一、滑翔傘的結構由幾部分組成
滑(hua)翔(xiang)傘是飛行運動員駕翼(yi)型傘衣(yi),利(li)用(yong)(yong)空(kong)氣升(sheng)力起飛翱翔(xiang)的一(yi)項(xiang)航空(kong)運動,也指(zhi)滑(hua)翔(xiang)傘運動使用(yong)(yong)的運動裝(zhuang)備,滑(hua)翔(xiang)傘一(yi)般由(you)四部分組成:
1、翼型傘衣
也稱傘(san)翼(yi)(yi),是滑翔傘(san)產生升力和承受載荷的(de)主(zhu)要部件。翼(yi)(yi)型傘(san)衣由上翼(yi)(yi)面(mian)、下(xia)(xia)翼(yi)(yi)面(mian)和沿翼(yi)(yi)展方(fang)向有規(gui)律分布的(de)數十個(ge)成(cheng)形翼(yi)(yi)肋(lei)構成(cheng),上下(xia)(xia)翼(yi)(yi)面(mian)與翼(yi)(yi)肋(lei)縫合(he),形成(cheng)特(te)定的(de)傘(san)翼(yi)(yi)形狀,傘(san)翼(yi)(yi)前(qian)緣(yuan)按照(zhao)翼(yi)(yi)肋(lei)的(de)橫向排列,構成(cheng)一定尺寸的(de)進氣口;由于傘(san)翼(yi)(yi)后緣(yuan)是完全封閉的(de),所(suo)以(yi)上下(xia)(xia)翼(yi)(yi)面(mian)與各翼(yi)(yi)肋(lei)之間便(bian)形成(cheng)了一個(ge)個(ge)用于儲(chu)存空氣的(de)氣室。
2、傘繩
用于傘(san)(san)(san)翼(yi)(yi)與(yu)背(bei)帶系(xi)統的連接,使滑(hua)翔(xiang)傘(san)(san)(san)成(cheng)為(wei)一個整體,并(bing)保持滑(hua)翔(xiang)傘(san)(san)(san)在飛(fei)行中(zhong)應(ying)有(you)的翼(yi)(yi)面形狀(zhuang),傘(san)(san)(san)繩(sheng)(sheng)也是滑(hua)翔(xiang)傘(san)(san)(san)承載(zai)的傳力部件,飛(fei)行中(zhong)飛(fei)行員(yuan)也可通(tong)(tong)(tong)過傘(san)(san)(san)繩(sheng)(sheng)對滑(hua)翔(xiang)傘(san)(san)(san)實施有(you)效(xiao)的操縱。 通(tong)(tong)(tong)常,傘(san)(san)(san)繩(sheng)(sheng)由前向(xiang)后分為(wei)三組(zu)或四組(zu),分別(bie)稱(cheng)為(wei)A、B、C和D組(zu),并(bing)在傘(san)(san)(san)衣(yi)中(zhong)心(xin)軸兩側(ce)對稱(cheng)分布。傘(san)(san)(san)繩(sheng)(sheng)上端通(tong)(tong)(tong)常為(wei)“Y”形的分叉形狀(zhuang),在傘(san)(san)(san)衣(yi)下翼(yi)(yi)面和翼(yi)(yi)肋的縫合部位與(yu)傘(san)(san)(san)翼(yi)(yi)相連接,下端則(ze)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過可卸金屬環與(yu)相應(ying)的操縱帶相連的翼(yi)(yi)面形狀(zhuang)和受力狀(zhuang)況確定的,其長(chang)度則(ze)按照操縱帶相連的翼(yi)(yi)面形狀(zhuang)和受力狀(zhuang)況確定。
3、背帶系統
又稱座(zuo)帶(dai)(dai)或吊帶(dai)(dai),是將飛(fei)行員身(shen)體固定并與整個傘(san)翼系(xi)統相(xiang)連(lian)接的(de)承力部件,同時(shi)也(ye)是對人體的(de)防護(hu)部件,由主套帶(dai)(dai)、肩(jian)帶(dai)(dai)、胸帶(dai)(dai)、腰(yao)帶(dai)(dai)、腿帶(dai)(dai)、斜拉帶(dai)(dai)、備份傘(san)連(lian)接帶(dai)(dai)以及(ji)金(jin)屬環扣和快卸鎖(suo)等組成,圍繞“L”形背包(bao)形成一個整體。
4、操縱系統
滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)翔(xiang)傘(san)(san)(san)的(de)(de)(de)(de)操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)系統主(zhu)要由操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)、操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)繩(sheng)和操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)圈(quan)(操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)棒(bang))組(zu)(zu)成,高(gao)性(xing)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)翔(xiang)傘(san)(san)(san)還有一套(tao)腳蹬(deng)(deng)(deng)加(jia)速(su)(su)(su)裝(zhuang)置(zhi),需(xu)(xu)要時,部分傘(san)(san)(san)繩(sheng)也(ye)(ye)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)。