)遲緩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)歷代(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民賊阻礙遏(e)止他生(sheng)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果。猶如(ru)(ru)童年(nian)多(duo)病,反(fan)而(er)像衰老的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樣(yang)子,有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甚至懷(huai)疑他死(si)期就要(yao)到(dao)了,而(er)不知道他全是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)為(wei)(wei)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)完全成(cheng)長沒(mei)(mei)有(you)名符其(qi)實的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)緣(yuan)故(gu)。這不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)針對(dui)過(guo)去說的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),而(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)放眼未來說的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。
況且我(wo)們中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)去,哪里曾出現(xian)(xian)過(guo)所謂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)呢?不過(guo)僅僅有(you)過(guo)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)廷(ting)(ting)罷了!我(wo)黃帝(di)子孫,聚族而居(ju),自立于這個(ge)(ge)(ge)地球上(shang)(shang)既有(you)數千年,然而問(wen)一問(wen)這個(ge)(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)叫什么(me)(me)(me)名稱(cheng)(cheng),則竟(jing)沒有(you)名稱(cheng)(cheng)。前所謂唐、虞(yu)、夏、商(shang)、周、秦、漢(han)、魏、晉、宋、齊、梁、陳、隋、唐、宋、元、明、清的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),都(dou)是朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)廷(ting)(ting)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名稱(cheng)(cheng)罷了。所謂朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)廷(ting)(ting),乃(nai)是一家(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)私有(you)財(cai)產。所謂國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia),乃(nai)是人(ren)民公有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)財(cai)產。朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)代(dai)(dai)(dai)有(you)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)代(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老(lao)與(yu)(yu)少(shao)(shao),國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)也有(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老(lao)與(yu)(yu)少(shao)(shao)。朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)廷(ting)(ting)與(yu)(yu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)既是不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事物,那(nei)么(me)(me)(me)不能(neng)以(yi)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)廷(ting)(ting)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老(lao)少(shao)(shao)指代(dai)(dai)(dai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)老(lao)少(shao)(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)理就(jiu)很明白了。文王(wang)、武王(wang)、成(cheng)王(wang)、康(kang)王(wang)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai),是周朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)少(shao)(shao)年時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)。至幽王(wang)、厲王(wang)、桓(huan)王(wang)、赧王(wang)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai),就(jiu)是周朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老(lao)年時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)了。高祖、文帝(di)、景帝(di)、武帝(di)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai),是漢(han)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)少(shao)(shao)年時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)。至元帝(di)、平帝(di)、桓(huan)帝(di)、靈帝(di)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai),就(jiu)是漢(han)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老(lao)年時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)了。自漢(han)以(yi)后(hou)各代(dai)(dai)(dai),沒有(you)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)代(dai)(dai)(dai)不具有(you)少(shao)(shao)年時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)和老(lao)年時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。凡(fan)此種種稱(cheng)(cheng)為一個(ge)(ge)(ge)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)廷(ting)(ting)老(lao)化(hua)是可以(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),稱(cheng)(cheng)為一個(ge)(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)老(lao)化(hua)就(jiu)不可以(yi)。一個(ge)(ge)(ge)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)廷(ting)(ting)衰老(lao)將死,猶如(ru)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)人(ren)衰老(lao)將死一樣(yang),與(yu)(yu)我(wo)所說的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)什么(me)(me)(me)相干呢。那(nei)么(me)(me)(me),我(wo)們中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo),只不過(guo)以(yi)前尚未出現(xian)(xian)在世界上(shang)(shang),而今才剛剛開始萌(meng)芽(ya)罷了。天(tian)地是多么(me)(me)(me)廣大(da)啊,前途是多么(me)(me)(me)遼闊啊,多么(me)(me)(me)美啊我(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)少(shao)(shao)年中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)!
瑪(ma)志(zhi)尼(ni),是(shi)(shi)意(yi)大(da)利三杰中的(de)魁(kui)首。因為國家的(de)事被判罪,逃竄到其他(ta)國家。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)創立一個(ge)會(hui),叫做(zuo)“少年(nian)意(yi)大(da)利”。全(quan)國有志(zhi)之士,象云涌霧集(ji)一般響應他(ta)。最后(hou)終(zhong)于(yu)統一復興舊邦,使意(yi)大(da)利成為歐洲一大(da)強國。意(yi)大(da)利,乃是(shi)(shi)歐洲的(de)第一老(lao)大(da)帝(di)國。自從(cong)羅馬帝(di)國滅亡后(hou),全(quan)國土地隸屬于(yu)教(jiao)皇(huang),政權(quan)卻歸之于(yu)奧地利,這大(da)概是(shi)(shi)所謂衰老(lao)而瀕臨于(yu)死(si)期的(de)國家了。但(dan)產生(sheng)一個(ge)瑪(ma)志(zhi)尼(ni),就(jiu)能(neng)使全(quan)國變成少年(nian)意(yi)大(da)利,何況我們中國確實處在少年(nian)時代呢!堂(tang)(tang)堂(tang)(tang)四百多個(ge)州的(de)國土,凜(lin)凜(lin)然有四萬萬國民(min),難道就(jiu)不能(neng)產生(sheng)一個(ge)像瑪(ma)志(zhi)尼(ni)這樣的(de)人物嗎!
