【沖(chong)擊壓路(lu)機】沖(chong)擊式壓路(lu)機哪種好 沖(chong)擊式壓實機影(ying)響深(shen)度
20世紀90年代,中國進入高速公路、機場、水電站等基礎設施加快建設的發展時期,為了提高路基基礎施工質量,國內對新型壓實設備有了積極的需求。1995年1月,國內出現了四邊形沖擊壓路機的實用新型專利申請,其后河南省筑路機械廠開始試制。同年,南非藍派公司將兩臺沖擊壓路機(三邊形、五邊形各一臺)首次引入國內。自1995年起,國內先后有十余家企業生產拖式沖擊壓路機,目前我國沖擊壓路機生產和銷售的數量在國際上領先。到2004年5月止,國內施工中批量應用并取得效果和國外在華施工和銷售的沖擊壓路機共有300多臺。
了(le)解沖擊壓路(lu)同的技術性能和(he)參(can)數(shu)對于用戶(hu)購買時選型(xing)正確使用非常重要(yao),下(xia)面將(jiang)有關沖擊壓路(lu)機的幾個主要(yao)技術性能和(he)參(can)數(shu)說明如下(xia)。
沖擊壓路機的名稱
國(guo)內(nei)(nei)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)路(lu)(lu)(lu)機(ji)(ji)名稱(cheng)(cheng)主要有:“沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)式(shi)(shi)(shi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)實(shi)機(ji)(ji)”,“高能量滾(gun)動夯實(shi)機(ji)(ji)”、“沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)式(shi)(shi)(shi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)路(lu)(lu)(lu)機(ji)(ji)”、“拖(tuo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)實(shi)機(ji)(ji)”、“沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)實(shi)機(ji)(ji)”,有關技(ji)術(shu)文章中還出(chu)現“多(duo)棱(leng)輥拖(tuo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)路(lu)(lu)(lu)機(ji)(ji)”、“沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)碾”等(deng)。以(yi)上名稱(cheng)(cheng)大都是國(guo)外上個世紀50年代末出(chu)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)路(lu)(lu)(lu)機(ji)(ji)專(zhuan)用名詞“ImpactRoller”轉譯派生出(chu)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),正確名稱(cheng)(cheng)應(ying)譯成(cheng)“沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)路(lu)(lu)(lu)機(ji)(ji)”。理由是即和國(guo)際接(jie)軌,又和國(guo)內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“振(zhen)動壓(ya)(ya)(ya)路(lu)(lu)(lu)機(ji)(ji)”(VibratoryRoller)、“振(zhen)蕩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)路(lu)(lu)(lu)機(ji)(ji)”(OscillationRoller)等(deng)標(biao)準命名一致。至(zhi)于(yu)“自行式(shi)(shi)(shi)(Selfpropelled)、“拖(tuo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)”(Towed)或以(yi)后發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)其他形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)路(lu)(lu)(lu)機(ji)(ji),可(ke)在(zai)其名稱(cheng)(cheng)前(qian)(qian)加限定詞。目前(qian)(qian)“沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)路(lu)(lu)(lu)機(ji)(ji)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)型(xing)號各廠多(duo)用“YCT-XX”來(lai)表(biao)示(shi)(shi),Y、C、T分(fen)別(bie)分(fen)別(bie)是漢語(yu)拼(pin)音“壓(ya)(ya)(ya)路(lu)(lu)(lu)機(ji)(ji)—Yaluji”、“沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)—Chongji”、“拖(tuo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)—Tuoshi”等(deng)詞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第一個聲母。