整(zheng)個操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)系統在傘(san)(san)(san)衣(yi)中心線兩(liang)(liang)側呈對稱分布,左(zuo)、右操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)上端(duan)呈“Y”形以(yi)數點與傘(san)(san)(san)衣(yi)后緣(yuan)相(xiang)(xiang)連接(jie)(jie),下(xia)端(duan)則(ze)穿(chuan)過(guo)后操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)限位(wei)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)輪與操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)套(tao)圈(quan)相(xiang)(xiang)連接(jie)(jie),通(tong)過(guo)套(tao)圈(quan)分別(bie)下(xia)拉操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)繩(sheng)可(ke)實(shi)現(xian)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)翔(xiang)傘(san)(san)(san)的(de)(de)(de)(de)左(zuo)、右轉彎,同時下(xia)拉操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)繩(sheng)則(ze)可(ke)實(shi)現(xian)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)翔(xiang)傘(san)(san)(san)的(de)(de)(de)(de)速(su)(su)(su)度調控。操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)套(tao)圈(quan)在不(bu)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)時,可(ke)與位(wei)于(yu)后操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)按扣相(xiang)(xiang)固定(ding)。 滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)翔(xiang)傘(san)(san)(san)操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)根(gen)部,通(tong)常分為前(qian)后兩(liang)(liang)根(gen)或三根(gen),向(xiang)上分叉,再分為三根(gen)或四根(gen)由前(qian)向(xiang)后(分別(bie)通(tong)過(guo)可(ke)卸環)按A、B、C、D組(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)順序(xu)與各組(zu)(zu)傘(san)(san)(san)繩(sheng)相(xiang)(xiang)連接(jie)(jie)。高(gao)性(xing)能滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)翔(xiang)傘(san)(san)(san)的(de)(de)(de)(de)A組(zu)(zu)操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)前(qian)面(mian)還安裝(zhuang)有兩(liang)(liang)副滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)輪和一段加(jia)速(su)(su)(su)繩(sheng),以(yi)便(bian)與腳蹬(deng)(deng)(deng)加(jia)速(su)(su)(su)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)連接(jie)(jie),操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)除(chu)用(yong)(yong)與傘(san)(san)(san)繩(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)連接(jie)(jie)外,也(ye)(ye)可(ke)實(shi)施加(jia)速(su)(su)(su)、減速(su)(su)(su)、消高(gao)等方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)。腳蹬(deng)(deng)(deng)加(jia)速(su)(su)(su)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)唯一作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)是在飛(fei)行(xing)(xing)中當(dang)需(xu)(xu)要時用(yong)(yong)于(yu)增大滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)翔(xiang)實(shi)傘(san)(san)(san)的(de)(de)(de)(de)飛(fei)行(xing)(xing)速(su)(su)(su)度。