龔(gong)自珍(zhen)詩(shi)集中(zhong)有一(yi)首詩(shi),題目叫《能(neng)(neng)令公(gong)少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)行(xing)》。我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)曾經十(shi)(shi)(shi)分(fen)愛讀它(ta),喜歡體味(wei)它(ta)用(yong)意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)。我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)國(guo)民(min)(min)自己(ji)說自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)老(lao)(lao)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話,那(nei)便(bian)果真(zhen)成(cheng)老(lao)(lao)大(da)(da)(da)了(le)(le)(le);我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)國(guo)民(min)(min)自己(ji)了(le)(le)(le)解自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),那(nei)便(bian)真(zhen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)了(le)(le)(le)。西(xi)方有句民(min)(min)間諺語說:“有三(san)歲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老(lao)(lao)翁,有百歲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兒(er)童。”那(nei)么(me),國(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老(lao)(lao)與(yu)(yu)(yu)少(shao),又無(wu)(wu)確定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形態,而(er)(er)實在(zai)(zai)(zai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)隨著(zhu)(zhu)國(guo)民(min)(min)人(ren)(ren)心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力量變(bian)化(hua)而(er)(er)增減的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)既看(kan)到(dao)瑪志尼能(neng)(neng)使(shi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)變(bian)成(cheng)少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)國(guo),我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)又目睹我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官吏士民(min)(min)能(neng)(neng)使(shi)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)變(bian)成(cheng)老(lao)(lao)大(da)(da)(da)帝國(guo)。我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)為這(zhe)一(yi)點(dian)感到(dao)恐懼(ju)!象(xiang)這(zhe)樣壯麗濃郁(yu)、風(feng)度優美舉(ju)世無(wu)(wu)雙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)中(zhong)國(guo),竟(jing)讓歐洲和(he)日(ri)本(ben)人(ren)(ren)稱我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)為老(lao)(lao)大(da)(da)(da)帝國(guo),這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為什么(me)呢(ni)(ni)?這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因為掌握國(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)大(da)(da)(da)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)老(lao)(lao)朽之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)。非(fei)得(de)(de)吟誦(song)幾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)八(ba)股(gu)文,非(fei)得(de)(de)寫(xie)幾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考卷,非(fei)得(de)(de)當幾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差使(shi),非(fei)得(de)(de)熬幾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)俸(feng)(feng)給,非(fei)得(de)(de)遞幾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名帖(tie),非(fei)得(de)(de)唱幾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)喏,非(fei)得(de)(de)磕(ke)幾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭,非(fei)得(de)(de)請幾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an),否則必(bi)定(ding)(ding)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)得(de)(de)到(dao)一(yi)官,提升(sheng)一(yi)職。那(nei)些(xie)在(zai)(zai)(zai)朝(chao)中(zhong)任正副部長以(yi)(yi)(yi)上,外(wai)出擔任監司以(yi)(yi)(yi)上官職的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),一(yi)百人(ren)(ren)當中(zhong),其中(zhong)五官不(bu)(bu)全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),大(da)(da)(da)概有九十(shi)(shi)(shi)六七(qi)人(ren)(ren)。不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)眼瞎就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)耳(er)聾,不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)手(shou)(shou)打顫就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)腳瘸(que)跛,再(zai)不(bu)(bu)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)半身風(feng)癱(tan),他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)自己(ji)自身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飲食走路、看(kan)東(dong)西(xi)、聽(ting)(ting)聲音、說話,尚且(qie)(qie)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)自己(ji)處理,必(bi)須(xu)由三(san)四個(ge)人(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)左(zuo)右(you)扶(fu)著(zhu)(zhu)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)挾著(zhu)(zhu)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),才(cai)能(neng)(neng)過(guo)日(ri)子,像這(zhe)樣而(er)(er)要(yao)叫他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)擔負起(qi)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)大(da)(da)(da)事(shi)(shi),這(zhe)與(yu)(yu)(yu)豎起(qi)無(wu)(wu)數木偶(ou)而(er)(er)讓他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)治(zhi)(zhi)理天下有什么(me)兩樣呢(ni)(ni)!況且(qie)(qie)那(nei)些(xie)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)伙,自從他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)壯年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候就(jiu)(jiu)本(ben)已(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)道亞細亞、歐羅巴(ba)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)什么(me)地(di)方,漢(han)高祖唐太宗是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)哪一(yi)朝(chao)皇帝,還嫌他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)愚笨(ben)僵化(hua)腐敗沒有到(dao)達極點(dian),又必(bi)定(ding)(ding)要(yao)去(qu)搓磨(mo)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),陶(tao)冶他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),等(deng)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)腦髓已(yi)(yi)經干涸(he),血(xue)管已(yi)(yi)經堵塞,氣(qi)息(xi)奄奄,與(yu)(yu)(yu)死鬼作鄰居之(zhi)時,然后將我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)二(er)萬(wan)(wan)里山(shan)河,四萬(wan)(wan)萬(wan)(wan)人(ren)(ren)命(ming)(ming),一(yi)舉(ju)而(er)(er)交付在(zai)(zai)(zai)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)手(shou)(shou)中(zhong)。真(zhen)可(ke)悲啊(a)!老(lao)(lao)大(da)(da)(da)帝國(guo),確實是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)老(lao)(lao)大(da)(da)(da)啊(a)!而(er)(er)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)那(nei)些(xie)人(ren)(ren),積聚了(le)(le)(le)自己(ji)幾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)八(ba)股(gu)、白折(zhe)、當差、捱(ai)俸(feng)(feng)、手(shou)(shou)本(ben)、唱喏、磕(ke)頭、請安(an),千辛萬(wan)(wan)苦(ku),千苦(ku)萬(wan)(wan)辛,才(cai)剛(gang)剛(gang)得(de)(de)到(dao)這(zhe)個(ge)紅(hong)頂(ding)花翎的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官服,中(zhong)堂大(da)(da)(da)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名號,于是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)使(shi)出他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)全(quan)副的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精神,用(yong)盡(jin)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)畢生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力量,以(yi)(yi)(yi)保持它(ta)。就(jiu)(jiu)象(xiang)那(nei)乞丐拾到(dao)金子一(yi)錠,雖然轟隆隆的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)響雷盤旋在(zai)(zai)(zai)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭頂(ding)上,而(er)(er)雙手(shou)(shou)仍緊抱著(zhu)(zhu)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)裝錢(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)囊(nang)袋,其他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)情就(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)想(xiang)顧及(ji),不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)想(xiang)知(zhi)(zhi)道,不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)想(xiang)聽(ting)(ting)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)個(ge)時候你(ni)告訴他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)要(yao)亡(wang)國(guo)了(le)(le)(le),要(yao)瓜分(fen)了(le)(le)(le),他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)怎么(me)會跟從你(ni)聽(ting)(ting)這(zhe)些(xie)消息(xi),怎么(me)會跟從你(ni)相(xiang)信這(zhe)些(xie)消息(xi)!即使(shi)果真(zhen)亡(wang)了(le)(le)(le),果真(zhen)被(bei)瓜分(fen)了(le)(le)(le),而(er)(er)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)今年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)已(yi)(yi)七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)歲了(le)(le)(le),八(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)歲了(le)(le)(le),但只求這(zhe)一(yi)兩年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)之(zhi)內,洋(yang)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)來,強盜不(bu)(bu)起(qi),我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)已(yi)(yi)快活地(di)過(guo)了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)世了(le)(le)(le)!