【種(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)】國內馬鈴薯種(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)械(xie)研究進展 甘蔗種(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)存在的問題(ti)及解決方案

國內馬鈴薯種植機械研究進展

馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)薯是(shi)我國(guo)主要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)作物，其(qi)種(zhong)(zhong)植面積和產(chan)(chan)量(liang)位(wei)居世界前列，但馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)薯的(de)(de)機(ji)械化生產(chan)(chan)水平較(jiao)低。為了滿足(zu)馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)薯產(chan)(chan)業發展需要(yao)(yao)，我國(guo)引(yin)進了國(guo)外(wai)的(de)(de)一些馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)，如德國(guo)Grimme公(gong)司的(de)(de)馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)、意大利(li)Spedo公(gong)司的(de)(de)SPA-2型馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)、挪威Kverneland公(gong)司的(de)(de)馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)等(deng)，這(zhe)些產(chan)(chan)品(pin)是(shi)馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)代表(biao)，也(ye)是(shi)我國(guo)馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)(ling)薯種(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)的(de)(de)發展方向(xiang)。國(guo)外(wai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)技術雖(sui)然先進，但是(shi)價(jia)格很高，機(ji)具適應性和零配件供應不暢是(shi)用戶使用中面臨的(de)(de)較(jiao)大問(wen)題。

鈴薯種植機發展現狀

研究概況

20世紀80年代以來，馬鈴薯播種機械化得到快速發展，國內陸續有10多家科研院所和生產企業研制馬鈴薯播種機，取得突破性進(jin)展。其中中機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)美諾科技股份有(you)限(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)在(zai)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)方面處于(yu)領先地(di)位，2004—2006年(nian)，該(gai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)成(cheng)功開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)了(le)(le)(le)(le)2CM-2型(xing)雙行(xing)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)了(le)(le)(le)(le)交(jiao)叉取種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技術(shu)和(he)(he)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、肥分施技術(shu)；2006—2008年(nian)，開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)出適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)特定(ding)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)區域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)壟雙行(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)；2008—2011年(nian)，開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)出2CM-4型(xing)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，作業(ye)(ye)效率(lv)大(da)大(da)提高(gao)，用(yong)(yong)戶反饋良好。在(zai)后續的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)品改(gai)進(jin)過程中，又增(zeng)加了(le)(le)(le)(le)覆膜和(he)(he)噴藥作業(ye)(ye)附件，增(zeng)強了(le)(le)(le)(le)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適(shi)應(ying)性。2012—2013年(nian)，在(zai)2CM-4型(xing)產(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上增(zeng)設(she)(she)了(le)(le)(le)(le)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)自動監控系統，降(jiang)低(di)了(le)(le)(le)(le)重(zhong)(zhong)播(bo)率(lv)和(he)(he)漏播(bo)率(lv)，提高(gao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)精度。2013年(nian)之(zhi)后，該(gai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)一直持(chi)續不斷地(di)對(dui)2CM-4型(xing)產(chan)品進(jin)行(xing)改(gai)進(jin)，目前已有(you)2CM-4B型(xing)新產(chan)品在(zai)市場上銷售。2014年(nian)，青島農(nong)業(ye)(ye)大(da)學研(yan)究設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)出一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)施肥聯合(he)作業(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，可一次完(wan)成(cheng)開(kai)溝(gou)、施肥、播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、覆土、起(qi)(qi)壟和(he)(he)覆膜等(deng)作業(ye)(ye)。該(gai)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手(shou)指狀取種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)，使漏播(bo)率(lv)和(he)(he)重(zhong)(zhong)播(bo)率(lv)降(jiang)低(di)；使用(yong)(yong)旋耕起(qi)(qi)壟裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)，在(zai)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溝(gou)均勻覆土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)能(neng)夠(gou)完(wan)成(cheng)起(qi)(qi)壟作業(ye)(ye)。2014年(nian)，黑龍江省農(nong)業(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械工程研(yan)究院在(zai)研(yan)學外國先進(jin)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上，設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)研(yan)究開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)了(le)(le)(le)(le)集開(kai)溝(gou)施肥、仿(fang)形開(kai)溝(gou)、播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)（薯(shu)(shu)(shu)塊(kuai)）、起(qi)(qi)壟（培土）于(yu)一體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)型(xing)4行(xing)牽引式(shi)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，通(tong)用(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)架為基礎進(jin)行(xing)各零部件間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變換與組合(he)，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不同作業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求；為實(shi)(shi)現(xian)播(bo)深(shen)一致及對(dui)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)深(shen)度進(jin)行(xing)精確調整控制，創新設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)單體(ti)(ti)仿(fang)形裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)。2015年(nian)，山東農(nong)業(ye)(ye)大(da)學改(gai)進(jin)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)了(le)(le)(le)(le)一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)補償式(shi)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，添加補償播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)激光對(dui)射傳(chuan)感器和(he)(he)步進(jin)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，能(neng)有(you)效實(shi)(shi)現(xian)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自動補償播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，降(jiang)低(di)了(le)(le)(le)(le)漏播(bo)率(lv)。2016年(nian)，牛康(kang)等(deng)為了(le)(le)(le)(le)提高(gao)鏈勺式(shi)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性能(neng)，使用(yong)(yong)EDEM軟件建立了(le)(le)(le)(le)排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)數值模型(xing)，設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)了(le)(le)(le)(le)具(ju)有(you)雙層(ceng)(ceng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱結構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)，以空種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)率(lv)和(he)(he)重(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)率(lv)為性能(neng)指標，試驗研(yan)究了(le)(le)(le)(le)排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)速度、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)勺直徑和(he)(he)充種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)度對(dui)充種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響規律(lv)，對(dui)雙層(ceng)(ceng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱式(shi)排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)進(jin)行(xing)了(le)(le)(le)(le)優化設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)。

