【電(dian)子(zi)(zi)元(yuan)(yuan)器件(jian)基礎(chu)知識】常(chang)用電(dian)子(zi)(zi)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)入門知識 電(dian)子(zi)(zi)元(yuan)(yuan)器件(jian)的分類(lei)

常用電子元件入門知識

電子元器件是電(dian)子元件和電(dian)小型的(de)(de)(de)機器(qi)(qi)、儀器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)組成(cheng)(cheng)部分(fen)，其本身(shen)常(chang)由(you)若干零件構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)，可以在同類(lei)產(chan)品中(zhong)通用；常(chang)指電(dian)器(qi)(qi)、無(wu)線(xian)電(dian)、儀表等工業的(de)(de)(de)某些零件，如電(dian)容、晶體管、游絲、發條等子器(qi)(qi)件的(de)(de)(de)總(zong)稱。常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)有二極管等。

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電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)元器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)包括：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)管、散(san)熱(re)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、機電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)元件(jian)、連(lian)接器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、半導體分立器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)聲器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)、激光器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)顯(xian)示器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)、光電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)、傳感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源、開關、微特電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)變壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、印制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路板(ban)、集成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路、各類電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路、壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、晶體、石(shi)英、陶瓷磁性材(cai)料、印刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路用(yong)基材(cai)基板(ban)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)功能工(gong)藝專用(yong)材(cai)料、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)膠(jiao)（帶）制品、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)化學材(cai)料及部品等(deng)。

電子元(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件在質量方面國(guo)際(ji)上(shang)有歐盟的(de)(de)(de)CE認(ren)證(zheng)，美國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)UL認(ren)證(zheng)，德國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)VDE和TUV以及中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)CQC認(ren)證(zheng)等國(guo)內外認(ren)證(zheng)，來保證(zheng)元(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件的(de)(de)(de)合格。

電子元器件的分類

一、元件：工(gong)廠在加工(gong)時沒改變原材(cai)料(liao)分(fen)子(zi)成(cheng)分(fen)的產(chan)品可稱為元件，元件屬于不(bu)需

要(yao)能(neng)源的器件(jian)。它(ta)包括：電(dian)阻、電(dian)容、電(dian)感。(又稱為被動 元件(jian)Passive Components)

元件分為：

1、電路(lu)類元(yuan)件：二極管，電阻器等等

2、連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)類元件：連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)器(qi)，插座(zuo)，連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)電(dian)纜，印刷電(dian)路(lu)板(PCB)

二、器件：工廠在生產加工時改變了原材料分子結(jie)構的產品(pin)稱為器件

器件分為：

1、主(zhu)動器(qi)件，它的主(zhu)要特點是：(1)自身消耗電能(2)需要外(wai)界電源。

2、分立器件，分為(1)雙極性晶體(ti)三極管(2)場(chang)效應晶體(ti)管(3)可控硅(4)半導(dao)體(ti)電(dian)阻電(dian)容(rong)

電阻

電阻在電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中用(yong)"R”加數(shu)字表示(shi),如:R1表示(shi)編號為(wei)1的電(dian)(dian)阻.電(dian)(dian)阻在電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中的主要作用(yong)為(wei):分流(liu)(liu)、限流(liu)(liu)、分壓、偏(pian)置等(deng).

電容

電容(rong)(rong)在電路中一般用(yong)"C"加數字表示(如C13表示編號為13的(de)電容(rong)(rong)).電容(rong)(rong)是由兩片金屬膜緊靠,中間用(yong)絕緣(yuan)材料隔(ge)開而組成的(de)元件(jian).電容(rong)(rong)的(de)特性主要(yao)是隔(ge)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)通交流(liu)(liu).

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)大小(xiao)(xiao)表示能(neng)貯存電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)大小(xiao)(xiao),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)對交(jiao)流(liu)信(xin)號(hao)的(de)阻礙(ai)作用稱為容(rong)抗(kang),它(ta)與交(jiao)流(liu)信(xin)號(hao)的(de)頻率和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)有關.

晶體二極管

晶體二(er)極(ji)管在電路中常用“D”加數字表示,如: D5表示編號為5的二(er)極(ji)管.

作(zuo)(zuo)用:二(er)極(ji)管(guan)的主要(yao)特性是單(dan)向導(dao)(dao)電(dian)性,也就(jiu)是在正(zheng)向電(dian)壓(ya)的作(zuo)(zuo)用下(xia),導(dao)(dao)通電(dian)阻很小;而(er)在反向電(dian)壓(ya)作(zuo)(zuo)用下(xia)導(dao)(dao)通電(dian)阻極(ji)大(da)或無窮大(da).