如果不(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)已(yi)(yi),就(jiu)(jiu)割讓兩三(san)個(ge)省(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土地(di)雙手(shou)(shou)獻上以(yi)(yi)(yi)示恭(gong)賀敬禮,以(yi)(yi)(yi)換取(qu)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)幾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)個(ge)衙門;賣幾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)百萬(wan)(wan)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)作為仆(pu)人(ren)(ren)奴隸,以(yi)(yi)(yi)贖取(qu)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)一(yi)條老(lao)(lao)命(ming)(ming),有什么(me)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)?有什么(me)難辦?真(zhen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)悲啊(a)!今天所(suo)謂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老(lao)(lao)后、老(lao)(lao)臣、老(lao)(lao)將、老(lao)(lao)吏,他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)修身齊家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)平(ping)天下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手(shou)(shou)段,全(quan)都在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)里了(le)(le)(le)。西(xi)風(feng)一(yi)夜催人(ren)(ren)老(lao)(lao),凋盡(jin)朱(zhu)顏白盡(jin)頭。讓走無(wu)(wu)常來當醫(yi)生,攜著(zhu)(zhu)催命(ming)(ming)符(fu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)祝壽,唉,令人(ren)(ren)悲痛啊(a)!以(yi)(yi)(yi)用(yong)這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法來統治(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia),這(zhe)哪能(neng)(neng)不(bu)(bu)老(lao)(lao)而(er)(er)將死呢(ni)(ni),甚至(zhi)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)怕他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)未到(dao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)歲就(jiu)(jiu)夭折(zhe)了(le)(le)(le)。
梁任(ren)公說(shuo)(shuo):造成(cheng)今(jin)天衰老腐(fu)朽中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)衰老腐(fu)朽人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)罪(zui)孽。創建未來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)一(yi)(yi)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責(ze)任(ren)。那(nei)(nei)些(xie)衰老腐(fu)朽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人有(you)(you)(you)什么(me)(me)(me)可說(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),他們(men)與(yu)(yu)這(zhe)個世(shi)界(jie)告別的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日子(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)遠了,而(er)(er)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)才是(shi)新來并將(jiang)與(yu)(yu)世(shi)界(jie)結緣(yuan)。如(ru)(ru)租賃房(fang)屋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人一(yi)(yi)樣,他們(men)明(ming)天就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)將(jiang)遷(qian)到別的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方去住,而(er)(er)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)今(jin)天才搬進這(zhe)間(jian)屋子(zi)居(ju)(ju)住。將(jiang)要遷(qian)居(ju)(ju)別處的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)愛(ai)護(hu)這(zhe)間(jian)屋子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)窗戶,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)清掃治(zhi)理(li)這(zhe)間(jian)房(fang)舍(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)庭院走廊,這(zhe)是(shi)俗人常情,又有(you)(you)(you)什么(me)(me)(me)值得(de)奇怪的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)!至于(yu)(yu)象(xiang)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人,前(qian)程(cheng)浩(hao)浩(hao)遠大(da),回顧遼(liao)闊深遠。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)如(ru)(ru)果成(cheng)為(wei)牛馬奴(nu)隸(li),那(nei)(nei)么(me)(me)(me)烹燒、宰割(ge)、鞭打的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)慘酷遭(zao)遇,只有(you)(you)(you)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)承受(shou)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)如(ru)(ru)果稱(cheng)霸世(shi)界(jie),主宰地球(qiu),那(nei)(nei)么(me)(me)(me)發號施令左(zuo)顧右盼的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尊(zun)貴(gui)光榮(rong),也只有(you)(you)(you)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)享受(shou);這(zhe)對于(yu)(yu)那(nei)(nei)些(xie)氣(qi)息奄(yan)奄(yan)將(jiang)與(yu)(yu)死鬼做鄰(lin)居(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老朽有(you)(you)(you)什么(me)(me)(me)關系(xi)?他們(men)如(ru)(ru)果漠然對待這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)問題還可以(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)得(de)過(guo)去。我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)如(ru)(ru)果漠然地對待這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)問題,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)說(shuo)(shuo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)去了。假(jia)如(ru)(ru)使全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)果真成(cheng)為(wei)充滿朝氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),那(nei)(nei)么(me)(me)(me)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)作為(wei)未來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia),它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進步是(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可限(xian)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de);假(jia)如(ru)(ru)全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)也變成(cheng)衰老腐(fu)朽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人,那(nei)(nei)么(me)(me)(me)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)成(cheng)為(wei)從(cong)(cong)(cong)前(qian)那(nei)(nei)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia),它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滅(mie)亡不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)久(jiu)(jiu)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)要到來。所以(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)今(jin)天的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責(ze)任(ren),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)在別人身上,全在我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)身上。少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)聰明(ming)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)聰明(ming),少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)富(fu)裕(yu)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)富(fu)裕(yu),少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)強(qiang)大(da)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)強(qiang)大(da),少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)獨立我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)獨立,少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)自由我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)自由,少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)進步我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)進步,少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)勝(sheng)過(guo)歐(ou)洲,我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)勝(sheng)過(guo)歐(ou)洲,少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)稱(cheng)雄(xiong)于(yu)(yu)世(shi)界(jie),我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)稱(cheng)雄(xiong)于(yu)(yu)世(shi)界(jie)。紅日剛剛升起(qi),道路充滿霞光;黃(huang)河從(cong)(cong)(cong)地下冒出來,洶涌奔瀉浩(hao)浩(hao)蕩蕩;潛(qian)龍從(cong)(cong)(cong)深淵中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)騰躍而(er)(er)起(qi),它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鱗爪舞動飛揚;小(xiao)老虎在山谷吼叫,所有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)野獸都(dou)害(hai)怕驚慌,雄(xiong)鷹隼鳥振(zhen)翅欲飛,風和塵(chen)土高(gao)卷(juan)飛揚;奇花(hua)剛開始孕起(qi)蓓蕾(lei),燦爛(lan)明(ming)麗茂(mao)盛茁壯;干將(jiang)劍新磨,閃射出光芒。頭(tou)頂著(zhu)蒼天,腳踏著(zhu)大(da)地,從(cong)(cong)(cong)縱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)看有(you)(you)(you)悠久(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史,從(cong)(cong)(cong)橫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空間(jian)看有(you)(you)(you)遼(liao)闊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)疆(jiang)域。前(qian)途像(xiang)海一(yi)(yi)般寬廣,未來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日子(zi)無限(xian)遠長。美麗啊(a)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),將(jiang)與(yu)(yu)天地共存(cun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)老!雄(xiong)壯啊(a)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)少(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),他們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精神(shen)與(yu)(yu)胸襟將(jiang)和祖(zu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)地一(yi)(yi)樣博(bo)大(da)遼(liao)闊!
