一、什么是電磁閥

電磁閥是(shi)用電磁(ci)控(kong)制的工(gong)業設備，是(shi)用來控(kong)制流(liu)體的自(zi)動化基(ji)礎元件，屬于執(zhi)行器，并不(bu)限于液壓、氣動。用在(zai)工(gong)業控(kong)制系統中(zhong)調(diao)整介質的方(fang)向、流(liu)量、速度和(he)其他的參數。電磁(ci)閥(fa)可以(yi)配合(he)不(bu)同(tong)的電路來實(shi)現預期的控(kong)制，而控(kong)制的精度和(he)靈活性都能夠保證。

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二、電磁閥工作原理

電(dian)磁(ci)閥里(li)有密閉的(de)(de)(de)腔，在不(bu)同(tong)位置開(kai)(kai)有通(tong)(tong)孔(kong)(kong)，每個孔(kong)(kong)連接不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)油管，腔中(zhong)間是活塞，兩(liang)面(mian)(mian)是兩(liang)塊電(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)，哪面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)鐵(tie)線(xian)圈(quan)通(tong)(tong)電(dian)閥體就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)被吸引到哪邊，通(tong)(tong)過控(kong)制閥體的(de)(de)(de)移動(dong)來開(kai)(kai)啟或(huo)關閉不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)排(pai)油孔(kong)(kong)，而進(jin)油孔(kong)(kong)是常開(kai)(kai)的(de)(de)(de)，液壓(ya)油就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)進(jin)入不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)排(pai)油管，然后(hou)通(tong)(tong)過油的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)力來推(tui)動(dong)油缸的(de)(de)(de)活塞，活塞又帶動(dong)活塞桿，活塞桿帶動(dong)機械(xie)裝置。這樣通(tong)(tong)過控(kong)制電(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流通(tong)(tong)斷就(jiu)(jiu)控(kong)制了機械(xie)運動(dong)。

三、電磁閥有幾種類型

1、電磁閥從原理上分為三大類：

（1）直動式電磁閥

原(yuan)理：通電時，電磁(ci)(ci)線圈產(chan)生電磁(ci)(ci)力把關閉(bi)(bi)(bi)件(jian)從閥座(zuo)上提起，閥門(men)打開(kai)；斷電時，電磁(ci)(ci)力消失，彈簧把關閉(bi)(bi)(bi)件(jian)壓(ya)在閥座(zuo)上，閥門(men)關閉(bi)(bi)(bi)。

特點：在真空、負壓、零壓時能正常工作，但通徑一(yi)般不(bu)超過(guo)25mm。

（2）分步直動式電磁閥

原(yuan)理(li)：它是一種直動和先(xian)(xian)導(dao)式相(xiang)結合(he)的原(yuan)理(li)，當入口(kou)與(yu)出(chu)口(kou)沒有壓(ya)差時(shi)，通電(dian)后，電(dian)磁(ci)力(li)直接把先(xian)(xian)導(dao)小閥(fa)(fa)和主(zhu)(zhu)閥(fa)(fa)關(guan)閉(bi)件依次向上(shang)提起，閥(fa)(fa)門(men)打開(kai)。當入口(kou)與(yu)出(chu)口(kou)達到啟(qi)動壓(ya)差時(shi)，通電(dian)后，電(dian)磁(ci)力(li)先(xian)(xian)導(dao)小閥(fa)(fa)，主(zhu)(zhu)閥(fa)(fa)下(xia)腔壓(ya)力(li)上(shang)升，上(shang)腔壓(ya)力(li)下(xia)降，從而利用壓(ya)差把主(zhu)(zhu)閥(fa)(fa)向上(shang)推(tui)開(kai)；斷電(dian)時(shi)，先(xian)(xian)導(dao)閥(fa)(fa)利用彈(dan)簧(huang)力(li)或介質(zhi)壓(ya)力(li)推(tui)動關(guan)閉(bi)件，向下(xia)移動，使(shi)閥(fa)(fa)門(men)關(guan)閉(bi)。

特點：在零壓差或真空、高壓時(shi)亦(yi)能可*動作，但功率較大，要求必(bi)須水平安裝(zhuang)。

（3）先導式電磁閥

原理：通電時，電磁力把先(xian)導孔(kong)打開，上腔室(shi)壓(ya)力迅(xun)速下降(jiang)，在(zai)關(guan)(guan)(guan) 閉件(jian)周(zhou)圍(wei)形成(cheng)上低(di)下高的壓(ya)差(cha)，流體(ti)壓(ya)力推動(dong)(dong)關(guan)(guan)(guan)閉件(jian)向(xiang)上移動(dong)(dong)，閥門打開；斷電時，彈簧(huang)力把先(xian)導孔(kong)關(guan)(guan)(guan)閉，入(ru)口壓(ya)力通過(guo)旁通孔(kong)迅(xun)速腔室(shi)在(zai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)閥件(jian)周(zhou)圍(wei)形成(cheng)下低(di)上高的壓(ya)差(cha)，流體(ti)壓(ya)力推動(dong)(dong)關(guan)(guan)(guan)閉件(jian)向(xiang)下移動(dong)(dong)，關(guan)(guan)(guan)閉閥門。

特點：流體(ti)壓(ya)力范圍上(shang)限較高，可任意安裝（需定制(zhi)）但必須(xu)滿(man)足流體(ti)壓(ya)差(cha)條件(jian)。

2、電磁閥從閥結構和材料上的不同與原理上的區別，分為六個分支小類：直(zhi)動(dong)膜片結(jie)(jie)構、分(fen)步(bu)直(zhi)動(dong)膜片結(jie)(jie)構、先(xian)導膜片結(jie)(jie)構、直(zhi)動(dong)活塞結(jie)(jie)構、分(fen)步(bu)直(zhi)動(dong)活塞結(jie)(jie)構、先(xian)導活塞結(jie)(jie)構。

3、電磁閥按照功能分類：水用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)、蒸汽(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)、制冷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)、低溫(wen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)、燃氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)、消防(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)、氨用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)、氣體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)、液體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)、微(wei)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)、脈沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)、液壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)、常開電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)、油用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)、直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)、高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)、防(fang)爆電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)等。