技術發展趨勢

1、播種精度控制技術

該技術利(li)用(yong)磁效應原理設計(ji)馬鈴薯播(bo)(bo)種監(jian)測(ce)系(xi)統(tong)，其(qi)中(zhong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)采用(yong)接(jie)觸(chu)式(shi)傳感(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，主(zhu)要包(bao)括主(zhu)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、傳感(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)及(ji)線(xian)束。主(zhu)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)基于數(shu)字(zi)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)技術的(de)(de)核心，全(quan)模(mo)塊化(hua)設計(ji)，帶液晶顯(xian)示(shi)屏。每行實(shi)(shi)時(shi)漏(lou)(lou)播(bo)(bo)報(bao)(bao)警(jing)提示(shi)，并自行計(ji)算漏(lou)(lou)播(bo)(bo)率(lv)及(ji)記錄(lu)每個工作(zuo)段的(de)(de)面積(ji)。工作(zuo)中(zhong)，接(jie)觸(chu)式(shi)傳感(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)檢測(ce)種杯中(zhong)的(de)(de)種薯信號，播(bo)(bo)種正常(chang)時(shi)，傳感(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有一系(xi)列(lie)的(de)(de)連續脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)信號傳遞給(gei)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。當漏(lou)(lou)播(bo)(bo)時(shi)，控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)接(jie)收不(bu)到脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)信號，液晶顯(xian)示(shi)屏無監(jian)測(ce)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)，此時(shi)系(xi)統(tong)報(bao)(bao)警(jing)，提示(shi)工作(zuo)人員停機檢查。該系(xi)統(tong)分行實(shi)(shi)時(shi)監(jian)測(ce)感(gan)(gan)應數(shu)據(ju)(ju)，并可(ke)直(zhi)接(jie)將數(shu)據(ju)(ju)輸入(ru)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進行運(yun)算和邏(luo)輯判斷，控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)元件包(bao)括組合旋鈕、電源開關、監(jian)測(ce)啟(qi)停、液晶顯(xian)示(shi)屏等，控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)將傳感(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)傳遞的(de)(de)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)信號進行轉換，在液晶顯(xian)示(shi)屏上顯(xian)示(shi)監(jian)測(ce)到的(de)(de)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)。

2、鏈耙網仿形施肥技術

采(cai)用鏈耙網仿形(xing)施(shi)肥(fei)技(ji)術可以避免(mian)傳統(tong)外槽輪(lun)排(pai)肥(fei)器易堵塞，面(mian)肥(fei)、有(you)機肥(fei)無法施(shi)撒的(de)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題；解決(jue)了施(shi)肥(fei)機構(gou)通(tong)過性(xing)差的(de)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題；增大(da)最(zui)大(da)施(shi)肥(fei)量，滿足農藝要(yao)求(qiu)；仿形(xing)通(tong)過能(neng)力強，實現(xian)了雙側深施(shi)肥(fei)，解決(jue)種肥(fei)混施(shi)、燒種現(xian)象(xiang)嚴重的(de)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題。

