汽車發電機常見故障及維修方法

1、不充電

發動機(ji)在(zai)中等(deng)以上(shang)轉速(su)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流表指針(zhen)指示不充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)指示燈亮(liang)，首先(xian)要(yao)考慮蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)情況(kuang)，若充電(dian)(dian)(dian)不足(zu)為發電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置故障。

不(bu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)除了傳(chuan)動(dong)皮帶過松打(da)滑，一般(ban)要檢查發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)本身(shen)不(bu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)或調(diao)節器故(gu)障，以及充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)斷路(lu)(lu)故(gu)障。如(ru)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)內(nei)部整流脫落或電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)接(jie)線柱底部與二(er)極管(guan)元件板接(jie)觸處不(bu)通；二(er)極管(guan)擊穿短路(lu)(lu)，造成定(ding)子繞(rao)組燒損；電(dian)(dian)刷在炭(tan)刷架(jia)內(nei)卡住接(jie)觸不(bu)良，或磁場繞(rao)組斷路(lu)(lu)等(deng)。

診斷中(zhong)提(ti)高(gao)發動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉；開(kai)大燈，如(ru)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)表(biao)指(zhi)針(zhen)瞬間的偏(pian)轉放電(dian)(dian)方(fang)向(xiang)，則(ze)為發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)與(yu)調(diao)節(jie)器(qi)(qi)工作正常，而是蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)已足(zu)；若電(dian)(dian)流(liu)表(biao)指(zhi)針(zhen)較(jiao)大的偏(pian)向(xiang)放電(dian)(dian)方(fang)向(xiang)，則(ze)故(gu)障(zhang)在(zai)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)或調(diao)節(jie)器(qi)(qi)，應(ying)檢(jian)查充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)線路各接(jie)頭是否良好，風(feng)扇皮帶是否過松(song)及發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、調(diao)節(jie)器(qi)(qi)的技術(shu)狀況(kuang)。首(shou)先驗證充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統是否確實有故(gu)障(zhang)，將發動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)置于(yu)中(zhong)速運轉，在(zai)開(kai)前照燈的瞬間，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)表(biao)指(zhi)針(zhen)偏(pian)向(xiang)“+”方(fang)向(xiang)或保持原位不(bu)動(dong)，為蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池已充(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統工作正常。如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)流(liu)表(biao)指(zhi)針(zhen)偏(pian)向(xiang)“一”方(fang)向(xiang)，為充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統有故(gu)障(zhang)，應(ying)予檢(jian)修。

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2、充電電流過小

蓄電(dian)池在存電(dian)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)的情況下，提高發動機(ji)轉速，電(dian)流表指針指示較小(xiao)的充電(dian)電(dian)流，則為充電(dian)電(dian)流過小(xiao)故(gu)障。這一般是(shi)發電(dian)機(ji)本身電(dian)壓不(bu)(bu)足(zu)，調節器(qi)技(ji)術(shu)狀態(tai)不(bu)(bu)良以及充電(dian)線路中電(dian)阻增大所致(zhi)。

可按以下步驟判斷和排除：檢查蓄電池、發電機、調節器和電流表等各機件的接線柱及其導線連接是否牢靠。檢查風扇皮帶(dai)是否過(guo)松(song)而使(shi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉速不(bu)高。在上述情況正(zheng)常時(shi)，可在發(fa)動機(ji)中等(deng)轉速下檢查調節器(qi)的限額電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，拆檢發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)是否有磨(mo)損(sun)損(sun)壞(huai)的異常現象。檢查調節器(qi)活動觸點是否燒(shao)蝕或(huo)有無(wu)氧化(hua)物(wu)，活動觸點臂與鐵芯間間隙(xi)及彈簧拉力是否符(fu)合技術要(yao)求；調節器(qi)接線有無(wu)松(song)動現象。發(fa)現異常現象應及時(shi)修(xiu)復。發(fa)動機(ji)在中速以上運轉時(shi)，接通前照燈，若電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流仍(reng)顯示充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，為充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統技術狀況良好;若電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源表顯示放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，為充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流過(guo)小故障，應予檢修(xiu)。

3、充電電流過大

汽車電(dian)(dian)流表指針偏(pian)轉到最大充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流位置。若夜間行(xing)車，發動機轉速高時(shi)，就會出現照明和儀表指示燈(deng)特別亮，導(dao)致燈(deng)泡容易燒毀，分電(dian)(dian)器觸點燒蝕(shi)，蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液消(xiao)耗過快。