八國(guo)(guo)聯軍(jun)侵(qin)華,民族(zu)(zu)危(wei)機空(kong)前(qian)嚴(yan)重。《少年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)說(shuo)(shuo)》寫于(yu)1900年(nian),正在戊戌變法后,作(zuo)者梁(liang)啟(qi)超流亡日(ri)本之時(shi)。那年(nian)是(shi)庚(geng)子(zi)年(nian),當(dang)(dang)(dang)時(shi)由(you)于(yu)帝國(guo)(guo)主義(yi)的(de)(de)侵(qin)略,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)爆發(fa)了(le)義(yi)和團(tuan)(tuan)愛(ai)國(guo)(guo)運動。帝國(guo)(guo)主義(yi)聯合起(qi)來(lai),組(zu)成(cheng)八國(guo)(guo)聯軍(jun),勾(gou)結清(qing)政(zheng)府,鎮(zhen)壓(ya)義(yi)和團(tuan)(tuan)運動,攻陷了(le)天津和北京等(deng)地。當(dang)(dang)(dang)時(shi)八國(guo)(guo)聯軍(jun)制造輿(yu)論(lun)(lun),污蔑中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)是(shi)“老(lao)大帝國(guo)(guo)”,是(shi)“東亞(ya)病夫(fu)”,是(shi)“一盤散(san)沙”,不能自(zi)立,只能由(you)列(lie)(lie)強共管(guan)或瓜分(fen)。而中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),有一些(xie)無知昏庸者,也跟著(zhu)叫嚷“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)不亡是(shi)無天理”“任何(he)列(lie)(lie)強三日(ri)內就(jiu)可以滅(mie)亡中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)”,散(san)布悲觀情(qing)緒,民族(zu)(zu)危(wei)機空(kong)前(qian)嚴(yan)重。戊戌變法失(shi)敗迫(po)使(shi)梁(liang)啟(qi)超逃亡日(ri)本,但他(ta)并沒有就(jiu)此(ci)放棄變法圖強的(de)(de)努力,到日(ri)本的(de)(de)當(dang)(dang)(dang)年(nian)就(jiu)創辦了(le)《清(qing)議報》,通過媒(mei)介竭力推動維新(xin)運動的(de)(de)繼續(xu)。當(dang)(dang)(dang)時(shi)帝國(guo)(guo)主義(yi)制造輿(yu)論(lun)(lun),污蔑中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)是(shi)“老(lao)大帝國(guo)(guo)”。為了(le)駁斥帝國(guo)(guo)主義(yi)分(fen)子(zi)的(de)(de)無恥濫言,也糾(jiu)正國(guo)(guo)內一些(xie)人自(zi)暴自(zi)棄、崇(chong)洋(yang)媚外的(de)(de)奴性心理,喚起(qi)人民的(de)(de)愛(ai)國(guo)(guo)熱情(qing),激起(qi)民族(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)自(zi)尊(zun)心和自(zi)信心,梁(liang)啟(qi)超適(shi)時(shi)地寫出這(zhe)篇《少年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)說(shuo)(shuo)》。
梁(liang)啟超(chao)(1873年(nian)(nian)(nian)2月23日—1929年(nian)(nian)(nian)1月19日),字(zi)卓如,號任公,又號飲(yin)冰(bing)室(shi)主人(ren)、飲(yin)冰(bing)子(zi)、哀(ai)時客、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國之新民、自由齋(zhai)主人(ren)等,清朝(chao)光緒年(nian)(nian)(nian)間廣東新會(hui)人(ren)。近(jin)代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國啟蒙思(si)想家,資產(chan)階級改良(liang)主義政(zheng)治(zhi)家、教(jiao)(jiao)育家,史學(xue)(xue)家和文學(xue)(xue)家,戊(wu)戌變法運動領(ling)袖之一(yi)。1890年(nian)(nian)(nian)赴京(jing)會(hui)試(shi),不中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。后投(tou)康(kang)有為門(men)下(xia),接受(shou)康(kang)有為的(de)思(si)想學(xue)(xue)說(shuo)并由此(ci)走上改良(liang)維(wei)新的(de)道路(lu),人(ren)稱“康(kang)梁(liang)”。1895年(nian)(nian)(nian)春,梁(liang)啟超(chao)再次赴京(jing)會(hui)試(shi),并協助(zhu)康(kang)有為發(fa)動在京(jing)應試(shi)舉人(ren)聯名(ming)請愿,是為“公車上書”。1898年(nian)(nian)(nian),梁(liang)啟超(chao)回京(jing)參加變法維(wei)新。其(qi)間,梁(liang)啟超(chao)表現活躍(yue),他的(de)許(xu)多政(zheng)論(lun)借(jie)助(zhu)早期的(de)媒(mei)體(ti)宣傳(chuan)開(kai)始在社會(hui)上產(chan)生(sheng)影響。變法失敗后,梁(liang)啟超(chao)逃亡日本并大(da)量介紹西方(fang)社會(hui)政(zheng)治(zhi)學(xue)(xue)說(shuo),在當(dang)時的(de)知識分子(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)影響很大(da)。梁(liang)啟超(chao)涉(she)獵廣泛,在哲學(xue)(xue)、文學(xue)(xue)、史學(xue)(xue)、經(jing)學(xue)(xue)、法學(xue)(xue)、倫理學(xue)(xue)、宗(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)等領(ling)域(yu),均有建(jian)樹,一(yi)生(sheng)著述宏富,其(qi)《飲(yin)冰(bing)室(shi)合集》凡148卷,計一(yi)千(qian)余萬字(zi)。
《少年(nian)(nian)(nian)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)說》是(shi)梁啟超的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代表(biao)作之(zhi)一,是(shi)當時發表(biao)在(zai)《清議報》上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一篇著名文(wen)(wen)章(zhang)。