3、開溝技術

馬鈴薯的種(zhong)薯不(bu)同(tong)于小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥、玉(yu)米、大豆等作物，其(qi)形狀、大小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)、物理特(te)性比較復雜，因此設計一種(zhong)靴(xue)式開溝(gou)器(qi)，該(gai)開溝(gou)器(qi)開溝(gou)阻力較小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)，開出(chu)的溝(gou)能夠很好地穩住排種(zhong)器(qi)排出(chu)的種(zhong)薯，有效控(kong)制種(zhong)薯的運動，保證種(zhong)薯的播種(zhong)株距。

近幾(ji)(ji)年，國(guo)內的馬鈴薯種(zhong)植(zhi)機械發展速度(du)很快，馬鈴薯種(zhong)植(zhi)機生產企業(ye)從幾(ji)(ji)家(jia)(jia)迅(xun)速擴張到(dao)幾(ji)(ji)十家(jia)(jia)，但從產品結構和功能來看，相似(si)度(du)較高，90%以(yi)上(shang)的產品仍停留(liu)在機械設計(ji)的改進(jin)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)，在播種(zhong)精(jing)度(du)檢測和監控(kong)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)，還(huan)處(chu)于探索階段，有待于進(jin)一步研(yan)究(jiu)。

甘蔗種植機

甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)化(hua)技術是(shi)甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)生產(chan)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)化(hua)的(de)(de)一個(ge)關(guan)鍵環(huan)節，也是(shi)難實(shi)現的(de)(de)一個(ge)環(huan)節，甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)化(hua)種(zhong)(zhong)植在(zai)發(fa)達國家(jia)已經(jing)得到廣(guang)泛(fan)應(ying)用，而我(wo)國甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)(ji)實(shi)際推廣(guang)應(ying)用的(de)(de)幾乎沒(mei)有(you)，依(yi)然采用機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)開溝(gou)，人工(gong)種(zhong)(zhong)植為主，種(zhong)(zhong)植技術主要包括開溝(gou)、施(shi)肥(fei)、切種(zhong)(zhong)下種(zhong)(zhong)、蓋膜、培(pei)土等工(gong)序(xu)，是(shi)勞動密集型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)作業工(gong)序(xu)。人工(gong)種(zhong)(zhong)植的(de)(de)效率低，而且勞動強度(du)大，生產(chan)成本高，是(shi)制(zhi)約我(wo)國糖蔗(zhe)(zhe)產(chan)業國際競爭力的(de)(de)重要技術瓶頸，因此，甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)化(hua)技術的(de)(de)推廣(guang)與(yu)應(ying)用已成為甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)生產(chan)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)化(hua)亟(ji)待(dai)解決(jue)的(de)(de)主要問題之一。近年來，我(wo)國有(you)不少(shao)企業與(yu)科研單(dan)位通過自主研發(fa)或引進、吸(xi)收(shou)、消化(hua)國外(wai)先進技術，在(zai)甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)領(ling)域已經(jing)積累了(le)較多的(de)(de)經(jing)驗，并設(she)計了(le)不少(shao)的(de)(de)甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)，但(dan)能推廣(guang)應(ying)用的(de)(de)卻依(yi)然沒(mei)有(you)，只有(you)少(shao)數國營農場與(yu)農村合作社在(zai)使用示范，甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)化(hua)技術得不到有(you)效推廣(guang)。

典型的甘蔗種植機設計機型

目前我國研(yan)發生產的甘蔗(zhe)種(zhong)植機按工作方式(shi)的不同主(zhu)要分為(wei)兩大類：一種(zhong)是邊砍邊種(zhong)模式(shi)，另一種(zhong)是預先砍種(zhong)再種(zhong)植模式(shi)。

