蓬萊松(Asparagus retrofractus L.)是天(tian)(tian)門冬(dong)(dong)科、天(tian)(tian)門冬(dong)(dong)屬多年生叢生草(cao)本植物(wu)。宿(su)存,圓柱(zhu)形(xing)(xing)肉(rou)質(zhi)根,縱截(jie)面(mian)為(wei)綠色(se)(se)(se)和表面(mian)灰(hui)色(se)(se)(se)。植株高可達3米(mi)。莖(jing)呈圓柱(zhu)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)近四(si)邊形(xing)(xing),底部木(mu)質(zhi)化,具有(you)灰(hui)色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)灰(hui)褐色(se)(se)(se)。幼嫩的莖(jing)在每(mei)個(ge)節(jie)上都被(bei)紫綠色(se)(se)(se)鱗片包,鱗片呈長披針形(xing)(xing),葉(xie)(xie)體細長、柔嫩、針狀,成(cheng)(cheng)簇(cu)排列,外觀類似(si)五葉(xie)(xie)松的葉(xie)(xie)子(zi)。老葉(xie)(xie)深(shen)綠色(se)(se)(se),上半葉(xie)(xie)黃綠,下半葉(xie)(xie)深(shen)綠色(se)(se)(se),新葉(xie)(xie)翠綠色(se)(se)(se)。球形(xing)(xing)花(hua)(hua)序(xu),花(hua)(hua)冠,白色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)乳白色(se)(se)(se),小花(hua)(hua)香味(wei)濃郁,開花(hua)(hua)均勻,小花(hua)(hua)凋(diao)謝后(hou)第二天(tian)(tian)整(zheng)株枯(ku)萎(wei),漿果,最初呈淡綠色(se)(se)(se),然(ran)后(hou)表面(mian)呈深(shen)綠色(se)(se)(se),表面(mian)有(you)灰(hui)色(se)(se)(se)蠟粉,兩個(ge)月后(hou)變成(cheng)(cheng)紫紅色(se)(se)(se)。成(cheng)(cheng)熟果實,起皺(zhou),呈褐色(se)(se)(se)。種子(zi)為(wei)黑色(se)(se)(se),花(hua)(hua)果期(qi)7-8月(中國西昌(chang)5月底至6月開花(hua)(hua))。
原產南非南部,中國各地有較多的(de)(de)引種栽培(pei)。性喜溫(wen)(wen)暖、濕潤和半(ban)陰(yin)的(de)(de)環(huan)境;不耐寒,畏強光曝曬和高溫(wen)(wen);忌干旱(han)和積(ji)水,以疏松肥沃、排(pai)水良好(hao)的(de)(de)沙壤土為宜。
可(ke)盆栽布(bu)置(zhi)廳堂(tang)、臥室(shi)和陽臺等處,切葉(xie)可(ke)作為(wei)f摘花作品的配葉(xie)使用。植株(zhu)叢生呈(cheng)放射狀(zhuang)分布(bu):原(yuan)產南非(fei)。我國有引種(zhong)栽培。
蓬(peng)萊松原產南非。
性喜(xi)溫(wen)暖、溫(wen)潤、半(ban)陰環境,耐寒性較弱,生長適溫(wen)20-30℃,越冬溫(wen)度不可(ke)低于5℃;夏季高溫(wen)超過(guo)35℃時生長停止(zhi),葉叢發黃,要適當(dang)遮蔭.防止(zhi)陽光曝曬(shai),并經常噴水,保持株叢翠(cui)綠、美觀(guan)。
原產南(nan)非南(nan)部,中國各地有較多的引種(zhong)栽培。性喜溫(wen)暖、濕潤和半陰的環境(jing);不耐(nai)寒,畏(wei)強光(guang)曝曬(shai)和高(gao)溫(wen);忌(ji)干旱(han)和積(ji)水,以疏松肥(fei)沃、排(pai)水良好的沙(sha)壤(rang)土為宜。
直(zhi)立性矮灌木,莖粗壯,分枝(zhi)上細葉(xie)叢生。
多年生叢生草(cao)本植物(wu)。宿存、圓(yuan)柱(zhu)形肉質根,縱截面為綠(lv)色(se)和表面灰色(se)。植株高度一般在1.2-1.5米(mi)(mi),甚至高達(da)2-3米(mi)(mi)。莖(jing)呈圓(yuan)柱(zhu)形或近四邊形,直徑在9-25毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)之間,底部木質化,具(ju)有灰色(se)或灰褐(he)色(se)。幼(you)嫩的莖(jing)在每個(ge)節上都被(bei)紫綠(lv)色(se)鱗片(pian)(pian)包,鱗片(pian)(pian)呈長(chang)(chang)披針形,具(ju)有保(bao)護作用。幼(you)莖(jing)出土后60-80天將發育成新植株,隨后出現幼(you)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)。葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)體細長(chang)(chang)、柔(rou)嫩、針狀(zhuang)(zhuang),成簇排列,外(wai)觀類似五葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)松(song)的葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)子(zi)。