太(tai)陽(yang)能如(ru)何轉化(hua) 太(tai)陽(yang)能轉化(hua)成熱能和電能的(de)方式

太(tai)陽能(neng)如何轉化(hua) 太(tai)陽能(neng)轉化(hua)成熱能(neng)和電能(neng)的方式

太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是一種輻(fu)射能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，具有即時(shi)性(xing)，必須即時(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)其它形(xing)式能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)才能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)和貯(zhu)存(cun)。將(jiang)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)不(bu)同(tong)形(xing)式的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)需要(yao)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)器(qi)：集熱器(qi)通(tong)過吸收面(mian)可以將(jiang)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)光(guang)伏效(xiao)應(ying)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)電池可以將(jiang)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)電能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，通(tong)過光(guang)合作用(yong)(yong)(yong)植物可以將(jiang)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，等等。原(yuan)則上，太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)可以直接(jie)或(huo)間接(jie)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)任何形(xing)式的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)，但轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)次數越(yue)多，最(zui)終太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)的(de)(de)效(xiao)率便越(yue)低。

太陽能-熱能轉換

黑(hei)(hei)色吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)面(mian)吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)太陽(yang)(yang)輻(fu)射，可(ke)以(yi)將太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉換成(cheng)(cheng)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)，其吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)好，但輻(fu)射熱損失大，所以(yi)黑(hei)(hei)色吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)面(mian)不是(shi)理(li)想的(de)(de)(de)太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)面(mian)。選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)性吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)面(mian)具有(you)高的(de)(de)(de)太陽(yang)(yang)吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)比(bi)和低的(de)(de)(de)發射比(bi)，吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)太陽(yang)(yang)輻(fu)射的(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)好，且輻(fu)射熱損失小，是(shi)比(bi)較理(li)想的(de)(de)(de)太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)面(mian)。這(zhe)種吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)面(mian)由選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)性吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)材料制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)，簡(jian)稱為選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)性涂層(ceng)。它是(shi)在本世紀40年代提出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)，1955年達到實用(yong)要求，70年代以(yi)后(hou)研制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)許多新型選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)性涂層(ceng)并進行批量生(sheng)產和推廣應用(yong)，目前已研制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)上百種選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)性涂層(ceng)。

太陽能-電能轉換

電能是一種高(gao)品位能量，利(li)用(yong)、傳(chuan)輸和分(fen)配(pei)都比(bi)較(jiao)方便。將太(tai)陽(yang)能轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)為電能是大規(gui)模利(li)用(yong)太(tai)陽(yang)能的重要技術基礎，世界各國都十分(fen)重視，其轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)途徑很多(duo)，有光電直接(jie)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)，有光熱電間接(jie)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)等。這里重點介紹光電直接(jie)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)器(qi)件(jian)--太(tai)陽(yang)電池(chi)。

世界(jie)上(shang)，1941年(nian)出現有關硅太陽電(dian)(dian)(dian)池報導，1954年(nian)研制(zhi)成(cheng)效(xiao)率達(da)6%的單(dan)晶(jing)硅太陽電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，1958年(nian)太陽電(dian)(dian)(dian)池應(ying)用于衛星供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。在(zai)70年(nian)代以前，由于太陽電(dian)(dian)(dian)池效(xiao)率低，售價昂(ang)貴，主(zhu)要應(ying)用在(zai)空間。70年(nian)代以后，對太陽電(dian)(dian)(dian)池材料、結構和(he)工(gong)藝(yi)進行了廣泛研究，在(zai)提高效(xiao)率和(he)降低成(cheng)本方面取得(de)較大進展，地面應(ying)用規模(mo)逐漸(jian)擴大，但從(cong)大規模(mo)利用太陽能而言，與常規發電(dian)(dian)(dian)相(xiang)比，成(cheng)本仍然大高。

目前(qian)，世界上(shang)太(tai)陽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的實驗(yan)室效率(lv)最高水準為：單晶硅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)24%（4cm2），多晶硅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)18.6%（4cm2），InGaP/GaAs雙(shuang)結電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)30.28%（AM1），非晶硅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)14.5%（初始）、12.8（穩定），碲化(hua)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)15.8%，硅帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)14.6%，二(er)氧化(hua)鈦有機納米電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)10.96%。