（1）邊(bian)(bian)砍邊(bian)(bian)種(zhong)模(mo)式(shi)。邊(bian)(bian)砍邊(bian)(bian)種(zhong)的(de)種(zhong)植(zhi)模(mo)式(shi)的(de)種(zhong)植(zhi)機(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)包含的(de)結(jie)構有(you)(you)：開(kai)溝器，排肥(fei)箱(xiang)，切(qie)種(zhong)箱(xiang)，覆(fu)(fu)土(tu)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)等(deng)，一(yi)些廠家(jia)生產(chan)的(de)還有(you)(you)噴灑農藥裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和覆(fu)(fu)膜裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。此(ci)(ci)種(zhong)模(mo)式(shi)的(de)工作原理主(zhu)要(yao)為通過(guo)(guo)開(kai)溝器在前(qian)方(fang)開(kai)溝，排肥(fei)箱(xiang)將(jiang)肥(fei)料排入開(kai)好的(de)溝中(zhong)，人工將(jiang)整條蔗(zhe)種(zhong)喂(wei)入切(qie)種(zhong)箱(xiang)，由(you)兩對(dui)輸送膠輥夾持蔗(zhe)苗(miao)，同時旋轉(zhuan)的(de)割刀切(qie)成一(yi)段(duan)段(duan)等(deng)長的(de)蔗(zhe)段(duan)，甘蔗(zhe)通過(guo)(guo)切(qie)種(zhong)箱(xiang)后(hou)按(an)一(yi)定的(de)規律排落(luo)到開(kai)好的(de)溝中(zhong)，此(ci)(ci)時再經(jing)過(guo)(guo)覆(fu)(fu)土(tu)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)進(jin)行(xing)覆(fu)(fu)土(tu)，由(you)噴灑農藥裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和覆(fu)(fu)膜裝(zhuang)置(zhi)再進(jin)行(xing)噴灑農藥與覆(fu)(fu)膜，就(jiu)完成了(le)對(dui)甘蔗(zhe)的(de)種(zhong)植(zhi)，此(ci)(ci)種(zhong)模(mo)式(shi)對(dui)人工的(de)連續喂(wei)入要(yao)求高，勞動(dong)強度大，對(dui)蔗(zhe)種(zhong)的(de)傷芽率高，目(mu)前(qian)已逐步被淘汰與邊(bian)(bian)沿化。

（2）預先砍種再種植模式。預先砍種再種模式的種植機主要包含的結構有：開溝器，排肥箱，排種箱，覆土裝置等，一些廠家生產的還有噴灑農藥裝置和覆膜裝置。此種模式的工作原理主要為對用于種植的甘蔗種采用人工或機器先預先砍成一段段等長的符合種植要求的蔗種，種植時，通過開溝器在前方開溝，排肥箱將肥料排(pai)入(ru)開好的(de)溝(gou)中(zhong)，人(ren)工將(jiang)一段段蔗(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)連(lian)續不斷地放入(ru)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱中(zhong)，通過排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱將(jiang)蔗(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)排(pai)入(ru)開好的(de)溝(gou)中(zhong)，此時(shi)再經過覆土裝置(zhi)進行覆土，由噴(pen)灑(sa)農藥裝置(zhi)和(he)覆膜裝置(zhi)再進行噴(pen)灑(sa)農藥與覆膜，就完(wan)成(cheng)了對甘蔗(zhe)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植，此種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)模式對人(ren)工的(de)連(lian)續喂入(ru)要求更高(gao)，勞(lao)動(dong)強度也(ye)相對較大，對蔗(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)傷芽率低，目(mu)前是企業與科研機構重點研究的(de)方向。

甘蔗種植機存在的主要問題

盡(jin)管我國(guo)在(zai)甘(gan)蔗種(zhong)植機研發(fa)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)有了跨越式的(de)(de)發(fa)展技術日趨(qu)成熟(shu)，但推(tui)廣(guang)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)還是發(fa)現(xian)了許多問題(ti)，制約了我國(guo)甘(gan)蔗全程(cheng)(cheng)機械化種(zhong)植的(de)(de)進程(cheng)(cheng)。目前我國(guo)比較主流的(de)(de)甘(gan)蔗種(zhong)植機推(tui)廣(guang)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)主要存(cun)在(zai)以下問題(ti)：