24個(ge)球狀(zhuang)(zhuang)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)柄,每個(ge)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)柄含有13-98片(pian)(pian)針狀(zhuang)(zhuang)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie),平均58片(pian)(pian)。針狀(zhuang)(zhuang)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)長(chang)(chang)9-18毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),平均長(chang)(chang)12.7毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)。葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)柄長(chang)(chang)6~16毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),平均長(chang)(chang)10.0毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),比針狀(zhuang)(zhuang)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)略硬(ying)。老(lao)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)深綠(lv)色(se),上半葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)黃(huang)綠(lv),下半葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)深綠(lv)色(se),新葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)翠綠(lv)色(se)。
每個(ge)(ge)球形(xing)(xing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)序內(nei)含小(xiao)花(hua)(hua)(hua)7-15朵,平均10.8朵。花(hua)(hua)(hua)梗長(chang)5-13毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),平均長(chang)度為8.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)冠(guan),白色(se)(se)或(huo)乳白色(se)(se),形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)一個(ge)(ge)近似3毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)長(chang)的(de)管狀體由(you)6片(pian)長(chang)卵形(xing)(xing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣組(zu)成(cheng),花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣常3毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),6個(ge)(ge)雄蕊和一個(ge)(ge)雌(ci)蕊。小(xiao)花(hua)(hua)(hua)香味濃郁。花(hua)(hua)(hua)開(kai)(kai)放只能持(chi)續1-2天(tian)(tian),整(zheng)(zheng)個(ge)(ge)植株可以(yi)維持(chi)3-4天(tian)(tian)的(de)開(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi),開(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)均勻(yun),開(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)時間(jian)短,小(xiao)花(hua)(hua)(hua)多(duo)。開(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)前只有(you)4-5天(tian)(tian)的(de)花(hua)(hua)(hua)蕾期(qi),小(xiao)花(hua)(hua)(hua)凋謝(xie)后(hou)第(di)二天(tian)(tian)整(zheng)(zheng)株枯萎,7-8天(tian)(tian)內(nei)稀(xi)疏(shu)地結出小(xiao)球狀漿果(guo),最初(chu)呈(cheng)淡綠色(se)(se),然后(hou)表(biao)(biao)面呈(cheng)深綠色(se)(se),表(biao)(biao)面有(you)灰色(se)(se)蠟粉,兩個(ge)(ge)月(yue)(yue)(yue)后(hou)變成(cheng)紫紅(hong)色(se)(se)。成(cheng)熟果(guo)實(shi),直徑(jing)7-9毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),莖長(chang)7-8毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),起皺,呈(cheng)褐色(se)(se)。