天然石材是指從天然巖體中開采出來的，并經加工成塊狀或板狀材料的總稱。石材作為(wei)一種高檔(dang)建筑(zhu)裝飾材料廣泛(fan)應用于(yu)室內(nei)外裝飾設計(ji)、幕墻裝飾和(he)公共(gong)設施建設。目(mu)前(qian)市(shi)場(chang)上(shang)常見的石材主要分為(wei)天(tian)然石和(he)人造石、大理石。

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建筑裝飾用的(de)(de)(de)天(tian)然石(shi)(shi)(shi)材主要有花崗(gang)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)和大(da)理石(shi)(shi)(shi)兩大(da)種。所謂大(da)理石(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)沉積的(de)(de)(de)或變(bian)質的(de)(de)(de)碳酸(suan)鹽巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)，有大(da)理巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、白云(yun)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、灰巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、砂(sha)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、頁(ye)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)和板巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等。如我國(guo)著名(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)漢白玉就是(shi)(shi)北京房山產的(de)(de)(de)白云(yun)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，云(yun)南大(da)理石(shi)(shi)(shi)則(ze)(ze)(ze)是(shi)(shi)產于大(da)理縣的(de)(de)(de)大(da)理巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，著名(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)丹東綠(lv)則(ze)(ze)(ze)為(wei)蛇紋(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)硅卡巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。同樣，作(zuo)為(wei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)材開(kai)采的(de)(de)(de)各類(lei)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)漿巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，如花崗(gang)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、安山巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、輝綠(lv)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、綠(lv)長(chang)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、片麻(ma)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等稱之(zhi)為(wei)花崗(gang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)。如北京白虎澗的(de)(de)(de)白色花崗(gang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)花崗(gang)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，濟南青(qing)是(shi)(shi)輝長(chang)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，而青(qing)島的(de)(de)(de)黑(hei)色花崗(gang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)則(ze)(ze)(ze)是(shi)(shi)輝綠(lv)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。

天然石材種類有哪些

1、砂巖

砂(sha)(sha)巖(yan)主(zhu)要(yao)由(you)礦物和巖(yan)石(shi)顆(ke)粒（顆(ke)粒大(da)小為0.06-2mm）組成的并含有(you)60%以上二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)硅的一類(lei)沉積(ji)巖(yan)。其擁(yong)有(you)硅土(tu)，氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鐵，碳酸鹽或粘土(tu)凝(ning)結而成的一種多空(kong)隙結構。分類(lei)：商業上主(zhu)要(yao)分為藍灰砂(sha)(sha)巖(yan)，褐色(se)砂(sha)(sha)巖(yan)，正石(shi)英砂(sha)(sha)巖(yan)，石(shi)英巖(yan)，礫石(shi)，粉砂(sha)(sha)巖(yan)。

2、板巖

板巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)是(shi)具有(you)板狀結(jie)構，基本沒有(you)重結(jie)晶的巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)石，是(shi)一種變(bian)質(zhi)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，原巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)為(wei)泥質(zhi)、粉(fen)質(zhi)或(huo)中(zhong)性凝灰巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，沿(yan)板理方向可以剝成(cheng)薄(bo)片。板巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的顏色(se)(se)隨其(qi)所含有(you)的雜質(zhi)不同而變(bian)化，含鐵的為(wei)紅(hong)色(se)(se)或(huo)黃色(se)(se)；含碳質(zhi)的為(wei)黑色(se)(se)或(huo)灰色(se)(se)；含鈣的遇鹽酸(suan)會起泡，因此一般以其(qi)顏色(se)(se)命名分類，如會綠色(se)(se)板巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、黑色(se)(se)板巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、鈣質(zhi)板巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等。

3、大理石

大理(li)石(shi)由沉積巖(yan)(yan)(yan)和沉積巖(yan)(yan)(yan)的變(bian)質(zhi)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)，是石(shi)灰石(shi)重(zhong)結晶形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)后的一種變(bian)質(zhi)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)，通常伴隨有生物遺體的紋理(li)。從商業(ye)角度來說，所有天然形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)、能(neng)夠進行拋光(guang)的石(shi)灰質(zhi)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)石(shi)都稱之為大理(li)石(shi)，某些白云石(shi)和蛇紋巖(yan)(yan)(yan)也是如此。