（1）需要較(jiao)多的人(ren)工(gong)(gong)配合，過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)分依賴人(ren)工(gong)(gong)手(shou)工(gong)(gong)協(xie)助整個(ge)種植(zhi)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，人(ren)工(gong)(gong)勞(lao)動(dong)強度大，種植(zhi)成(cheng)本(ben)高。目(mu)前對于種植(zhi)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，還(huan)是依靠(kao)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)來對蔗種進(jin)行擺(bai)放與搬運，機(ji)械(xie)化程(cheng)度非常低，放種過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)幾乎完全依靠(kao)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)進(jin)行，而且種植(zhi)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)動(dong)作要連(lian)續，稍(shao)有疏(shu)忽就會有漏播的情況，人(ren)工(gong)(gong)勞(lao)動(dong)強度大，操作人(ren)工(gong)(gong)多，種植(zhi)成(cheng)本(ben)高。

（2）切(qie)(qie)種(zhong)傷芽(ya)率高，配(pei)套機(ji)械不足。因(yin)采(cai)用(yong)等距切(qie)(qie)割(ge)，就不可避免地(di)產生切(qie)(qie)到(dao)芽(ya)的(de)現象，這勢必影響甘蔗的(de)出芽(ya)率，減少出芽(ya)數量(liang)，不能達到(dao)人(ren)工種(zhong)植的(de)技術要求，目前(qian)除(chu)采(cai)用(yong)人(ren)工砍斷(duan)外(wai)，均采(cai)用(yong)機(ji)器等距切(qie)(qie)割(ge)，用(yong)于切(qie)(qie)割(ge)蔗種(zhong)的(de)成(cheng)熟機(ji)械還沒(mei)有出現。

（3）不符(fu)合(he)(he)農(nong)民的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)農(nong)藝，與農(nong)民需求(qiu)的(de)實際情況(kuang)不符(fu)。大多情況(kuang)下(xia)農(nong)民會用(yong)(yong)整根(gen)的(de)甘蔗(zhe)(zhe)作(zuo)為蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，但實際操作(zuo)中，糖(tang)廠都會鼓勵農(nong)民用(yong)(yong)蔗(zhe)(zhe)梢(shao)作(zuo)為蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，大部分種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)不能滿足用(yong)(yong)蔗(zhe)(zhe)梢(shao)作(zuo)為蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)要求(qiu)，蔗(zhe)(zhe)梢(shao)作(zuo)為蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出苗率高，出苗時間快，而(er)且長期以來農(nong)民也已經形成(cheng)了用(yong)(yong)蔗(zhe)(zhe)梢(shao)作(zuo)為蔗(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)習慣，因(yin)蔗(zhe)(zhe)梢(shao)短，大大影響了種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)效率，只有預(yu)先砍種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)再種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)模式的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)才(cai)符(fu)合(he)(he)要求(qiu)。

（4）可(ke)(ke)視可(ke)(ke)控(kong)性低，過(guo)(guo)分依(yi)賴人(ren)工操作。因種(zhong)植(zhi)過(guo)(guo)程很短(duan)，排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)大多在箱內進(jin)行(xing)，無法對種(zhong)植(zhi)過(guo)(guo)程的(de)排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)質量進(jin)行(xing)監控(kong)，采用人(ren)工排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)的(de)方式(shi)，工作一次(ci)性通過(guo)(guo)，沒(mei)有(you)查缺(que)補漏的(de)環(huan)節，可(ke)(ke)視可(ke)(ke)控(kong)性差(cha)，完全依(yi)靠人(ren)工排(pai)(pai)放。

（5）適用性差，對地塊的(de)坡(po)度要求高(gao)。幾乎(hu)所(suo)有的(de)種(zhong)植(zhi)機都要求地塊的(de)坡(po)度要小(xiao)于12°，因坡(po)度過大容易造成不能種(zhong)植(zhi)，所(suo)開的(de)溝深淺不能統(tong)一，培土(tu)、回土(tu)效果差，且容易造成翻(fan)車(che)。

（6）結構復雜(za)，生(sheng)產成本(ben)高(gao)，推廣(guang)難度大。因(yin)目前(qian)甘蔗種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機還處在研發(fa)推廣(guang)階段(duan)，生(sheng)產成本(ben)相對較高(gao)，且甘蔗種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)戶(hu)還是(shi)以(yi)單個農戶(hu)生(sheng)產為主，種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)量(liang)少，每個農戶(hu)擁有一(yi)臺(tai)甘蔗種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機不太現實。