首(shou)先檢(jian)查調節器火線(xian)與磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)兩(liang)接(jie)(jie)線(xian)柱導線(xian)是(shi)否(fou)接(jie)(jie)錯，活動觸點(dian)是(shi)否(fou)燒蝕或粘合(he)于常閉狀態。檢(jian)查調節器時(shi)，可拆下(xia)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)接(jie)(jie)線(xian)，若充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)明顯減(jian)小，為調節器故障，可能(neng)(neng)是(shi)低速(su)觸點(dian)燒結(jie)分不開，線(xian)圈有斷(duan)路等，若充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)仍然很(hen)大，可能(neng)(neng)是(shi)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)接(jie)(jie)線(xian)和電(dian)(dian)樞接(jie)(jie)線(xian)有短(duan)路。首(shou)先檢(jian)查是(shi)否(fou)因蓄電(dian)(dian)池內部短(duan)路和嚴重(zhong)虧(kui)電(dian)(dian)而(er)引(yin)起充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)過大應予檢(jian)修。

4、充電電流不穩

在(zai)發動(dong)機(ji)怠速以上轉速運轉時，電(dian)(dian)流表指針左(zuo)右(you)擺動(dong)，顯示間歇充電(dian)(dian)（有(you)時充電(dian)(dian)有(you)時又不充電(dian)(dian)的(de)現象），一般為發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)壓不穩(wen)定(ding)。

首先(xian)應(ying)檢查(cha)(cha)各(ge)連接(jie)(jie)線(xian)頭是否(fou)松(song)(song)動和接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)不(bu)良，皮帶是否(fou)過松(song)(song)以及蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的極(ji)樁有(you)無松(song)(song)動。若無異常(chang)再檢查(cha)(cha)調(diao)節器觸(chu)點是否(fou)燒蝕、臟污，線(xian)圈或電(dian)阻(zu)有(you)無接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)不(bu)良、斷路等。仍無異常(chang)，則應(ying)拆檢發(fa)電(dian)機內部的技術狀況(kuang)，并(bing)逐項(xiang)修(xiu)(xiu)復。發(fa)電(dian)機中速以上(shang)運轉(zhuan)時，電(dian)流表(biao)指示充(chong)電(dian)，但(dan)指針不(bu)斷左右(you)擺動，充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流時大時小(xiao)，應(ying)予檢修(xiu)(xiu)。

5、發電機不發電

發電(dian)機不發電(dian)的主要原因是(shi)：整流二極管擊穿短(duan)路或(huo)斷路；激磁繞(rao)(rao)組短(duan)路或(huo)斷路；三相定子(zi)繞(rao)(rao)組相問短(duan)路或(huo)搭鐵；轉子(zi)滑環嚴重氧化臟(zang)污(wu)，炭刷(shua)(shua)架損壞或(huo)炭刷(shua)(shua)在(zai)刷(shua)(shua)架中卡住。逐步排查原因并進(jin)行(xing)維修即可(ke)。

汽車發電機維修注意事項

1、發電機各部位連接螺栓（母）要緊定可靠，導線接觸良好(hao)，避免松(song)動脫落而影(ying)響工作。

2、發電機正二(er)(er)極管(guan)壓(ya)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)在元(yuan)件板上，負二(er)(er)極管(guan)壓(ya)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)在發電機外殼上，二(er)(er)者不(bu)得裝(zhuang)(zhuang)錯。壓(ya)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)二(er)(er)極管(guan)時(shi)，其緊度要適當，過(guo)(guo)緊易損壞二(er)(er)極管(guan)，過(guo)(guo)松(song)會引起(qi)跳(tiao)火。

3、安裝(zhuang)更換(huan)蓄電池時嚴格保持負極(ji)搭鐵(tie)，發電機(ji)的(de)極(ji)性(xing)千(qian)萬不能裝(zhuang)反，以免二(er)極(ji)管燒壞(huai)。檢(jian)(jian)修(xiu)中不得(de)用試(shi)火法和短接法及兆(zhao)歐表檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)，防止二(er)極(ji)管損壞(huai)。

4、各線柱不允許(xu)松動，防(fang)止接觸(chu)不良或產生瞬時超電(dian)壓燒壞二極管。

5、對(dui)發電(dian)機應(ying)做到按技術規(gui)范定期維護，出(chu)現故障(zhang)應(ying)及時(shi)檢修排除。

6、保持(chi)發(fa)電機(ji)和調節(jie)器接(jie)線完好，安裝牢固，負極搭鐵不得(de)搞錯。

7、用正確的(de)操作方法檢修其故障，以避免(mian)人為的(de)機(ji)件損壞。