此文(wen)(wen)影響(xiang)頗大,是(shi)一篇篇幅較(jiao)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政論文(wen)(wen),作者(zhe)站在(zai)資產階級(ji)改良派的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立(li)場(chang)上,在(zai)文(wen)(wen)中(zhong)將封建(jian)古(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)與(yu)他心目(mu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)少年(nian)(nian)(nian)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)作了(le)(le)鮮明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)比(bi),極力贊揚少年(nian)(nian)(nian)勇于(yu)改革的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精神(shen),鼓勵人們肩負起(qi)建(jian)設少年(nian)(nian)(nian)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重任,表(biao)達了(le)(le)要(yao)求(qiu)祖國(guo)(guo)(guo)繁榮富強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)愿望(wang)和積極進取的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精神(shen)。被公認為梁啟超著作中(zhong)思(si)想意(yi)義最積極,情感色彩最激越(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)篇章(zhang),作者(zhe)本人也把(ba)它視為自(zi)己“開文(wen)(wen)章(zhang)之(zhi)新體,激民所(suo)之(zhi)暗潮”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代表(biao)作。
《少年(nian)(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)說》開篇以駁斥西方列強和(he)日本帝(di)國(guo)(guo)(guo)對(dui)“我(wo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)侮(wu)辱性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱呼(hu)“老(lao)(lao)大(da)帝(di)國(guo)(guo)(guo)”入筆,引出(chu)(chu)梁(liang)啟超(chao)遠大(da)而(er)美(mei)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政治(zhi)理想(xiang)——“少年(nian)(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)”。作(zuo)家以開闊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)視野、博大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)胸,撫今追(zhui)昔,在(zai)歷數唐虞郅(zhi)治(zhi)、秦漢(han)雄杰、漢(han)唐隆盛、康乾武功(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang),筆鋒(feng)頓挫,一轉(zhuan)(zhuan)而(er)至感慨萬千:疇昔已隨歲月流轉(zhuan)(zhuan)為陳(chen)跡(ji),“而(er)今頹然老(lao)(lao)矣”!風雨飄搖(yao)、山河(he)破碎、人(ren)(ren)命危(wei)淺、朝不慮夕(xi):國(guo)(guo)(guo)為待死之國(guo)(guo)(guo),民(min)為待死之民(min)。字(zi)里行間充(chong)滿著(zhu)痛心(xin)疾首的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深沉焦慮與憂愁。隨后,作(zuo)家從政治(zhi)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遠見卓識指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)造成國(guo)(guo)(guo)勢衰微的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根源(yuan)——“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)老(lao)(lao)朽”,亦即制度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因襲、官員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)守舊。進而(er),作(zuo)家指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)創造少年(nian)(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力量(liang)在(zai)于(yu)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)少年(nian)(nian)”——富(fu)有創新精神和(he)愛國(guo)(guo)(guo)志向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一代民(min)族新人(ren)(ren)。與此同時(shi)(shi),形(xing)象化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)現手法揭示(shi)了中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)老(lao)(lao)朽與中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)少年(nian)(nian)對(dui)于(yu)民(min)族和(he)時(shi)(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)迥乎(hu)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)任心(xin)。在(zai)鮮明、冷峻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)照(zhao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),作(zuo)家提出(chu)(chu)了“今日之責(ze)(ze)任,不在(zai)他人(ren)(ren),而(er)全(quan)在(zai)我(wo)少年(nian)(nian)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政治(zhi)主張。在(zai)此基礎上(shang),梁(liang)啟超(chao)以激昂飽(bao)滿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)詩(shi)人(ren)(ren)般的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)筆觸描(miao)繪了一幅中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)少年(nian)(nian)奮發有為而(er)少年(nian)(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)豪邁崛起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)振奮民(min)志、激動(dong)人(ren)(ren)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)畫面:美(mei)哉(zai)我(wo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo),與天不老(lao)(lao);壯哉(zai)我(wo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)少年(nian)(nian),與國(guo)(guo)(guo)無(wu)疆(jiang)!
