一、什么是熱敏電阻
熱敏電阻器是敏(min)(min)感元件的一類,按照溫(wen)(wen)度(du)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)不(bu)同(tong)分為(wei)正(zheng)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)熱(re)敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)(PTC)和負(fu)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)熱(re)敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)(NTC)。熱(re)敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)的典型特(te)點是對溫(wen)(wen)度(du)敏(min)(min)感,不(bu)同(tong)的溫(wen)(wen)度(du)下(xia)表現出不(bu)同(tong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值。正(zheng)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)熱(re)敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)(PTC)在溫(wen)(wen)度(du)越(yue)(yue)高時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值越(yue)(yue)大,負(fu)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)熱(re)敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)(NTC)在溫(wen)(wen)度(du)越(yue)(yue)高時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值越(yue)(yue)低,它(ta)們同(tong)屬于(yu)半(ban)導體器(qi)件。
二、熱敏電阻的工作原理
熱敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)是一種傳感器電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu),熱敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值,隨著溫度的(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)而(er)改變(bian),與一般的(de)(de)固(gu)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)不(bu)同(tong)。金屬的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值隨植度的(de)(de)升高(gao)而(er)增大(da),但半導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)則相反,它(ta)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值隨溫度的(de)(de)升高(gao)而(er)急劇減小,并呈現(xian)非(fei)線性(xing)。在溫度變(bian)化(hua)相同(tong)時,熱敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器的(de)(de)阻(zu)(zu)值變(bian)化(hua)約為鉛(qian)熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)10倍,因此(ci)可以說,熱敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器對溫度的(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)特別敏(min)(min)感。半導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)的(de)(de)這種溫度特性(xing).是因為半導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)的(de)(de)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式是載流子(電(dian)(dian)(dian)子、空穴)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。由于半導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)中(zhong)載流子的(de)(de)數目(mu)遠比金屬中(zhong)的(de)(de)自由電(dian)(dian)(dian)子少得(de)多,所(suo)以它(ta)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)率很大(da)。隨著溫度的(de)(de)升高(gao),半導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)中(zhong)參(can)加導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)載流子數目(mu)就會(hui)增多,故(gu)半導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)率就增加,它(ta)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)率也就降低了。
熱(re)(re)敏(min)電(dian)阻器正是利(li)用半(ban)導體的(de)(de)電(dian)阻值(zhi)隨溫度顯著變(bian)化(hua)這一特性制成的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)敏(min)元件。它是由某些金屬(shu)氧化(hua)物按不同(tong)的(de)(de)配方制成的(de)(de)。在(zai)一定的(de)(de)溫度范圍內,根據(ju)測量熱(re)(re)敏(min)電(dian)阻阻值(zhi)的(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua),便(bian)可知被測介質(zhi)的(de)(de)溫度變(bian)化(hua)。
將熱敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)安裝在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)使用(yong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),熱敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)環境溫度(du)(du)相(xiang)同時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),動(dong)作時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間隨(sui)著電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)增加(jia)而(er)(er)急劇(ju)縮(suo)短;熱敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)環境溫度(du)(du)相(xiang)對較高時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)具有更短的(de)動(dong)作時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間和(he)較小(xiao)的(de)維持電