電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)用以傳輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(磁)能,信息和實(shi)現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁能轉換的(de)線(xian)材(cai)產(chan)品(pin)。廣義的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)亦(yi)簡(jian)稱為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan),狹義的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是指絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。每個(ge)家里(li)都要(yao)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就離不開電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)是每個(ge)家庭裝修需(xu)要(yao)慎重購(gou)買的(de)重要(yao)對象。那家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)有哪些(xie)種(zhong)類?如何選購(gou)優質的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)?電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)安裝需(xu)注意什么呢(ni)?接下來小編就來一一解答(da)。
1、硬(ying)線
專業稱為BV電(dian)線(xian)(xian),主(zhu)要用(yong)于供電(dian),照明,插座,空(kong)調,適用(yong)于交流電(dian)壓(ya)450/750V及以下動(dong)力裝置、日用(yong)電(dian)器、儀(yi)表及電(dian)信(xin)設(she)備用(yong)的(de)電(dian)纜電(dian)線(xian)(xian)。硬線(xian)(xian)有一(yi)定的(de)硬度,在折角,拉直(zhi)方面會更加(jia)方便(bian)一(yi)些。
2、軟線(xian)
專(zhuan)業稱為BVR電(dian)線,適用于(yu)交(jiao)流電(dian)壓450/750V及(ji)以下動力裝(zhuang)置、日用電(dian)器(qi)、儀(yi)表及(ji)電(dian)信設(she)備用的電(dian)纜(lan)電(dian)線,如配電(dian)箱。軟(ruan)線相對(dui)硬線制作較復雜(za),高頻電(dian)路軟(ruan)線比硬線載流量(liang)大。
3、硬、軟(ruan)線(弱電線)
分(fen)別由單(dan)根(gen)和數根(gen)銅芯(xin)線組成,一般指網線,電(dian)壓比(bi)較低的電(dian)線電(dian)纜。
4、電線(xian)常見(jian)規格型號(hao)分類(lei)
電線多少平方即指的是電線的尺寸,常見的尺寸有1.5平方、2.5平方、4平方、6平方、10平方這幾種。電線平方是平方毫米,是指電線導線的截面積大小。詳細>>
1、導線直流(liu)電(dian)阻(zu)的測量:
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的(de)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線芯主要傳(chuan)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)號。導線的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻是其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣性能(neng)的(de)主要指標(biao),在交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)時線芯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻由(you)于(yu)集膚(fu)效應、鄰近效應面比直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)時大,但在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻(pin)率(lv)為(wei)50Hz時兩者相差很(hen)小,現(xian)在標(biao)準(zhun)規定只(zhi)能(neng)要求檢測線芯的(de)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻率(lv)是否超過標(biao)準(zhun)中(zhong)的(de)規定的(de)值,通過此項的(de)檢查可(ke)以(yi)發現(xian)生(sheng)產工藝中(zhong)的(de)某些缺陷,如導線斷(duan)裂(lie)或其中(zhong)部(bu)分單線斷(duan)裂(lie)、導線截面不符合標(biao)準(zhun)、產品的(de)長度不正(zheng)確等。
2、絕緣(yuan)電阻的測試:
絕緣電(dian)(dian)阻式(shi)反映電(dian)(dian)線電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)產(chan)品絕緣特性(xing)的重(zhong)要指標,與該產(chan)品的耐電(dian)(dian)強(qiang)度(du),介質損耗,以及絕緣材料在(zai)工作(zuo)狀態下的逐(zhu)漸劣化等(deng)均有密切的關系。對于通信電(dian)(dian)纜(lan),線間絕緣電(dian)(dian)阻過(guo)低還(huan)會增大回路(lu)衰(shuai)減(jian)、回路(lu)間的串音及在(zai)導電(dian)(dian)線芯(xin)上進(jin)行遠(yuan)距離供電(dian)(dian)泄露等(deng),因此都要求絕緣電(dian)(dian)阻應高于規定值。
3、電(dian)容及損耗因數的測量(liang):
