【電(dian)子元器件(jian)基(ji)礎知識】常用電(dian)子元件(jian)入門(men)知識 電(dian)子元器件(jian)的(de)分(fen)類

常用電子元件入門知識

電子元器件是(shi)電子元(yuan)件(jian)和電小型的(de)(de)機(ji)器、儀器的(de)(de)組(zu)成(cheng)部(bu)分(fen)，其本身常由若干(gan)零件(jian)構(gou)成(cheng)，可(ke)以在同類(lei)產品中通用(yong)；常指電器、無線電、儀表等(deng)(deng)工業的(de)(de)某些零件(jian)，如電容、晶體(ti)管、游絲(si)、發條等(deng)(deng)子器件(jian)的(de)(de)總(zong)稱。常見的(de)(de)有二極管等(deng)(deng)。

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電(dian)(dian)(dian)子元器(qi)(qi)件(jian)包(bao)括：電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)位器(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子管、散(san)熱器(qi)(qi)、機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)元件(jian)、連接(jie)器(qi)(qi)、半導體分立器(qi)(qi)件(jian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)聲器(qi)(qi)件(jian)、激(ji)光器(qi)(qi)件(jian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子顯示器(qi)(qi)件(jian)、光電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)、傳感器(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)源、開關、微(wei)特電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子變壓器(qi)(qi)、繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)、印制電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)板、集成電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、各(ge)類電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)、晶體、石英、陶瓷磁性材料(liao)、印刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)用(yong)基(ji)材基(ji)板、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子功能(neng)工藝(yi)專用(yong)材料(liao)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子膠（帶(dai)）制品、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子化學材料(liao)及(ji)部品等(deng)。

電子(zi)元(yuan)器件在質量方面國(guo)(guo)際(ji)上有歐盟的CE認證(zheng)，美國(guo)(guo)的UL認證(zheng)，德(de)國(guo)(guo)的VDE和TUV以及中國(guo)(guo)的CQC認證(zheng)等國(guo)(guo)內外(wai)認證(zheng)，來保證(zheng)元(yuan)器件的合格。

電子元器件的分類

一、元件：工廠(chang)在加(jia)工時沒改變原(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)分子成(cheng)分的產品可(ke)稱為(wei)元(yuan)件(jian)，元(yuan)件(jian)屬(shu)于不需

要能源的器件。它包括：電(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)容、電(dian)(dian)感。(又稱為被動 元件Passive Components)

元件分為：

1、電(dian)路類元(yuan)件：二極(ji)管，電(dian)阻器等等

2、連(lian)(lian)接類元件：連(lian)(lian)接器，插座，連(lian)(lian)接電纜，印刷電路板(PCB)

二、器件：工(gong)廠在生產(chan)加工(gong)時改變了原材料分子結(jie)構的(de)產(chan)品稱為(wei)器件

器件分為：

1、主動(dong)器件，它的主要(yao)特(te)點是：(1)自身消耗電能(2)需要(yao)外(wai)界電源。

2、分立(li)器件，分為(1)雙(shuang)極性晶體三(san)極管(guan)(2)場(chang)效應晶體管(guan)(3)可控(kong)硅(4)半(ban)導(dao)體電阻電容

電阻

電阻在電(dian)路中用"R”加數(shu)字表(biao)示(shi),如(ru):R1表(biao)示(shi)編號為1的(de)(de)電(dian)阻.電(dian)阻在電(dian)路中的(de)(de)主要作用為:分流、限流、分壓、偏置等.

電容

電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)在(zai)電(dian)路中一(yi)般用"C"加數字表(biao)示(shi)(如(ru)C13表(biao)示(shi)編號為13的(de)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)).電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)是由兩片金(jin)屬膜(mo)緊(jin)靠,中間(jian)用絕緣材料(liao)隔(ge)開而組成的(de)元(yuan)件.電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)特(te)性(xing)主要是隔(ge)直(zhi)流(liu)通(tong)交流(liu).

電(dian)容(rong)的(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)大小(xiao)表(biao)示能貯存電(dian)能的(de)(de)大小(xiao),電(dian)容(rong)對交(jiao)流信(xin)號的(de)(de)阻礙(ai)作用稱為容(rong)抗,它(ta)與交(jiao)流信(xin)號的(de)(de)頻率和電(dian)容(rong)量(liang)有關.

晶體二極管

晶體二極管(guan)在電路中(zhong)常用“D”加數字表(biao)示,如(ru): D5表(biao)示編號為5的(de)二極管(guan).