從思想(xiang)上來說(shuo)(shuo),《少年中國(guo)說(shuo)(shuo)》具(ju)有(you)強烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抒情(qing)(qing)性。一方面(mian),文(wen)章極具(ju)批判(pan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力度(du),對中國(guo)這個“老大帝國(guo)”逐層(ceng)進行(xing)解剖,并對那(nei)些手握國(guo)柄(bing)而又老朽不堪的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)理狀態作了無情(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)批判(pan)。另一方面(mian),作者反復描述的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“少年中國(guo)”則又寄托了作者渴望(wang)祖國(guo)繁榮昌盛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)愛國(guo)思想(xiang)和(he)積極樂觀(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民族自信(xin)心(xin),同(tong)樣具(ju)有(you)濃郁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抒情(qing)(qing)特質(zhi)。因此,梁啟超的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“新文(wen)體”政論(lun)文(wen)往往以抒情(qing)(qing)之(zhi)筆出(chu)政論(lun)之(zhi)說(shuo)(shuo)。《少年中國(guo)說(shuo)(shuo)》通篇(pian)不是用(yong)冷靜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分析、嚴密的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邏輯逐層(ceng)論(lun)證,而似乎是順看情(qing)(qing)感的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奔(ben)流,縱橫“詩”筆而成”文(wen)”。
從(cong)藝術上來說,《少(shao)年中國說》的(de)價值首(shou)先在于其顛覆性地豐富(fu)(fu)了傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)散文(wen)(wen)的(de)意象(xiang)體系。文(wen)(wen)章(zhang)不僅用(yong)(yong)“夕(xi)照”、“瘠牛”、“秋柳”、“隕石(shi)”等(deng)民族的(de)、傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)的(de)、為人熟知的(de)形象(xiang)對“老”作多側面(mian)的(de)展示,從(cong)而(er)對清帝國的(de)衰敗萎頓進行了系統(tong)(tong)批判;而(er)且大量(liang)地運用(yong)(yong)了“死(si)海”、“金(jin)字塔”、“西伯利亞大鐵路”等(deng)新時代、新生活(huo)、新知識(shi)、新事物提供的(de)豐富(fu)(fu)形象(xiang),從(cong)而(er)巧妙(miao)地把讀者(zhe)的(de)目光(guang)引向(xiang)中華帝國之外(wai)的(de)更為廣闊(kuo)、豐富(fu)(fu)、鮮活(huo)、躍動的(de)新世界(jie)。
從文(wen)(wen)體(ti)語(yu)言(yan)(yan)上來說(shuo),《少年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)說(shuo)》也很有(you)代表性,長短(duan)交替的(de)(de)(de)句式、韻散結合的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)風,尤其是(shi)前此提及的(de)(de)(de)新詞匯(hui)、新意象的(de)(de)(de)大量引入(ru)或創(chuang)造(zao),無疑是(shi)對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古(gu)代散文(wen)(wen)使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)詞法、句法系統(tong)進行了(le)顛覆(fu)。就文(wen)(wen)體(ti)而言(yan)(yan),《少年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)說(shuo)》融辭賦、四六、律(lv)句、古(gu)文(wen)(wen)于一爐,各體(ti)之間自(zi)由穿梭而又流(liu)利(li)暢達,彰顯出(chu)作(zuo)家深(shen)厚的(de)(de)(de)操作(zuo)文(wen)(wen)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)術功力(li)。在中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)文(wen)(wen)學(xue)語(yu)言(yan)(yan)、文(wen)(wen)體(ti)演進史上,梁啟超的(de)(de)(de)散文(wen)(wen)無疑是(shi)從文(wen)(wen)言(yan)(yan)文(wen)(wen)轉變為白話(hua)文(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)過渡形態(tai),并(bing)直接導出(chu)了(le)五四白話(hua)文(wen)(wen)運動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)方向。
《少(shao)年中國(guo)說(shuo)》謳歌了(le)(le)祖國(guo)未來的(de)英姿及其光(guang)輝燦爛的(de)前程,對肩負著建設(she)少(shao)年中國(guo)重任(ren)的(de)中國(guo)少(shao)年寄予無(wu)限希望,鼓勵他們奮然(ran)而(er)(er)起,投入到改造中國(guo)的(de)戰斗中去。文字語言特點(dian)是高度凝練、概括,氣勢宏大,感情飽滿。文章多為四字一句,而(er)(er)且(qie)押韻(yun),處運用(yong)反復、對偶、比喻、排比等(deng)修辭方(fang)法,大量地引用(yong)了(le)(le)典故(gu),使文章具有較強的(de)說(shuo)服力和感染力,讀起來鏗(keng)鏘有力,朗(lang)朗(lang)上(shang)口。
層層遞進,邏(luo)輯嚴密。
從全文看,作者開(kai)篇(pian)就提出(chu)外國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)認為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)是“老大帝(di)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)”的問題,爾(er)后(hou)闡明“老大帝(di)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)”的實(shi)(shi)際含(han)義,進而(er)辨明今日之中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)非“老大帝(di)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)”,因(yin)此激勵青年要為(wei)“少年之中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)”而(er)努力(li)奮(fen)斗。在圓融(rong)貫(guan)通的層(ceng)次中(zhong)(zhong)體現(xian)出(chu)嚴謹周(zhou)至的邏輯力(li)量,具有極(ji)強(qiang)的說服力(li)。從個別段落上看,也(ye)是環環相(xiang)扣,步步深入。如第二段中(zhong)(zhong),由老年人(ren)“常思既(ji)往(wang)”推(tui)出(chu):“故生(sheng)留戀心(xin)”,“故保守(shou)”,“故永舊”;由老年人(ren)“常多憂(you)慮”,推(tui)出(chu):“故灰(hui)心(xin)”,“故怯懦(nuo)”,“故茍且”,“故能滅世界”。行文中(zhong)(zhong)排比、遞進句法的運用,更顯示出(chu)作者思維(wei)的明晰和推(tui)理的嚴謹。
語言形象生動,對比鮮明。