電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)加上交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓,就有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)過(guo),當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)(de)幅(fu)值和頻率一定時,電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小(xiao)是正比于電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(Cx)。對于超(chao)高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),這種電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)可(ke)(ke)能達到(dao)與額(e)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)相(xiang)比的(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)值,成為限制電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)容(rong)量和傳輸(shu)距離的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要因素。因此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)也(ye)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)性能參數(shu)之一。 通過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)和損(sun)耗因數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)測量可(ke)(ke)以(yi)發現(xian)絕(jue)緣受潮,絕(jue)緣層和屏蔽層脫落等各種絕(jue)緣劣化(hua)現(xian)象(xiang),因此(ci)無論在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)制造(zao)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)運行(xing)中都有(you)(you)進(jin)行(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)和TANδ的(de)(de)(de)(de)測量。
4、絕緣(yuan)強度試驗:
電(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)(jue)緣強(qiang)度是指(zhi)絕(jue)(jue)緣結構(gou)和絕(jue)(jue)緣材料承受電(dian)(dian)場作用(yong)而不發生擊穿(chuan)破壞(huai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力,為了檢查電(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜產品(pin)質量,保證產品(pin)能(neng)(neng)安全運(yun)行(xing),所(suo)有(you)絕(jue)(jue)緣類型的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜一(yi)般都(dou)要進行(xing)絕(jue)(jue)緣強(qiang)度試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)。絕(jue)(jue)緣強(qiang)度試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)可(ke)分為耐(nai)壓試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)和擊穿(chuan)試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)。 時(shi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓一(yi)般高于該試(shi)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)額定工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)壓,具體電(dian)(dian)壓值和耐(nai)壓時(shi)間,產品(pin)標準中(zhong)均有(you)規定,通過耐(nai)壓試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)可(ke)以考驗(yan)(yan)(yan)產品(pin)在工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)壓下(xia)運(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)靠(kao)性和發現(xian)絕(jue)(jue)緣中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴(yan)重缺陷(xian),也可(ke)發現(xian)生產工(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些缺點。
5、老化及穩(wen)定(ding)性試(shi)驗:
老化試(shi)驗(yan)即(ji)是(shi)在應力(li)(機械、電、熱(re))作用(yong)下,能否保持性能穩定的穩定性試(shi)驗(yan)。
熱(re)(re)老化(hua)(hua)(hua)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan):簡單的熱(re)(re)老化(hua)(hua)(hua)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)是考驗(yan)試(shi)(shi)品(pin)在(zai)熱(re)(re)的作用(yong)下發生老化(hua)(hua)(hua)的特性,把試(shi)(shi)品(pin)放在(zai)高于(yu)額定工作溫度(du)(du)溫度(du)(du)一定值的環境中,這樣在(zai)較高的溫度(du)(du)T下,得到較短的壽(shou)命。
6、熱(re)穩定試驗:
熱(re)穩定(ding)(ding)性試(shi)驗(yan)是(shi)電纜通過(guo)電流加熱(re)的同時還(huan)承受(shou)一定(ding)(ding)的電壓,在經歷一定(ding)(ding)周期加熱(re)之后,測(ce)定(ding)(ding)某(mou)些敏感的性能參數來評(ping)定(ding)(ding)絕緣(yuan)的穩定(ding)(ding)性。 絕緣(yuan)穩定(ding)(ding)性試(shi)驗(yan)分為長期的穩定(ding)(ding)性試(shi)驗(yan)或(huo)短期的加速(su)老化試(shi)驗(yan)兩(liang)種(zhong)。
1、定義(yi)不同
廣義上(shang),人們(men)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)統一稱(cheng)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)之間,沒(mei)有準確且(qie)固定的概念(nian)區分(fen),一般僅以日(ri)常(chang)經驗來(lai)進行區分(fen)。在狹義上(shang),分(fen)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)一般都是由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)導體、絕(jue)緣層(ceng)和(he)護套層(ceng)三個(ge)部(bu)分(fen)組成(cheng)。
