什么是IC芯片

IC芯片(pian)是將大量的(de)微電(dian)子元器(qi)件(晶體(ti)管、電(dian)阻、電(dian)容、二極管等) 形成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)集成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路放(fang)在一塊(kuai)(kuai)塑基(ji)上，做成(cheng)(cheng)一塊(kuai)(kuai)芯片(pian)。目前幾乎所有看(kan)到的(de)芯片(pian)，都可以叫做 IC芯片(pian) 。

IC芯片有哪些種類

（一）按功能結構分類

集成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)按(an)其功能、結構的不同(tong)，可(ke)以分(fen)為模擬集成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)和數字集成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)兩大類。

模(mo)擬集(ji)成電路用(yong)來產生、放大(da)和處理各種(zhong)模(mo)擬信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)（指(zhi)幅度(du)隨時間邊疆變化的信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)。例如(ru)半導(dao)體收音(yin)機(ji)的音(yin)頻信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)、錄放機(ji)的磁帶信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)等(deng)），而(er)數(shu)字集(ji)成電路用(yong)來產生、放大(da)和處理各種(zhong)數(shu)字信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)（指(zhi)在時間上(shang)和幅度(du)上(shang)離散取值的信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)。例如(ru)VCD、DVD重放的音(yin)頻信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)和視頻信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)）。

基(ji)本的模(mo)(mo)(mo)擬集(ji)(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)路有運算放大器(qi)(qi)、乘法器(qi)(qi)、集(ji)(ji)(ji)成穩壓器(qi)(qi)、定時器(qi)(qi)、信號發(fa)生器(qi)(qi)等。數(shu)字集(ji)(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)路品(pin)種很多(duo)，小規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)路有多(duo)種門電(dian)(dian)(dian)路，即(ji)與非(fei)門、非(fei)門、或門等；中規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)路有數(shu)據選擇(ze)器(qi)(qi)、編碼譯碼器(qi)(qi)、觸(chu)發(fa)器(qi)(qi)、計(ji)數(shu)器(qi)(qi)、寄存器(qi)(qi)等。大規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)或超大規(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)路有PLD（可編程邏輯器(qi)(qi)件）和ASIC（專(zhuan)用集(ji)(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)路）。

從PLD和ASIC這(zhe)個角度來講，元件、器(qi)(qi)件、電路(lu)(lu)、系統(tong)之間的(de)(de)區別(bie)不(bu)(bu)再是(shi)很(hen)嚴格。不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)如此(ci)，PLD器(qi)(qi)件本身只是(shi)一個硬(ying)件載體，載入不(bu)(bu)同(tong)程序(xu)就(jiu)可(ke)以實現(xian)(xian)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)電路(lu)(lu)功能。因此(ci)，現(xian)(xian)代(dai)的(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)件已經不(bu)(bu)是(shi)純硬(ying)件了，軟件器(qi)(qi)件和以及相應(ying)的(de)(de)軟件電子學在現(xian)(xian)代(dai)電子設計中得(de)到(dao)了較多(duo)的(de)(de)應(ying)用，其地(di)位也越來越重要(yao)。

（二）按制作工藝分類

集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)按制作工(gong)藝可分為半導體集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)和薄膜集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。

膜集成電路又分類(lei)厚膜集成電路和薄(bo)膜集成電路。

（三）按集成度高低分類

集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電路按(an)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)大小(xiao)分(fen)為：小(xiao)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電路（SSI）、中(zhong)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電路（MSI）、大規(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電路（LSI）、超大規(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電路（VLSI）、特大規(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電路（ULSI）。

（四）按導電類型不同分類

集成電(dian)路(lu)按導(dao)電(dian)類(lei)型可(ke)分為雙(shuang)極(ji)(ji)型集成電(dian)路(lu)和單(dan)極(ji)(ji)型集成電(dian)路(lu)。

雙(shuang)極(ji)型(xing)集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)制作(zuo)工藝(yi)復雜(za)，功(gong)耗較(jiao)(jiao)大，代(dai)表(biao)集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)有TTL、ECL、HTL、LST-TL、STTL等(deng)類(lei)型(xing)。單(dan)極(ji)型(xing)集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)制作(zuo)工藝(yi)簡單(dan)，功(gong)耗也較(jiao)(jiao)低(di)，易(yi)于制成(cheng)大規模集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)，代(dai)表(biao)集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)有CMOS、NMOS、PMOS等(deng)類(lei)型(xing)。

（五）按用途分類

集成電路按(an)用(yong)(yong)途可分(fen)為電(dian)(dian)視機用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。音響用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、影碟(die)機用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、錄像機用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、電(dian)(dian)腦（微(wei)機）用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、電(dian)(dian)子琴(qin)用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、通信用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、照相機用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、遙控集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、語言(yan)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、報警器用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)及各種專用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)視機用(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)包括行、場掃描集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、中(zhong)放(fang)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、伴音集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、彩色解碼(ma)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、AV/TV轉換集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、遙控集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、麗(li)音解碼(ma)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、畫中(zhong)畫處理集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、微處理器(qi)（CPU）集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、存儲器(qi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)等。

音(yin)響(xiang)用集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)包括AM/FM高中(zhong)頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、立體聲解碼(ma)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、音(yin)頻(pin)前置(zhi)放大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、音(yin)頻(pin)運算放大(da)集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、音(yin)頻(pin)功率放大(da)集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、環繞聲處理(li)集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)平驅動集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)音(yin)量控(kong)制(zhi)集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、延時(shi)混響(xiang)集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)開關集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)等。

影碟機(ji)用集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)有系統(tong)控制集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、視頻編碼集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、MPEG解碼集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、音(yin)頻信號(hao)處理集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、音(yin)響效果集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、RF信號(hao)處理集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、數字信號(hao)處理集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、伺(si)服集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)驅動集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)等(deng)。

錄像機用(yong)集(ji)成(cheng)電路(lu)有系(xi)統控制集(ji)成(cheng)電路(lu)、伺服集(ji)成(cheng)電路(lu)、驅(qu)動集(ji)成(cheng)電路(lu)、音頻處理集(ji)成(cheng)電路(lu)、視(shi)頻處理集(ji)成(cheng)電路(lu)。