全文在闡發辨析“老(lao)大(da)(da)帝國(guo)(guo)”與(yu)(yu)“少(shao)(shao)年中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)”的(de)過程中(zhong)(zhong),圍(wei)繞(rao)“老(lao)大(da)(da)”與(yu)(yu)“少(shao)(shao)年”的(de)基本形象進行(xing)鮮明(ming)的(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)比(bi)(bi)。如(ru)有少(shao)(shao)年人與(yu)(yu)老(lao)年人的(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)比(bi)(bi)、中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)過去(qu)強盛與(yu)(yu)今日頹老(lao)的(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)比(bi)(bi),有“如(ru)其(qi)老(lao)大(da)(da)”與(yu)(yu)“如(ru)其(qi)非老(lao)大(da)(da)”的(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)比(bi)(bi)。而在每(mei)一對(dui)(dui)(dui)比(bi)(bi)中(zhong)(zhong)都大(da)(da)量運用鮮明(ming)的(de)形象來(lai)說明(ming),如(ru)將(jiang)(jiang)老(lao)年人比(bi)(bi)作(zuo)“夕照”、“瘠牛(niu)”;少(shao)(shao)年人比(bi)(bi)作(zuo)“朝陽(yang)”、“乳(ru)虎(hu)”;將(jiang)(jiang)老(lao)朽(xiu)為保(bao)其(qi)位比(bi)(bi)為乞(qi)兒拾(shi)金錠;將(jiang)(jiang)老(lao)朽(xiu)、少(shao)(shao)年與(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)之關系比(bi)(bi)為遷居(ju)者、入室者與(yu)(yu)屋之關系。形象的(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)比(bi)(bi)不但使(shi)抽象的(de)事理具體化,還使(shi)文章顯得搖曳多姿,奇彩紛(fen)呈。
感情充沛,富有氣勢。
為表(biao)達奔放的感(gan)(gan)情(qing),作者(zhe)運用(yong)了多種修辭手法(fa),或排(pai)比、博喻,或復沓、呼應,使文章氣(qi)勢濃重熾烈。作者(zhe)還常(chang)用(yong)多變的句(ju)(ju)式表(biao)述激情(qing),或感(gan)(gan)嘆,或設問,或奇或偶,或韻或白,或駢或散,節(jie)奏(zou)明快(kuai)。無論是新(xin)舊雅俗之(zhi)語(yu),還是古詩名句(ju)(ju)西諺(yan),寫(xie)到痛快(kuai)之(zhi)處信手拈來,毫無檢束。這種酣暢淋漓的用(yong)筆使全文情(qing)感(gan)(gan)真摯,熱(re)烈動人,富有極大的鼓動性。
《中外(wai)名家經典(dian)作品(pin)選》:這篇演(yan)(yan)講(jiang)寫于(yu)戊戌(xu)變法失敗后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)1900年(nian)(nian),極力歌頌少年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)朝氣蓬勃,指出封建(jian)統治下的(de)(de)(de)中國(guo)是(shi)“老大(da)帝國(guo)”,熱(re)切希望(wang)出現“少年(nian)(nian)中國(guo)”,字(zi)里行間飽含愛(ai)國(guo)激(ji)情,對處于(yu)內外(wai)交困情況下的(de)(de)(de)中國(guo)知識分子,具有(you)較強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)感(gan)染力。時隔(ge)一個多世(shi)紀,重溫這篇演(yan)(yan)講(jiang),仍(reng)使人心潮澎湃、熱(re)血沸(fei)騰(teng)。青(qing)年(nian)(nian)是(shi)一個民族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)希望(wang)與脊梁(liang),青(qing)年(nian)(nian)肩負著(zhu)保(bao)衛和建(jian)設祖國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)重任(ren)。因此,青(qing)年(nian)(nian)必(bi)須發憤圖強(qiang),以只爭朝夕的(de)(de)(de)精神為理想(xiang)而奮斗(dou)。
《閱讀梁(liang)啟(qi)(qi)超》:梁(liang)啟(qi)(qi)超的(de)《少(shao)年(nian)(nian)中國說(shuo)》是青(qing)春中國誕生的(de)第一口呼吸(xi),足見其于當時青(qing)年(nian)(nian)影響之大。
《世界名人經典演講詞》:1898年(nian)戊戌變法失(shi)敗后,梁(liang)啟超逃亡日本,有(you)感(gan)于(yu)清廷的(de)(de)腐敗,列(lie)強(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)欺凌(ling),于(yu)1900年(nian)發(fa)表了《少年(nian)中(zhong)國說》這篇著名的(de)(de)演說。表現了當時(shi)中(zhong)國人民(min)、中(zhong)國知識分子(zi)所共(gong)有(you)的(de)(de)強(qiang)(qiang)國愿望,有(you)著強(qiang)(qiang)烈的(de)(de)時(shi)代感(gan)。在(zai)表達(da)上(shang),鋪陳強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao),酣暢淋漓(li),在(zai)語(yu)言的(de)(de)運用上(shang),或(huo)散(san)或(huo)駢,或(huo)文或(huo)白(bai),或(huo)中(zhong)或(huo)外(wai),從而形成一(yi)種(zhong)崇高、奔放的(de)(de)風格(ge)。
《影響中國(guo)歷史的(de)(de)十(shi)篇(pian)政(zheng)治美(mei)文(wen)(wen)(wen)》:梁啟超是介乎(hu)古文(wen)(wen)(wen)和白話文(wen)(wen)(wen)之間(jian)的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)章大(da)(da)家。其(qi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)風感情充沛,酣(han)暢淋(lin)漓,妙在(zai)有(you)獨到的(de)(de)思想、大(da)(da)膽(dan)的(de)(de)立論,卻(que)又能以(yi)極美(mei)的(de)(de)語言暢快地(di)表達,堪(kan)稱近(jin)代(dai)政(zheng)治美(mei)文(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)典范。本文(wen)(wen)(wen)形、事、情、理、典,五(wu)訣(jue)齊用;比喻、對(dui)仗、排比、遞進,輪(lun)番上(shang)陣。讀(du)其(qi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)如(ru)觀(guan)滄海(hai),直覺作者胸中激情如(ru)潮,文(wen)(wen)(wen)思如(ru)海(hai),奔(ben)騰而來(lai)。本文(wen)(wen)(wen)幾乎(hu)通篇(pian)都是美(mei)言美(mei)句。
《愛國(guo)(guo)主義教育(yu)手冊(ce)》:文章以充(chong)暢的(de)(de)氣勢(shi),謳歌了(le)祖(zu)國(guo)(guo)未(wei)來的(de)(de)英姿(zi)及“前(qian)途似海,來日方長”的(de)(de)燦爛前(qian)程。對肩負(fu)著(zhu)建設少年中國(guo)(guo)重任的(de)(de)中國(guo)(guo)少年寄予無限希望,并鼓勵他們奮(fen)然(ran)而起,努力(li)投身于改造舊中國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)戰斗。表現出作者熱(re)切(qie)盼望祖(zu)國(guo)(guo)繁榮富強(qiang)的(de)(de)強(qiang)烈的(de)(de)愛國(guo)(guo)情感,也表現了(le)作者對“縱有千古,橫有八荒”的(de)(de)偉大祖(zu)國(guo)(guo)充(chong)滿了(le)眷(juan)戀情和自(zi)豪(hao)感。
《中(zhong)外著(zhu)名演說(shuo)(shuo)鑒(jian)賞(上)》:這篇(pian)演說(shuo)(shuo)詞抨(peng)擊了(le)清政府的(de)腐敗統治和帝(di)國(guo)主義的(de)野蠻(man)侵略(lve),強(qiang)烈(lie)(lie)地表現了(le)當(dang)時中(zhong)國(guo)人民、中(zhong)國(guo)知識分子所共有的(de)強(qiang)國(guo)愿望,情緒(xu)飽滿,格調高昂,是有強(qiang)烈(lie)(lie)的(de)時代(dai)感(gan),在(zai)表達(da)上,鋪陳(chen)強(qiang)調,酣(han)暢(chang)淋漓,“筆鋒常帶感(gan)情”,在(zai)語(yu)言(yan)的(de)運(yun)用上,或奇或偶,或散或駢,或文(wen)或白,或中(zhong)或外,“縱筆所至不(bu)檢束”,從(cong)而形(xing)成了(le)一(yi)種崇高、奔放的(de)風格。(林雨)
晉崖:開文章之(zhi)新體 激民(min)氣之(zhi)暗潮
李承林:此文思想積極,感(gan)情飽滿(man),氣(qi)勢昂揚,具有非(fei)常強大的震撼力!