2、結構不同
電線(xian)是由一根(gen)或(huo)(huo)幾(ji)根(gen)柔軟(ruan)的(de)導線(xian)組(zu)成,外(wai)面包以輕軟(ruan)的(de)護層,用于(yu)承載電流的(de)導電金屬線(xian)材。有實(shi)心(xin)的(de)﹑絞合的(de)或(huo)(huo)箔片(pian)編(bian)織的(de)等各種(zhong)形式(shi)。按絕(jue)緣狀況分為裸電線(xian)和絕(jue)緣電線(xian)兩大類。
電(dian)纜(lan)由一根(gen)(gen)或多根(gen)(gen)相互絕(jue)緣的導電(dian)線(xian)心置于密(mi)封(feng)護套中構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)的絕(jue)緣導線(xian)。其外可加保護覆蓋(gai)層﹐用(yong)于傳輸﹑分配電(dian)能或傳送電(dian)信號。它與普通電(dian)線(xian)的差別主要是(shi)電(dian)纜(lan)尺寸較(jiao)大﹐結(jie)構(gou)(gou)較(jiao)復雜。
3、直徑不(bu)同
直徑(jing)(jing)小的(de)(de)(de)叫“線”;直徑(jing)(jing)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)叫“纜”。結(jie)構(gou)簡單的(de)(de)(de)叫“線”;結(jie)構(gou)復雜的(de)(de)(de)叫“纜”。
隨(sui)著(zhu)使用范圍的擴大,很多品種“線(xian)中(zhong)有(you)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)”,“纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)中(zhong)有(you)線(xian)”。所以沒有(you)必要嚴(yan)格區(qu)分。在日常習慣上,人們把(ba)家用布電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)叫(jiao)做電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian),把(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)簡稱電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)主要包括裸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)、繞組線(xian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)、通信電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)與光纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣裝(zhuang)備(bei)用。
1、看包裝
看(kan)包裝(zhuang)中(zhong)有(you)完整的(de)合(he)格證(zheng),合(he)格證(zheng)上應(ying)包括規(gui)格、執行尺度、額定電(dian)壓(ya)、長度、日期、廠名(ming)廠址等完整信息。看(kan)有(you)無中(zhong)國國家強制(zhi)產(chan)品認證(zheng)的(de)“CCC”和出產(chan)許可證(zheng)號;看(kan)有(you)無質量體系認證(zheng)書(shu);看(kan)合(he)格證(zheng)是(shi)否(fou)規(gui)范;看(kan)電(dian)線上是(shi)否(fou)印有(you)商標、規(gui)格、電(dian)壓(ya)等。
2、檢查電(dian)線尺寸
在相關尺度中(zhong)劃定,電(dian)線長度的誤(wu)差不(bu)能超(chao)過(guo)2%,截面線徑(jing)不(bu)能超(chao)過(guo)0.02%,但市(shi)場上(shang)存(cun)在著大量在長度上(shang)短斤(jin)少兩、在截面上(shang)弄(nong)虛(xu)作假的現象。
3、看銅的(de)顏色
合(he)格的(de)銅(tong)芯(xin)(xin)電線銅(tong)芯(xin)(xin)應該是紫(zi)紅(hong)色、有光澤、手感軟(ruan)。而(er)偽劣的(de)銅(tong)芯(xin)(xin)線銅(tong)芯(xin)(xin)為紫(zi)玄色、偏黃或偏白。
4、看絕(jue)緣膠(jiao)皮
偽劣電線絕緣層看上去好像很厚實(shi),實(shi)際上大多是用再生塑料制成(cheng)的,只要(yao)稍用力擠(ji)壓,擠(ji)壓處會成(cheng)白色狀,并有(you)粉末(mo)掉落。
5、看(kan)電線重量(liang)
質量(liang)(liang)好的電線(xian),一般都在劃定(ding)的重量(liang)(liang)范圍內。如常用的截面積為(wei)1.5mm2的塑料絕緣單股銅芯線(xian),每100m重量(liang)(liang)為(wei)1.8~1.9kg。
6、看電線芯大(da)小
幾(ji)芯(xin)(xin)(xin)一般指(zhi)電(dian)纜而言(yan),它(ta)專指(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)外皮內部存在著幾(ji)根(gen)互(hu)(hu)相(xiang)(xiang)絕(jue)緣(yuan)的導線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),有幾(ji)根(gen)就(jiu)是(shi)幾(ji)芯(xin)(xin)(xin),如果(guo)互(hu)(hu)相(xiang)(xiang)之間不絕(jue)緣(yuan),有多少根(gen)都算一芯(xin)(xin)(xin)。兩芯(xin)(xin)(xin)是(shi)指(zhi)2根(gen)相(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)絕(jue)緣(yuan)的電(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)包在一起,一般用在220V以內的家用電(dian)。三(san)芯(xin)(xin)(xin)有2種,一種是(shi)2相(xiang)(xiang)三(san)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)制(zhi),一種是(shi)三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)三(san)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)制(zhi),4芯(xin)(xin)(xin)是(shi)三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)4線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)制(zhi)的,三(san)個(ge)火線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),一個(ge)零線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),5芯(xin)(xin)(xin)是(shi)三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)5線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)制(zhi)。