XX表(biao)示(shi)(shi)計算表(biao)態能量,單(dan)位(wei)是kJ(千(qian)焦(jiao)耳)。“沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)路(lu)(lu)(lu)機(ji)(ji)”大多(duo)具(ju)有三邊(bian)形(xing)(xing)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)輪(lun)(lun),對于(yu)非三邊(bian)形(xing)(xing)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)輪(lun)(lun),則將(jiang)其多(duo)邊(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數目放在(zai)基本型(xing)號前(qian)(qian)加以(yi)識別(bie),例(li)如:20千(qian)焦(jiao)耳五(wu)邊(bian)形(xing)(xing)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)輪(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)路(lu)(lu)(lu)機(ji)(ji)”表(biao)示(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)—5YCT20,30千(qian)焦(jiao)耳四邊(bian)形(xing)(xing)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)輪(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)路(lu)(lu)(lu)機(ji)(ji)”表(biao)示(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)—4YCT30。對于(yu)單(dan)、雙(shuang)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)輪(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)路(lu)(lu)(lu)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)識問題,建議只在(zai)單(dan)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)輪(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)型(xing)號末位(wei)加識別(bie)字母“d”,這(zhe)是因為(wei)(wei)目前(qian)(qian)“沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)路(lu)(lu)(lu)機(ji)(ji)”大多(duo)具(ju)有雙(shuang)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)輪(lun)(lun)。
沖擊壓路機的沖擊能量
現有(you)沖(chong)擊壓(ya)路機沖(chong)擊輪的質(zhi)量(liang)范圍在6000kg~14000kg之間(jian),靜態能量(liang)范圍在12kJ~30kJ之間(jian)。
靜(jing)態能量(liang)(N1)計算公式為(參見(jian)圖(tu)1):
N1=M×g×(R-r)(kJ)(1)
其中:M—沖擊輪質量(1000kg)
R—沖擊(ji)輪外接圓半徑(m)
r—沖(chong)擊輪內接圓半徑(m)
采用(yong)(yong)靜態(tai)能量表示(shi)其參數(shu)容易(yi)測量和確定,以便用(yong)(yong)戶在選用(yong)(yong)各公司產品多數(shu)時,有一個相同標準。
工作狀態(tai)中的(de)沖擊(ji)壓路機沖擊(ji)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)由(you)三部(bu)分構成,(1)式(shi)討論了靜態(tai)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang),總沖擊(ji)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)還應包括(kuo)平(ping)動(dong)(dong)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)和轉動(dong)(dong)慣(guan)性(xing)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang),這里不(bu)再一一詳述。
沖擊壓路機的沖擊力
