【經緯儀(yi)簡(jian)介】常用經緯儀(yi)型號有(you)哪些 經緯儀用途(tu)和工作原理

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常用經緯儀型號有哪些

經緯(wei)(wei)(wei)儀的型號(hao)是指(zhi)測(ce)(ce)角精度、規格是指(zhi)代碼：比如有DJ07，DJ1，DJ2，D16等(deng)幾種不同精度的儀器。"D'和(he)“J"分別代表大(da)地測(ce)(ce)量(liang)和(he)經緯(wei)(wei)(wei)儀漢語拼音的第(di)一個字(zi)母,"07*，"1"，`2*，"6"是表示該(gai)類(lei)儀器一測(ce)(ce)回方向觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)中(zhong)誤差的秒數。通常在(zai)書寫時省(sheng)略字(zi)母"D"，J07。J1和(he)12型經緯(wei)(wei)(wei)儀屬于(yu)精密經緯(wei)(wei)(wei)儀，Js型經緯(wei)(wei)(wei)儀屬于(yu)普(pu)通經緯(wei)(wei)(wei)儀，在(zai)建(jian)筑(zhu)工程中(zhong)常用(yong)12和(he)Js型光學經緯(wei)(wei)(wei)儀。DJ——經緯(wei)(wei)(wei)儀型號(hao)代碼，主(zhu)要有DJ05、DJl、DJ2等(deng)型號(hao)。

經緯儀用途和工作原理

經緯儀是測量工作中的主要測角儀器。由望遠鏡、水(shui)(shui)平度(du)(du)盤、豎(shu)直(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)盤、水(shui)(shui)準(zhun)(zhun)器(qi)(qi)、基座等組成。測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)時，將(jiang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)緯(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)儀安置在三腳架(jia)上，用(yong)(yong)垂球或(huo)光(guang)學對點器(qi)(qi)將(jiang)儀器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)心對準(zhun)(zhun)地面測(ce)(ce)(ce)站(zhan)點上，用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)準(zhun)(zhun)器(qi)(qi)將(jiang)儀器(qi)(qi)定平，用(yong)(yong)望遠鏡瞄準(zhun)(zhun)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)目(mu)標(biao)，用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)平度(du)(du)盤和(he)豎(shu)直(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)盤測(ce)(ce)(ce)定水(shui)(shui)平角和(he)豎(shu)直(zhi)(zhi)角。按(an)精(jing)度(du)(du)分為精(jing)密經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)緯(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)儀和(he)普(pu)通(tong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)緯(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)儀；按(an)讀數設備可分為光(guang)學經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)緯(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)儀和(he)游標(biao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)緯(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)儀；按(an)軸系(xi)構造分為復測(ce)(ce)(ce)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)緯(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)儀和(he)方向經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)緯(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)儀。此外，有可自動(dong)按(an)編碼穿(chuan)孔記(ji)錄度(du)(du)盤讀數的(de)(de)編碼度(du)(du)盤經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)緯(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)儀；可連續(xu)自動(dong)瞄準(zhun)(zhun)空中(zhong)目(mu)標(biao)的(de)(de)自動(dong)跟蹤(zong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)緯(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)儀；利用(yong)(yong)陀螺定向原理迅速獨立測(ce)(ce)(ce)定地面點方位的(de)(de)陀螺經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)緯(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)儀和(he)激光(guang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)緯(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)儀；具有經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)緯(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)儀、子午儀和(he)天頂(ding)儀三種作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)供(gong)天文(wen)觀測(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)全能經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)緯(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)儀；將(jiang)攝影機與經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)緯(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)儀結(jie)合一(yi)起供(gong)地面攝影測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)攝影經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)緯(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)儀等。

測(ce)量(liang)水平角和(he)豎直角的(de)儀(yi)器。是由英(ying)國機械師西森(Sisson)約于1730年(nian)首先研制的(de)，后經(jing)改進成型，正式用于英(ying)國大地(di)測(ce)量(liang)中。1904年(nian)，德(de)國開始生(sheng)產玻璃(li)度(du)盤經(jing)緯(wei)儀(yi)。隨著電子(zi)技術的(de)發展，60年(nian)代出現了電子(zi)經(jing)緯(wei)儀(yi)。在此(ci)基礎上，70年(nian)代制成電子(zi)速測(ce)儀(yi)。

經(jing)緯儀是望(wang)遠(yuan)鏡的(de)(de)機(ji)械部(bu)分，使望(wang)遠(yuan)鏡能(neng)指向(xiang)(xiang)不同(tong)方向(xiang)(xiang)。經(jing)緯儀具(ju)有(you)兩(liang)條互(hu)相垂直(zhi)的(de)(de)轉軸(zhou)，以調校(xiao)望(wang)遠(yuan)鏡的(de)(de)方位(wei)角及水平(ping)高度。此類架臺結構(gou)簡單，成本較(jiao)低，主要(yao)配合(he)地(di)面望(wang)遠(yuan)鏡（大地(di)測量、觀(guan)鳥等用(yong)(yong)途）使用(yong)(yong)，若用(yong)(yong)來(lai)觀(guan)察天(tian)體(ti)，由于(yu)天(tian)體(ti)的(de)(de)日(ri)周(zhou)運動(dong)方向(xiang)(xiang)通常(chang)不與(yu)地(di)平(ping)線垂直(zhi)或(huo)平(ping)行，因此需要(yao)同(tong)時(shi)轉動(dong)兩(liang)軸(zhou)并隨時(shi)間變換轉速才能(neng)追(zhui)蹤(zong)天(tian)體(ti)，不過視場中其它天(tian)體(ti)會相對于(yu)目(mu)標天(tian)體(ti)旋轉，除非(fei)加上抵消視場旋轉的(de)(de)機(ji)構(gou)，否則不適合(he)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)長時(shi)間曝光的(de)(de)天(tian)文攝影。