7、看品牌
名優品牌,質量當然上乘。因此選購的時候,最好選擇信譽良好的品牌產品。因為只有大品牌才會珍惜自身的品牌形象和品牌價值,不會做虛假宣傳的,而且更加注重品質和服務。詳細>>
1、正確的連(lian)線(xian)方(fang)式
在(zai)鋪設(she)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)的過程(cheng)中應(ying)盡量避免出現接(jie)頭(tou)(tou),因為往(wang)往(wang)接(jie)頭(tou)(tou)處(chu)是最容易出現較大(da)的電(dian)(dian)阻,導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)線(xian)發熱,如(ru)果實在(zai)避免不了產生接(jie)頭(tou)(tou),那么需要在(zai)接(jie)頭(tou)(tou)外用絕緣膠布纏緊。
2、選(xuan)擇(ze)合理(li)的安裝形式(shi)
安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)室內(nei)電線(xian)可選(xuan)擇采用(yong)明(ming)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)和暗(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)兩(liang)種不(bu)同的(de)形式,明(ming)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)就(jiu)是沿著墻(qiang)壁及天花(hua)板(ban)的(de)表(biao)面等處敷設的(de),注意家庭(ting)自行明(ming)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)時千萬不(bu)能(neng)擠壓或者折疊(die)電線(xian),一定要將(jiang)電線(xian)固(gu)定牢固(gu)。暗(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)則(ze)是指在墻(qiang)壁內(nei)或天花(hua)板(ban)內(nei)等地方敷設的(de)電線(xian),為了安全(quan)起見,暗(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)必須由專業(ye)的(de)人(ren)員進行操作(zuo)。
3、正確使用地(di)線
對于一些洗衣機和電冰箱這種需要用三相插頭的電器,一定要安裝可靠的地線。詳細>>
誤區1:強弱電共管
將所有的電線(xian)(xian)收納在(zai)一(yi)(yi)起(qi),電源線(xian)(xian)、網線(xian)(xian)、電話線(xian)(xian)等(deng)都放(fang)在(zai)同一(yi)(yi)個底合中,這(zhe)樣線(xian)(xian)路之間會受到干擾,導致(zhi)信號(hao)不穩定。還會為家居(ju)發生火災(zai)埋下隱(yin)患。強(qiang)弱電應該分開(kai)走線(xian)(xian),嚴禁強(qiang)弱電共用一(yi)(yi)管(guan)和一(yi)(yi)個底盒,強(qiang)電線(xian)(xian)路平行(xing)間距(ju)不能低于3cm,最(zui)好是50cm,交叉必須成直(zhi)角。
誤區2:重復布線
每一條電(dian)線(xian)(xian)都使用一根管(guan)線(xian)(xian),墻面內部(bu)就埋下了不少的(de)(de)管(guan)道,等到日后維修的(de)(de)時(shi)候,難以找(zhao)出問題管(guan)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)位(wei)置。一般(ban)來說,線(xian)(xian)路應該做成“活線(xian)(xian)”,在不超過管(guan)線(xian)(xian)容(rong)量的(de)(de)百(bai)分之四十(shi)的(de)(de)情況下,將同一走(zou)向的(de)(de)電(dian)線(xian)(xian)放在一根管(guan)內。這樣既經濟,又避免了日后維修的(de)(de)麻煩。
誤(wu)區3:電(dian)線不加(jia)套(tao)管直埋
電線沒有用絕緣管套(tao)好,接頭(tou)直接裸(luo)露在外,這樣容易引發安全(quan)隱(yin)患。電線的鋪設應規(gui)范(fan)明確,電線外必(bi)須有絕緣套(tao)管保護,接頭(tou)不能(neng)裸(luo)露在外。因此,在施(shi)工監(jian)理的時候,業主必(bi)須監(jian)督好施(shi)工方是否按(an)要(yao)求(qiu)施(shi)工。
誤區4:插座導線隨意安裝
電源導線必須使用銅線橫截面。如果住的是舊房子,一定要把原來的鋁線換成銅線。因為鋁線極易氧化,接頭處容易打火。記得布線時一定要遵循“火線進開關,零線進燈頭”的原則,還要在插座上設漏電保護裝置。詳細>>
1、避免讓(rang)(rang)電線(xian)受潮、受熱(re)、受腐蝕或碰傷(shang),盡量在使用電線(xian)時讓(rang)(rang)其原理這(zhe)些(xie)不健康的環境(jing)。
2、使用電(dian)線一(yi)段時(shi)間(jian)后,要對(dui)電(dian)線做好(hao)定期檢查,如若發現(xian)問(wen)題,應該在第一(yi)時(shi)間(jian)內更換。
3、不要(yao)讓電線超負(fu)荷使用,避免出現意外事故(gu)。
4、時(shi)不時(shi)檢查(cha)一下家中電氣和線(xian)路的使(shi)用(yong)情況(kuang),發現問題,及時(shi)進行維護(hu)和檢修。
5、一(yi)些因為被安裝(zhuang)在老式建筑線路(lu),或(huo)年(nian)久(jiu)失修的線路(lu),要(yao)檢(jian)查電(dian)線是(shi)否老化,如若(ruo)發現(xian)問(wen)題,應立即請電(dian)工(gong)予(yu)以搶(qiang)修。
6、格外注(zhu)意那些容易被(bei)洪水浸泡的線(xian)路,有必(bi)要(yao)的話,可以(yi)請電工(gong)遷移線(xian)路,并(bing)對其采(cai)取高架、防潮等措施進(jin)行防護(hu)。
7、雨天(tian)如停電應立即切斷電源,請電工(gong)檢(jian)查(cha)原(yuan)因,并派專人加以(yi)看護。