國家(jia)(jia)有(you)關標準規(gui)定(ding):超(chao)重型(xing)振(zhen)動(dong)壓(ya)(ya)路機(ji)的(de)激振(zhen)力(li)上(shang)(shang)限(xian)為450kN,超(chao)重型(xing)拖(tuo)式振(zhen)動(dong)壓(ya)(ya)路機(ji)激振(zhen)力(li)上(shang)(shang)限(xian)1000kN。以YCT25為例,生產廠家(jia)(jia)的(de)產品(pin)廣告(gao)上(shang)(shang)稱其沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)力(li)達到(dao)250t~400t(2453kN~3924kN),還(huan)有(you)文章論證為880(t)(8633kN),但都未見到(dao)試驗驗證結果。沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)壓(ya)(ya)路機(ji)的(de)沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)力(li)與(yu)沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)輪接(jie)地時的(de)加速度、與(yu)地表接(jie)觸時間、土壤的(de)彈塑性等多種(zhong)參數密(mi)切相關。確定(ding)其沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)力(li)應(ying)保證在一種(zhong)工況下,才(cai)可(ke)能有(you)較穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)數值,才(cai)可(ke)能有(you)對比試驗的(de)再(zai)現性。
一般25kJ沖(chong)(chong)擊壓(ya)路機,作(zuo)業(ye)行駛速度為(wei)12km/h(工作(zuo)輪質(zhi)量(liang)12000kg),當與已壓(ya)實地面沖(chong)(chong)擊作(zuo)用時(shi)間為(wei)0.02秒時(shi),根據沖(chong)(chong)量(liang)定理計(ji)算(suan),其沖(chong)(chong)擊力計(ji)算(suan)值約為(wei)2000kN(約200t)。
2001年,杭金衢高速公(gong)(gong)路沖擊(ji)壓(ya)(ya)路機試驗課題組在浙江高速公(gong)(gong)路工(gong)地采用應變盒埋(mai)入法,對北(bei)京欣路特科技(ji)發(fa)展有限公(gong)(gong)司的CYZ25型25kJ沖擊(ji)壓(ya)(ya)路機的壓(ya)(ya)實影(ying)響深度進行了現場測定。壓(ya)(ya)路機行駛速度為15Km/h時(shi),在距地表(biao)面垂(chui)直0.8米(mi)深處的壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)應變盒反(fan)應出的壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)值在1000kPa以(yi)上,最大(da)值1632kPa,根據土(tu)力(li)(li)學(xue)中的Boussinesq公(gong)(gong)式,推算出其沖擊(ji)力(li)(li)在1341.7KN~2189.7kN之間。
沖擊壓路機的影響深度
沖(chong)擊壓(ya)路機產品廣告中(zhong)一般都注明沖(chong)擊影(ying)響深度(du)為1m~5m,但無據(ju)可查。對于強夯機夯實土基,在工程(cheng)實踐中(zhong)由L Menard提出過一個影(ying)響深度(du)經驗公式:
H=/10 (2)
其中:H—影響深度(m)
M—夯錘質量(1000kg)
h—落錘(chui)高度(m)
在《港口工程技術規(gui)范》中,根(gen)據國內實(shi)際施工情況并考慮土壤(rang)參數的影響因素,對(dui)(2)式進行了修正:
H′= a(3)
其中:H′—加固深度(m)
a —加固系(xi)數(shu),一般濕陷(xian)性黃土取(qu)0.34~0.5,高填方(fang)土0.6~0.8,砂(sha)性土和雜土取(qu)0.45~0.6。
根據(3)式計算(suan),當(dang)(dang)YCT25型沖(chong)擊壓路機行(xing)(xing)駛速(su)度(du)(du)為12km/h,在(zai)濕陷性黃土(tu)工況下(xia)作業時,其加固深度(du)(du)為3.89m。河北(bei)宣大高(gao)速(su)公(gong)路和(he)浙江嘉興路段進行(xing)(xing)沖(chong)擊壓實檢測時,分別得(de)到了影響(xiang)深度(du)(du)在(zai)4m以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)、2.5m以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)檢測結果。國(guo)內現有25kJ沖(chong)擊壓路機,當(dang)(dang)行(xing)(xing)駛速(su)度(du)(du)在(zai)12km/h左(zuo)(zuo)右時,其沖(chong)擊力在(zai)2000kN左(zuo)(zuo)右,介于現有超重噸位(wei)拖式振動壓路機(YZTY25)最大激(ji)振力(600kN)和(he)強夯的(de)(de)夯擊力(10000kN以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang))之(zhi)間。不同土(tu)壤條件下(xia)的(de)(de)影響(xiang)深度(du)(du)值,仍(reng)需(xu)要在(zai)大量施工實踐(jian)中進行(xing)(xing)總結才能確定。
沖擊壓路機的擊實力