趙博:這(zhe)篇《少(shao)年中(zhong)國(guo)說(shuo)》最(zui)鮮明的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)首先表現為它強(qiang)烈的(de)(de)(de)批判性(xing),用(yong)犀利的(de)(de)(de)語言(yan)對中(zhong)國(guo)這(zhe)個“老(lao)大帝國(guo)”逐層進行解剖(pou)。與(yu)此同(tong)時(shi),《少(shao)年中(zhong)國(guo)說(shuo)》通篇不是(shi)(shi)用(yong)冷靜(jing)的(de)(de)(de)分析、嚴密(mi)的(de)(de)(de)邏輯(ji)逐層論證,而(er)是(shi)(shi)順著情(qing)感的(de)(de)(de)奔流,縱筆(bi)而(er)成。一落筆(bi),“欲言(yan)國(guo)之老(lao)少(shao),請言(yan)人(ren)之老(lao)少(shao)”。就像(xiang)久遭(zao)禁錮的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)感的(de)(de)(de)火山,突然(ran)爆發(fa)。目的(de)(de)(de)就是(shi)(shi)為了(le)(le)克服氏(shi)族傳承5000年的(de)(de)(de)謊言(yan),斷了(le)(le)崇(chong)洋媚(mei)外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)根源,了(le)(le)結賣國(guo)而(er)偷生的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)愫,對于當(dang)時(shi)那(nei)些空懷報(bao)國(guo)之志,卻無救(jiu)國(guo)之方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)仁人(ren)志士們(men)來說(shuo)具有強(qiang)烈的(de)(de)(de)激勵性(xing)和啟發(fa)性(xing)。
張(zhang)賽玉:《少年中國說》蘊含諸多(duo)的先進思想(xiang),善于從(cong)教育的運行規律著眼、進行教育立意的深化,特別對(dui)當代的思想(xiang)政治教育具有極重要而(er)深遠的影(ying)響(xiang)。
梁(liang)(liang)啟(qi)超近(jin)一生坎(kan)坷波(bo)折,將民主進步之(zhi)光(guang)帶給民眾,成為(wei)近(jin)代中(zhong)國(guo)偉大啟(qi)蒙者。毛澤東(dong)說,年(nian)輕時影響他最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)人就是梁(liang)(liang)啟(qi)超;胡適說,少年(nian)時讀了梁(liang)(liang)啟(qi)超的(de)(de)(de)(de)文字(zi)像受(shou)到(dao)(dao)電擊(ji)。戊戌變(bian)法已經過(guo)去一百多年(nian),梁(liang)(liang)啟(qi)超卻從未淡出中(zhong)國(guo)社會(hui)改革者的(de)(de)(de)(de)視野,每次我們回望梁(liang)(liang)啟(qi)超,都(dou)能(neng)夠強烈感受(shou)到(dao)(dao)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)啟(qi)迪與沖(chong)擊(ji)。
臺灣大學中文(wen)(wen)系教授梅(mei)家玲說:“他提(ti)出(chu)的(de)對(dui)(dui)文(wen)(wen)化遺產的(de)檢討的(de)理念,對(dui)(dui)于青春、對(dui)(dui)于一(yi)個(ge)全新(xin)國家形(xing)態(tai)的(de)憧憬(jing)和追(zhui)求(qiu),感染(ran)并(bing)召喚了新(xin)一(yi)代(dai)的(de)知(zhi)識分子(zi),直到現在,都有很大的(de)影響力。”
梁啟超(chao)《少年(nian)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)說》的風(feng)行(xing),將“少年(nian)”一詞在(zai)清(qing)末社會(hui)里變成一種時尚的革命(ming)名詞,彼時追求進步的年(nian)輕(qing)知識分子競相以“少年(nian)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)少年(nian)”或“新中國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)少年(nian)”自稱。1902年(nian)南洋公學(xue)學(xue)生組織(zhi)“少年(nian)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)革命(ming)軍”,而汪精衛后來(lai)密謀行(xing)刺醇親王載灃被捕,吟出“引刀(dao)成一快,不(bu)負(fu)少年(nian)頭”的名句,“少年(nian)也(ye)已經從概念、理想化身為血肉之(zhi)(zhi)軀、革命(ming)的先鋒、未(wei)來(lai)歷史的塑造(zao)者”。
梁啟超面對(dui)腐敗無能的(de)(de)封建統治、殖民地半(ban)殖民地國(guo)家的(de)(de)情勢,為喚(huan)醒民眾,救國(guo)圖(tu)強(qiang),寫下氣吞山河的(de)(de)《少年(nian)中(zhong)國(guo)說》。這篇文章蘊含諸多的(de)(de)先進思想(xiang),善于從教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)運行規律著眼(yan),進行教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)立(li)意的(de)(de)深(shen)化,尤(you)其在當代對(dui)加強(qiang)與改(gai)進思想(xiang)政(zheng)治教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)具有深(shen)遠(yuan)的(de)(de)影響。
梁啟超(chao)《少年中國說(shuo)》的(de)(de)主要(yao)思(si)(si)想(xiang)對當代(dai)思(si)(si)想(xiang)政治(zhi)教(jiao)育的(de)(de)啟示(shi):1。注重民族精(jing)神和(he)時(shi)代(dai)精(jing)神的(de)(de)培育2。要(yao)始終貫(guan)穿(chuan)理(li)想(xiang)信念教(jiao)育3。大力加強(qiang)社(she)會主義榮辱觀教(jiao)育4。堅(jian)定不移(yi)地(di)貫(guan)徹對外開放基本國策,是加強(qiang)和(he)改(gai)進思(si)(si)想(xiang)政治(zhi)教(jiao)育的(de)(de)必然選擇。