每個(ge)(ge)果(guo)實(shi)含有(you)一個(ge)(ge)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)、扁球形(xing)(xing)或(huo)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)種(zhong)子,種(zhong)子為黑(hei)色(se)(se),直徑(jing)為4-6毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。(中(zhong)國西昌5月(yue)(yue)(yue)底至(zhi)6月(yue)(yue)(yue)開(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua))。花(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi)6-8月(yue)(yue)(yue),果(guo)熟期(qi)10-12月(yue)(yue)(yue)。
從(cong)山(shan)野(ye)林地內,選找桿形粗壯矮小的(de)蓬萊松野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)苗,以石隙、崖壁、溝旁(pang)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)的(de)小老樹樁(zhuang)為好(hao)。采掘時注意多保護副根(gen)和須根(gen),再下地養胚培育,翌年(nian)春(chun)后再上盆造型。
蓬(peng)萊(lai)松(song)(song)宜用(yong)(yong)紫砂陶盆(pen)(pen)(pen),也可(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)釉陶盆(pen)(pen)(pen)。剛上(shang)盆(pen)(pen)(pen)栽(zai)培,可(ke)(ke)(ke)先用(yong)(yong)透氣性(xing)良好的(de)(de)素燒瓦(wa)盆(pen)(pen)(pen),待(dai)服盆(pen)(pen)(pen)后(hou)再換入形(xing)(xing)態優雅的(de)(de)紫砂淺(qian)盆(pen)(pen)(pen)中(zhong)。除懸(xuan)崖(ya)式用(yong)(yong)深千筒盆(pen)(pen)(pen)或較深的(de)(de)四方和(he)圓形(xing)(xing)盆(pen)(pen)(pen)外,一(yi)般以長(chang)(chang)方形(xing)(xing)中(zhong)淺(qian)盆(pen)(pen)(pen)為宜。盆(pen)(pen)(pen)的(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)態也可(ke)(ke)(ke)依樹(shu)形(xing)(xing)而(er)定(ding),如曲(qu)干(gan)式可(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)鼓(gu)形(xing)(xing)淺(qian)圓盆(pen)(pen)(pen),盆(pen)(pen)(pen)色選紫紅(hong)或淺(qian)黃均可(ke)(ke)(ke)。蓬(peng)萊(lai)松(song)(song)能適(shi)應(ying)多(duo)種(zhong)土壤,但(dan)不耐鹽堿,以深厚、濕(shi)潤、疏松(song)(song)、微(wei)酸性(xing)的(de)(de)沙壤土為好。盆(pen)(pen)(pen)栽(zai)以熟化(hua)的(de)(de)田園土、腐葉(xie)土,適(shi)量摻(chan)拌沙土使用(yong)(yong)。蓬(peng)萊(lai)松(song)(song)上(shang)盆(pen)(pen)(pen)栽(zai)種(zhong)以3月(yue)份萌芽之前最好,秋季(ji)也可(ke)(ke)(ke)栽(zai)植,但(dan)不利發根(gen)。挖取樹(shu)苗時要(yao)帶宿土,可(ke)(ke)(ke)剪短伸展過長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)直(zhi)根(gen),剪除枯根(gen)。如栽(zai)進淺(qian)盆(pen)(pen)(pen)中(zhong),要(yao)注(zhu)意樹(shu)干(gan)固定(ding),可(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)鐵(tie)桿(gan)放盆(pen)(pen)(pen)底(di)孔沿(yan)下,用(yong)(yong)略粗些金屬絲綁在(zai)較粗根(gen)部上(shang),從盆(pen)(pen)(pen)孔中(zhong)穿出,再纏(chan)住鐵(tie)桿(gan)上(shang)扎緊,可(ke)(ke)(ke)免風吹搖晃,根(gen)系松(song)(song)動,影響成活。