4、花崗巖

花崗(gang)巖屬火成巖，由地(di)下巖漿噴出和(he)侵(qin)入冷卻結晶，以及花崗(gang)質的(de)變質巖等形成。具有可見的(de)晶體結構和(he)紋理。花崗(gang)巖的(de)比(bi)(bi)重在2.63到2.75之間，其(qi)抗壓強度為(wei)1，050~14，000千克/平方(fang)厘米（15，000~20，000磅/平方(fang)英寸(cun)）。因為(wei)花崗(gang)巖的(de)強度比(bi)(bi)沙(sha)巖、石灰石和(he)大(da)理石大(da)，因此(ci)比(bi)(bi)較難于開采。

5、石灰石

石灰石是沉積源(yuan)形(xing)成的一(yi)種巖石(shi)(shi)，主要成分是碳(tan)酸鈣(gai)、鈣(gai)鎂碳(tan)酸鹽(yan)或(huo)者(zhe)碳(tan)酸鈣(gai)和碳(tan)酸鎂的混合(he)物。重(zhong)結晶(jing)石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)(hui)石(shi)(shi)、結實的微晶(jing)石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)(hui)石(shi)(shi)以(yi)及能(neng)拋光的石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)(hui)華都被作為石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)(hui)石(shi)(shi)或(huo)大理石(shi)(shi)進(jin)行宣(xuan)傳和銷(xiao)售，尤其是在美國。

天然石材有什么作用

無(wu)論有多少替(ti)代品(pin)和仿(fang)制品(pin)，天然石(shi)材(cai)永遠有它(ta)無(wu)法抵擋的自然魅力。在日常生(sheng)活中天然石(shi)材(cai)主要用于(yu)鋪設地(di)(di)面(mian)或者家居臥(wo)室地(di)(di)面(mian)的裝飾(shi)(shi)，目前，主要用于(yu)建筑(zhu)裝飾(shi)(shi)的天然石(shi)材(cai)是花崗石(shi)、大理石(shi)、板(ban)巖和其它(ta)一(yi)些用于(yu)局部裝飾(shi)(shi)的石(shi)材(cai)。

花(hua)崗石比較堅硬(ying)、耐磨，有粗面(mian)(mian)和(he)光面(mian)(mian)兩種(zhong)效果，主要用于(yu)(yu)鋪砌地(di)面(mian)(mian)。由于(yu)(yu)它(ta)的高硬(ying)度(du)，帶來施(shi)工的困難和(he)色系單(dan)調，大理石質地(di)柔和(he)些，易于(yu)(yu)切割或雕(diao)刻成形，紋理自然(ran)多樣，適用于(yu)(yu)墻面(mian)(mian)和(he)地(di)面(mian)(mian)裝飾。

板巖、頁巖等一些外觀粗糙的天然石材適(shi)宜做(zuo)局(ju)部裝飾(shi)，若有較大空間，所使用(yong)的面積可以略大一些。

天(tian)然石材的(de)自(zi)然紋理和活潑生動的(de)線(xian)條(tiao)雖是優于(yu)人(ren)工(gong)制品的(de)特點(dian)，但由(you)(you)于(yu)受限于(yu)原始因(yin)素(su)，若(ruo)施工(gong)面積較大，要找(zhao)到同(tong)批色澤(ze)、紋路一致(zhi)的(de)板材，需要花(hua)費(fei)時(shi)間與精(jing)力(li)。同(tong)樣由(you)(you)于(yu)自(zi)然形(xing)成(cheng)，細(xi)微疏松裂(lie)紋處易折損，如果使用前防潮處理不(bu)夠，也會從紋理處吸入過量水(shui)分，鋪裝(zhuang)后產生難以清(qing)除(chu)的(de)水(shui)漬。

另外，居室中用石材有兩個因素必須要考慮。一是承重是否允許，應經過物業部門允許；二是防止在居室中使用過量放射性的，以致對人體造成危害的石材，購買時(shi)要看其放射性(xing)(xing)是否超(chao)標。按國(guo)家規定，只有符合天然石材(cai)放射性(xing)(xing)水(shui)平A類的才可(ke)在家庭中使用。