因為二極管具有上述特性(xing),無繩(sheng)電話(hua)機中常把(ba)它用(yong)在整流、隔離、穩(wen)壓、極性(xing)保護、編碼控制、調頻調制和靜噪等電路中.

電感器

電感器在電(dian)子制作中雖然(ran)使(shi)用得(de)不是很(hen)多，但它(ta)們在電(dian)路中同樣重要(yao)。我們認為(wei)電(dian)感器(qi)和電(dian)容器(qi)一樣，也是一種儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)元件，它(ta)能(neng)(neng)把(ba)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉變(bian)為(wei)磁場能(neng)(neng)，并在磁場中儲(chu)存能(neng)(neng)量。電(dian)感器(qi)用符號(hao)L表示(shi)，它(ta)的(de)基本單位(wei)是亨(heng)利（H），常用毫亨(heng)（mH）為(wei)單位(wei)。它(ta)經常和電(dian)容器(qi)一起工作，構(gou)成LC濾波器(qi)、LC振蕩器(qi)等。另外，人們還利用電(dian)感的(de)特性，制造了阻流圈、變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)、繼電(dian)器(qi)等。

組合電路

集(ji)成電(dian)路是一(yi)種采用特殊(shu)工藝(yi)，將晶體管、電(dian)阻、電(dian)容等元件集(ji)成在硅基片上而形成的具有一(yi)定(ding)功能的器(qi)件，英文(wen)縮寫為IC，也俗稱(cheng)芯片。

模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擬集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)是(shi)指由電(dian)(dian)容、電(dian)(dian)阻、晶體管(guan)等(deng)元件集(ji)成在一起(qi)用來(lai)處理模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擬信號的模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擬集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。有許多的模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擬集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，如集(ji)成運算(suan)放(fang)(fang)(fang)大器(qi)、比較(jiao)器(qi)、對(dui)(dui)數(shu)和指數(shu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)大器(qi)、模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擬乘(除)法器(qi)、鎖(suo)相(xiang)(xiang)環、電(dian)(dian)源管(guan)理芯片等(deng)。模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擬集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的主要構成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)有：放(fang)(fang)(fang)大器(qi)、濾波器(qi)、反(fan)饋電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、基準源電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、開關電(dian)(dian)容電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)等(deng)。模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擬集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)設計(ji)主要是(shi)通過(guo)有經驗的設計(ji)師進行手動(dong)的電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)調(diao)試，模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擬而得到，與此相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)應的數(shu)字(zi)集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)設計(ji)大部分(fen)是(shi)通過(guo)使用硬件描述語言在EDA軟件的控制下自動(dong)的綜(zong)合產生。

數字集成電路是將元器件和(he)連線(xian)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)于同一半導(dao)體芯片上(shang)而制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)邏輯(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)或(huo)系統。根據數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)中包含(han)的(de)門(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)或(huo)元、器件(jian)(jian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)量，可將(jiang)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)分為小(xiao)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(SSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、中規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(MSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、大(da)(da)(da)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(LSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、超(chao)(chao)大(da)(da)(da)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)VLSI電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)和(he)特大(da)(da)(da)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)ULSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)。小(xiao)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)包含(han)的(de)門(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)在10個(ge)(ge)以內，或(huo)元器件(jian)(jian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)不超(chao)(chao)過100個(ge)(ge)；中規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)包含(han)的(de)門(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)在10-100個(ge)(ge)之(zhi)間，或(huo)元器件(jian)(jian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在100-1000個(ge)(ge)之(zhi)間；大(da)(da)(da)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)包含(han)的(de)門(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)在100個(ge)(ge)以上(shang)，或(huo)元器件(jian)(jian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在10-10個(ge)(ge)之(zhi)間；超(chao)(chao)大(da)(da)(da)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)包含(han)的(de)門(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)在1萬個(ge)(ge)以上(shang)，或(huo)元器件(jian)(jian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在10-10之(zhi)間；特大(da)(da)(da)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)元器件(jian)(jian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在10-10之(zhi)間。它(ta)包括：基本邏輯(ji)門(men)、觸發器、寄(ji)存(cun)器、譯碼器、驅(qu)動器、計數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)器、整形電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、可編程邏輯(ji)器件(jian)(jian)、微處理器、單片機、DSP等。