解決方案

（1）深入改造現有(you)種植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)械，向(xiang)自(zi)動化、低(di)人工(gong)、低(di)成(cheng)本(ben)種植(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)向(xiang)發展。通過加(jia)大載種量(liang)與載肥量(liang)，采(cai)用自(zi)動排種機(ji)(ji)構進行自(zi)動排種，減少種植(zhi)(zhi)過程人工(gong)協(xie)助的工(gong)作量(liang)，減少配備(bei)人員，從而達到解放勞(lao)動力，降(jiang)低(di)種植(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)本(ben)的目的。

（2）深入開發配套機(ji)械(xie)，特別(bie)是帶有蔗(zhe)(zhe)芽(ya)識別(bie)功能(neng)的(de)切種機(ji)。采用紅外影像(xiang)成形等識別(bie)技(ji)術(shu)，通過對(dui)(dui)蔗(zhe)(zhe)芽(ya)的(de)識別(bie)從而達到(dao)精準(zhun)切割蔗(zhe)(zhe)種的(de)目的(de)，通過減少作業(ye)過程對(dui)(dui)蔗(zhe)(zhe)芽(ya)的(de)傷(shang)害，提(ti)高種植(zhi)質(zhi)量，從而達到(dao)提(ti)高出(chu)芽(ya)率的(de)目的(de)。向智能(neng)化(hua)、數字化(hua)種植(zhi)機(ji)械(xie)方向發展(zhan)。

（3）深入了解農(nong)(nong)民的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)農(nong)(nong)藝，與糖(tang)廠(chang)進行(xing)技術交(jiao)流，改進現有甘(gan)蔗(zhe)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)，使其(qi)滿足以蔗(zhe)梢作為(wei)蔗(zhe)種(zhong)進行(xing)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)。蔗(zhe)梢含(han)糖(tang)量相(xiang)對較(jiao)(jiao)低，若用(yong)于榨(zha)糖(tang)，得到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)糖(tang)量肯定相(xiang)對較(jiao)(jiao)少，若用(yong)蔗(zhe)梢作為(wei)蔗(zhe)種(zhong)，而(er)取而(er)代之(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是蔗(zhe)梢以下的(de)(de)(de)(de)部分用(yong)于榨(zha)糖(tang)，一(yi)方面得到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)糖(tang)量相(xiang)對較(jiao)(jiao)多，另一(yi)方面所(suo)種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)甘(gan)蔗(zhe)出苗率也相(xiang)對較(jiao)(jiao)高，糖(tang)廠(chang)與農(nong)(nong)民都達到(dao)了增(zeng)收的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

（4）改(gai)進現有(you)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)，改(gai)造成觀察性效(xiao)果好、能(neng)自(zi)動(dong)或(huo)人工進行(xing)補蔗種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。通(tong)過(guo)(guo)參照土豆(dou)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)機的(de)工作(zuo)原理(li)，以機械(xie)(xie)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)主，人工補漏為(wei)輔的(de)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)或(huo)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)傳感器(qi)感應機械(xie)(xie)自(zi)動(dong)補漏的(de)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)，達(da)到(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)過(guo)(guo)程可視可控，讓種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)戶(hu)對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)效(xiao)果有(you)所(suo)了(le)解，消(xiao)除種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)戶(hu)的(de)疑慮(lv)。

（5）大力推廣土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)平整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)力度(du)，對(dui)(dui)蔗田進行(xing)規劃(hua)與整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治，鼓勵農(nong)民參加(jia)農(nong)業生產(chan)合(he)作社，因地(di)(di)制宜，有(you)(you)(you)針對(dui)(dui)性地(di)(di)研(yan)(yan)發符合(he)地(di)(di)區生產(chan)需(xu)求的甘蔗種植機(ji)。一方面土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)平整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)后對(dui)(dui)農(nong)機(ji)的要求相對(dui)(dui)較低，通過參加(jia)生產(chan)合(he)作社，向規模化、集約化種植方向發展(zhan)，有(you)(you)(you)利(li)于(yu)規模化種植，提高經濟效益。另一方面有(you)(you)(you)針對(dui)(dui)性地(di)(di)研(yan)(yan)發種植機(ji)，使(shi)得適用(yong)性更強，有(you)(you)(you)利(li)于(yu)推廣應用(yong)。