加(jia)速(su)(su)(su)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)端(duan)與腳蹬(deng)(deng)(deng)金屬桿(加(jia)速(su)(su)(su)棒(bang))相(xiang)(xiang)連接(jie)(jie),桿上的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)根(gen)加(jia)速(su)(su)(su)操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)繩(sheng)通(tong)過(guo)背帶(dai)(dai)(dai)系統前(qian)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)輪與操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)加(jia)速(su)(su)(su)繩(sheng)相(xiang)(xiang)連接(jie)(jie)。當(dang)兩(liang)(liang)腳蹬(deng)(deng)(deng)下(xia)金屬桿時,A組(zu)(zu)和B組(zu)(zu)操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)被(bei)梯次拉下(xia),同時傘(san)(san)(san)衣(yi)前(qian)緣(yuan)被(bei)拉下(xia),迎角減小,水平(ping)速(su)(su)(su)度隨即增大。
二、滑翔傘飛行原理是什么
滑翔(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)傘(san)分(fen)為(wei)動力(li)滑翔(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)傘(san)和無動力(li)滑翔(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)傘(san)兩種(zhong),它們的(de)(de)原理是一樣的(de)(de),只不過動力(li)傘(san)多了個(ge)動力(li)裝置輔助飛(fei)行,滑翔(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)傘(san)的(de)(de)飛(fei)行利用的(de)(de)是空氣動力(li)學(xue)原理。
滑(hua)翔傘上層(ceng)與下層(ceng)長度(du)不(bu)同(tong),當有前進速度(du)時,空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)流經(jing)滑(hua)翔傘上下表面(mian)(mian),在(zai)不(bu)同(tong)長度(du)的(de)面(mian)(mian)上會產生不(bu)同(tong)的(de)壓(ya)力(li)(li)差(cha),壓(ya)力(li)(li)大的(de)一(yi)面(mian)(mian)會往(wang)壓(ya)力(li)(li)小的(de)一(yi)面(mian)(mian)推擠,當空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)流經(jing)上層(ceng)凸面(mian)(mian)時,因(yin)距離長流速較快壓(ya)力(li)(li)變(bian)小,相反流經(jing)下層(ceng)凹面(mian)(mian)的(de)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi),因(yin)距離短流速較慢壓(ya)力(li)(li)變(bian)大,故而(er)產生下方(fang)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)將翼面(mian)(mian)向上推的(de)升力(li)(li),上下層(ceng)的(de)壓(ya)力(li)(li)差(cha)為總升力(li)(li),這便是基本的(de)飛行原(yuan)理。
除此以外(wai),滑(hua)翔傘(san)還能(neng)借(jie)助(zhu)其他外(wai)力升空(如:引擎(qing)動(dong)力、上(shang)升氣流等),配合(he)地形與(yu)空氣的溫度、濕(shi)度、密度差而產生不同比重(zhong)的大(da)氣,利用這些自(zi)然條件也能(neng)使(shi)滑(hua)翔傘(san)向上(shang)爬升,一直到這些自(zi)然條件消失為止。
三、滑翔傘怎么飛更長時間
利用滑翔傘的飛行原理,滑翔傘可以在空中滯留,要(yao)想飛更長時(shi)間,主要(yao)有兩種方法(fa):
1、山(shan)脊抬升:在一(yi)座山(shan)或(huo)一(yi)座小山(shan)附近飛行(xing),捕(bu)捉(zhuo)迎面而來的風,當風上升越過山(shan)脊時,滑(hua)翔傘會再次得到動(dong)力爬升,利用這一(yi)原理可以(yi)飛更長時間(jian)。
2、熱(re)氣(qi)流(liu)中飛(fei)行(xing):熱(re)氣(qi)流(liu)是(shi)由地面加熱(re)并迅速上升到空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)中的熱(re)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi),滑翔(xiang)傘飛(fei)行(xing)時(shi)飛(fei)向(xiang)上升的空(kong)(kong)氣(qi),利用好這股氣(qi)流(liu),可以飛(fei)行(xing)更(geng)長時(shi)間和更(geng)遠距離。