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)及動(dong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)正常工(gong)作時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),熱敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)溫度(du)(du)與室溫相(xiang)近(jin)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)很小(xiao),串聯(lian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)不會阻(zu)礙(ai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)通過(guo);而(er)(er)當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)因故障而(er)(er)出現過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),熱敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)由于(yu)發熱功率增加(jia)導(dao)致溫度(du)(du)上升,當(dang)溫度(du)(du)超過(guo)開(kai)關溫度(du)(du)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)瞬間會劇(ju)增,回(hui)路(lu)中(zhong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)迅速(su)減小(xiao)到安全值。
三、熱敏電阻的作用
1、測溫。作(zuo)為(wei)測量溫度的(de)熱敏電(dian)阻傳感(gan)器一般結構較簡單,價格較低廉(lian);
2、溫度補償。熱敏電阻傳感(gan)器可在一定的溫度范圍內(nei)對某些元器件濕(shi)度進行補償;
3、過熱保護(hu)。當溫度大于突變(bian)點(dian)時(shi),電路中(zhong)的電流(liu)可以內十(shi)(shi)分之(zhi)幾毫(hao)(hao)安突變(bian)為幾十(shi)(shi)毫(hao)(hao)安,因(yin)此繼(ji)電器(qi)動作,從而實現過熱保護(hu);
4、液面測量。
四、熱敏電阻型號
熱(re)敏電阻分(fen)別有三(san)種型(xing)號:
1、PTC是指(zhi)在某一溫(wen)(wen)度(du)下電阻(zu)急劇增加、具(ju)有正(zheng)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)系(xi)數的熱敏電阻(zu)現象或(huo)材料。
2、NTC是指隨溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)上升電(dian)阻(zu)呈指數(shu)關(guan)系減小、具有(you)負溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)系數(shu)的熱敏電(dian)阻(zu)現(xian)象和(he)材料。
3、CTR(臨界溫度(du)熱敏電阻(zu))具有負電阻(zu)突變特性(xing)。
五、熱敏電阻參數
1、標稱阻(zu)值(zhi)Rc:一般指環境溫度為25℃時(shi)熱(re)敏電阻(zu)器的實際(ji)電阻(zu)值(zhi)。
2、實際阻值RT:在(zai)一(yi)定(ding)的溫度條件下所測得的電阻值。
3、材(cai)料常數:它是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)個描述熱(re)敏(min)(min)電(dian)阻(zu)材(cai)料物理特(te)性的參數,也是(shi)(shi)(shi)熱(re)靈(ling)敏(min)(min)度(du)(du)指(zhi)標,B值越(yue)(yue)大,表示(shi)熱(re)敏(min)(min)電(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)的靈(ling)敏(min)(min)度(du)(du)越(yue)(yue)高。應(ying)注意的是(shi)(shi)(shi),在實際(ji)工作時,B值并非(fei)一(yi)個常數,而是(shi)(shi)(shi)隨(sui)溫(wen)度(du)(du)的升高略有增加。
4、電阻溫度系數αT:它(ta)表(biao)示溫度變(bian)化(hua)1℃時(shi)的阻值變(bian)化(hua)率,單位(wei)為%/℃。
5、時間常數τ:熱(re)敏(min)電(dian)阻器(qi)是(shi)有(you)熱(re)慣(guan)性(xing)的(de)(de),時間常數,就(jiu)是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)描(miao)述熱(re)敏(min)電(dian)阻器(qi)熱(re)慣(guan)性(xing)的(de)(de)參數。它的(de)(de)定義(yi)為,在(zai)無(wu)功耗的(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態(tai)下,當環境溫(wen)度(du)由一(yi)個(ge)特定溫(wen)度(du)向另一(yi)個(ge)特定溫(wen)度(du)突然改變(bian)時,熱(re)敏(min)電(dian)阻體的(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)變(bian)化(hua)了兩個(ge)特定溫(wen)度(du)之(zhi)差(cha)的(de)(de)63.2%所需的(de)(de)時間。τ越小,表明熱(re)敏(min)電(dian)阻器(qi)的(de)(de)熱(re)慣(guan)性(xing)越小。
6、額(e)定(ding)功(gong)率PM:在規定(ding)的(de)技術條件下,熱(re)(re)敏電(dian)阻器(qi)長(chang)期(qi)連續負載所允許的(de)耗散功(gong)率。在實際使用時不得(de)超(chao)過額(e)定(ding)功(gong)率。若熱(re)(re)敏電(dian)阻器(qi)工作的(de)環境溫(wen)度超(chao)過25℃,則必(bi)須(xu)相應降低(di)其負載。
7、額(e)定(ding)工作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流IM:熱敏電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻器在工作(zuo)(zuo)狀態下規定(ding)的(de)名義電(dian)(dian)(dian)流值。
8、測(ce)(ce)量(liang)功率Pc:在(zai)規定的(de)環境溫(wen)度下,熱敏電(dian)阻(zu)體受測(ce)(ce)試電(dian)流(liu)加熱而引起(qi)的(de)阻(zu)值變(bian)化(hua)不超(chao)過0.1%時(shi)所消耗(hao)的(de)電(dian)功率。
9、最(zui)大(da)電壓(ya):對于NTC熱敏電阻器(qi),是指在(zai)規(gui)定的(de)環境溫(wen)度下(xia),不使熱敏電阻器(qi)引起熱失控所允許連續施加的(de)最(zui)大(da)直流電壓(ya);對于PTC熱敏電阻器(qi),是指在(zai)規(gui)定的(de)環境溫(wen)度和靜(jing)止空氣中(zhong),允許連續施加到熱敏電阻器(qi)上并保(bao)證熱敏電阻器(qi)正常工作在(zai)PTC特性(xing)部分的(de)最(zui)大(da)直流電壓(ya)。
10、最(zui)高工(gong)作溫度(du)Tmax:在規(gui)定的技(ji)術(shu)條(tiao)件下(xia),熱敏(min)電阻器長(chang)期連續工(gong)作所允許的最(zui)高溫度(du)。
11、開關溫度(du)tb:PTC熱敏電阻(zu)器的(de)電阻(zu)值開始發生(sheng)躍增(zeng)時的(de)溫度(du)。
12、耗散系數H:溫度增加1℃時,熱敏電阻器所耗散(san)的功(gong)率,單位為mW/℃。