蓬萊(lai)松(song)盆(pen)栽常用腐葉土(tu)、國土(tu)和河(he)沙等量(liang)混(hun)合作(zuo)為基質,種植(zhi)時略加腐熟基肥。春(chun)夏(xia)季(ji)為其生(sheng)(sheng)長旺(wang)季(ji),需要充(chong)(chong)足的水分,但不宜(yi)使盆(pen)土(tu)積水,以(yi)免塊根(gen)腐爛(lan);秋(qiu)末后應逐(zhu)漸減少(shao)澆水量(liang),使盆(pen)土(tu)保持微濕即可。為使枝葉生(sheng)(sheng)長繁茂,生(sheng)(sheng)長季(ji)要注意(yi)補充(chong)(chong)養分,一般每(mei)月施液肥1—2次。它喜半陰,炎熱(re)夏(xia)季(ji)要注意(yi)遮陰,防止烈日暴(bao)曬,以(yi)免枝葉灼傷(shang)或(huo)發(fa)黃。
蓬萊(lai)(lai)(lai)松(song)的加工(gong)(gong)造型(xing)可(ke)以攀(pan)(pan)扎為主,修剪為輔。攀(pan)(pan)扎用金(jin)屬(shu)絲或(huo)(huo)棕(zong)絲。蓬萊(lai)(lai)(lai)松(song)枝條較為柔軟,用金(jin)屬(shu)絲攀(pan)(pan)扎簡便(bian)易(yi)行,屈伸自如。如取2~3年(nian)(nian)生幼樹(shu)苗(miao)為材料(liao),將主干(gan)作一(yi)定(ding)的彎曲,剪去礙于造型(xing)的枝干(gan),再(zai)將保留的側(ce)枝攀(pan)(pan)扎成水平狀(zhuang)或(huo)(huo)略下(xia)垂狀(zhuang),生長一(yi)年(nian)(nian)后再(zai)拆除(chu)金(jin)屬(shu)絲,重新調整(zheng)角(jiao)度(du),再(zai)行攀(pan)(pan)扎,數年(nian)(nian)后即可(ke)成型(xing)。如山野采掘的蓬萊(lai)(lai)(lai)松(song)樹(shu)樁,養胚(pei)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)后方(fang)可(ke)上盆加工(gong)(gong)。整(zheng)姿造型(xing)須(xu)因材處理,充分利用原材料(liao)的自然形態,稍加人工(gong)(gong)攀(pan)(pan)扎,使其具有自然的野趣。
蓬萊松盆(pen)景可制(zhi)成直干(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、斜干(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、曲干(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、懸(xuan)崖(ya)(ya)(ya)式(shi)(shi)(shi)等,各具韻味。直干(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi),蒼(cang)(cang)勁挺拔古(gu)(gu)樸;斜干(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi),瀟灑蒼(cang)(cang)健遒勁;曲干(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi),"曲屈彎彎回(hui)蟠勢(shi),蜿(wan)蜒起(qi)伏蛟龍形";懸(xuan)崖(ya)(ya)(ya)式(shi)(shi)(shi),壑崖(ya)(ya)(ya)古(gu)(gu)松,臨危列險(xian),蒼(cang)(cang)龍探(tan)首,欲潛四(si)海。
蓬(peng)萊松(song)一般(ban)多為(wei)播種繁殖,也可(ke)以分株(zhu)繁殖,但苗期生長緩慢。
蓬萊松(song)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)子繁(fan)殖發芽率可(ke)高達90%以(yi)上。可(ke)在9月(yue)中旬至10月(yue)中、下旬球(qiu)果(guo)成熟時及時采回,先堆(dui)放5~7天,再(zai)曝曬3~4天,敲(qiao)打(da)翻(fan)動,種(zhong)(zhong)子脫出(chu),及時水選(xuan),剔除空粒(li)雜物,陰(yin)干后袋藏過冬(dong)。蓬萊松(song)種(zhong)(zhong)皮厚,發芽慢,宜(yi)早播。苗(miao)圃地選(xuan)排水良好的(de)微酸性土,整地時施足基肥。播前進行催芽處理(li)。用冷水浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)3~7天(浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)期間要換水),浸(jin)后用消石灰拌種(zhong)(zhong),待種(zhong)(zhong)皮裂開(kai)后,即(ji)可(ke)播種(zhong)(zhong)。4月(yue)中、下旬開(kai)始發芽出(chu)土,當(dang)年苗(miao)木可(ke)達8~12厘米(mi)。
可于春夏季結合換盆(pen)(pen)時進行,將(jiang)生長茂密老株從盆(pen)(pen)中(zhong)脫(tuo)出,將(jiang)地下(xia)塊根分切數叢(cong)(cong),使(shi)每叢(cong)(cong)含3—5枝(注意盡量少傷(shang)根),將(jiang)每一叢(cong)(cong)重新用新培養土上盆(pen)(pen)種(zhong)植,澆透(tou)水(shui),置于半陰處(chu)恢復生長。
有粉虱或介(jie)殼(ke)蟲(chong)危害。
可用40%氧化樂(le)果乳(ru)油1000倍液噴殺(sha)。
可盆栽布置廳堂、臥室和陽臺(tai)等處(chu),切葉可作(zuo)為f摘花作(zuo)品的配葉使用。植株叢(cong)生呈放射狀分布:原產南非。我(wo)國(guo)有引種栽培。