我國(guo)交通部標(biao)準(zhun)《公(gong)路(lu)(lu)路(lu)(lu)基設計規范》和(he)《公(gong)路(lu)(lu)路(lu)(lu)基施工技(ji)術規范》中(zhong)規定,對于(yu)(yu)中(zhong)級(ji)公(gong)路(lu)(lu)路(lu)(lu)基采用(yong)輕型擊(ji)(ji)(ji)實試(shi)驗(yan)法(fa),高級(ji)公(gong)路(lu)(lu)路(lu)(lu)基采用(yong)重型擊(ji)(ji)(ji)實試(shi)驗(yan)法(fa)。標(biao)準(zhun)規定前者平均單位(wei)壓(ya)(ya)實功為598kJ/m3。由于(yu)(yu)兩(liang)種擊(ji)(ji)(ji)實試(shi)驗(yan)法(fa)做出(chu)的(de)(de)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)最(zui)大干密(mi)度(du)(du)不(bu)同,前者最(zui)佳含水量時的(de)(de)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)最(zui)大干密(mi)度(du)(du)數值要小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)后(hou)者,而最(zui)大土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)干密(mi)度(du)(du)值又是(shi)評價壓(ya)(ya)實度(du)(du)的(de)(de)基礎,因(yin)此在(zai)一(yi)定程度(du)(du)上對路(lu)(lu)基加(jia)(jia)大壓(ya)(ya)實功是(shi)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)路(lu)(lu)基壓(ya)(ya)實度(du)(du)的(de)(de)有力措施之(zhi)一(yi)。
特別有趣的是,沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)壓(ya)(ya)路機的壓(ya)(ya)實(shi)過程與試驗法中(zhong)將重(zhong)(zhong)錘自由下落(luo)擊(ji)(ji)實(shi)被試土(tu)壤的原理是相(xiang)同的。沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)壓(ya)(ya)路機的振幅(fu)一般為(wei)200mm~300mm(擊(ji)(ji)實(shi)試驗法中(zhong)的重(zhong)(zhong)錘下落(luo)高(gao)度是450mm和300mm),相(xiang)對(dui)于(yu)振動壓(ya)(ya)路機的振幅(fu)一般為(wei)0.6mm~2.5mm而言(yan),擊(ji)(ji)實(shi)土(tu)壤動力(li)的過程極為(wei)相(xiang)似。
沖擊(ji)(ji)壓(ya)路(lu)機(ji)單(dan)位(wei)時間擊(ji)(ji)實(shi)功(gong)比其他類型(xing)的(de)(de)壓(ya)路(lu)機(ji)大,經初步計算,25kJ的(de)(de)沖擊(ji)(ji)壓(ya)路(lu)機(ji)在12km/h的(de)(de)工(gong)作速(su)(su)度(du)下,單(dan)位(wei)面積沖壓(ya)27遍(擊(ji)(ji)實(shi)試(shi)驗(yan)法(fa)中規定有每層土樣用重錘(chui)擊(ji)(ji)實(shi)27遍),其平(ping)均(jun)(jun)單(dan)位(wei)擊(ji)(ji)實(shi)功(gong)約為1809kJ/m3。顯(xian)然,沖擊(ji)(ji)壓(ya)路(lu)機(ji)要達(da)(da)到重型(xing)擊(ji)(ji)實(shi)試(shi)驗(yan)法(fa)的(de)(de)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)單(dan)位(wei)壓(ya)實(shi)功(gong)值(zhi)增加壓(ya)實(shi)遍數、作業工(gong)作速(su)(su)度(du)和沖擊(ji)(ji)壓(ya)路(lu)機(ji)的(de)(de)自(zi)身(shen)能量是可以達(da)(da)到的(de)(de),而振(zhen)動壓(ya)路(lu)機(ji)受自(zi)身(shen)能量的(de)(de)制約要達(da)(da)到重型(xing)擊(ji)(ji)實(shi)試(shi)驗(yan)法(fa)的(de)(de)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)單(dan)位(wei)壓(ya)實(shi)功(gong)則較為困難。
沖擊壓路機的機型
目前(qian)國內使用(yong)(yong)的沖(chong)擊壓路機(ji)多(duo)是(shi)牽(qian)(qian)引(yin)式機(ji)型,整機(ji)包括沖(chong)擊壓路機(ji)和(he)牽(qian)(qian)引(yin)車。其優點是(shi)牽(qian)(qian)引(yin)車可(ke)以一機(ji)多(duo)用(yong)(yong),購置費用(yong)(yong)低。不(bu)(bu)足之處是(shi)沖(chong)擊壓路機(ji)的機(ji)組長,需要的轉向場地大,在半幅路面施工時不(bu)(bu)太(tai)方便。
國外公司已開發出了自行式沖擊壓路機,并已分別在我國新疆、山東、山西、黑龍江大(da)慶等地(di)公路施工中使用。由于自行(xing)式沖擊(ji)壓(ya)路機(ji)(ji)只有兩(liang)個驅動(dong)輪(2×2),其行(xing)走底盤與壓(ya)實(shi)輪機(ji)(ji)架鉸接(jie)成一(yi)體,整機(ji)(ji)長度變短,轉(zhuan)向(xiang)半徑變小,所需轉(zhuan)向(xiang)路段大(da)大(da)減少,這樣就可(ke)以使遺(yi)留(liu)應該壓(ya)實(shi)路段減少。自行(xing)式沖擊(ji)壓(ya)路機(ji)(ji)可(ke)以后(hou)退(tui)行(xing)駛(將壓(ya)實(shi)輪升起離開地(di)面),對(dui)不便(bian)(bian)轉(zhuan)向(xiang)的短路段和窄(zhai)路施工都帶來了很大(da)的便(bian)(bian)利。