作(zuo)(zuo)用:二(er)極管(guan)的主要特性是(shi)單向(xiang)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)性,也就是(shi)在(zai)正向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的作(zuo)(zuo)用下,導(dao)(dao)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻很(hen)小;而在(zai)反向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓作(zuo)(zuo)用下導(dao)(dao)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻極大或無窮大.

因為(wei)二極(ji)管具有上述(shu)特性(xing),無(wu)繩電(dian)(dian)話機中常把它用(yong)在(zai)整流、隔離(li)、穩壓(ya)、極(ji)性(xing)保護、編碼控制(zhi)、調頻(pin)調制(zhi)和靜噪(zao)等電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中.

電感器

電感器在電子制(zhi)作(zuo)中雖(sui)然使(shi)用(yong)得不是很(hen)多(duo)，但它(ta)(ta)們在電路中同樣重要(yao)。我們認為(wei)(wei)電感器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)電容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)一樣，也是一種儲(chu)能(neng)元件，它(ta)(ta)能(neng)把電能(neng)轉變為(wei)(wei)磁場能(neng)，并在磁場中儲(chu)存(cun)能(neng)量。電感器(qi)(qi)(qi)用(yong)符號L表(biao)示(shi)，它(ta)(ta)的基本單位(wei)是亨利（H），常用(yong)毫(hao)亨（mH）為(wei)(wei)單位(wei)。它(ta)(ta)經(jing)常和(he)電容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)一起工(gong)作(zuo)，構成LC濾波器(qi)(qi)(qi)、LC振蕩器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)。另外，人們還(huan)利用(yong)電感的特性，制(zhi)造了阻流圈、變壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)、繼(ji)電器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)。

組合電路

集成電路是一種采用特(te)殊(shu)工藝，將(jiang)晶體管、電阻(zu)、電容(rong)等(deng)元件集成在硅基片上而形成的具有一定(ding)功能的器件，英文縮寫為IC，也俗稱芯片。

模擬(ni)集成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)是指(zhi)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)容、電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻、晶(jing)體管等元(yuan)件集成(cheng)(cheng)在一起(qi)用來處(chu)理模擬(ni)信號的(de)模擬(ni)集成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。有許(xu)多的(de)模擬(ni)集成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，如集成(cheng)(cheng)運算放大器(qi)(qi)、比(bi)較(jiao)器(qi)(qi)、對數(shu)(shu)(shu)和(he)指(zhi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)放大器(qi)(qi)、模擬(ni)乘(除(chu))法器(qi)(qi)、鎖相環、電(dian)(dian)(dian)源管理芯片等。模擬(ni)集成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)主(zhu)要構成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)有：放大器(qi)(qi)、濾波器(qi)(qi)、反饋電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、基準源電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)等。模擬(ni)集成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)設計(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要是通過有經驗(yan)的(de)設計(ji)(ji)師進行手動的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)調試，模擬(ni)而得(de)到，與(yu)此相對應的(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)集成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)設計(ji)(ji)大部(bu)分(fen)是通過使用硬件描述語(yu)言在EDA軟件的(de)控制下自動的(de)綜(zong)合產生。

數字集成電路是將元器件和(he)連線集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)于同(tong)一半導體(ti)芯片上而制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)字邏輯(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)或(huo)系(xi)統。根據數(shu)(shu)(shu)字集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)中(zhong)包(bao)含(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)門電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)或(huo)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件數(shu)(shu)(shu)量(liang)，可(ke)將數(shu)(shu)(shu)字集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)分為小(xiao)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(SSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、中(zhong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(MSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、大(da)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(LSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、超大(da)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)VLSI電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)和(he)特(te)大(da)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)ULSI)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)。小(xiao)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)包(bao)含(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)門電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)在(zai)(zai)10個以內，或(huo)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件數(shu)(shu)(shu)不超過100個；中(zhong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)包(bao)含(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)門電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)在(zai)(zai)10-100個之(zhi)(zhi)間，或(huo)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件數(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)100-1000個之(zhi)(zhi)間；大(da)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)包(bao)含(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)門電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)在(zai)(zai)100個以上，或(huo)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件數(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)10-10個之(zhi)(zhi)間；超大(da)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)包(bao)含(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)門電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)在(zai)(zai)1萬個以上，或(huo)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件數(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)10-10之(zhi)(zhi)間；特(te)大(da)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件數(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)10-10之(zhi)(zhi)間。它包(bao)括(kuo)：基本邏輯(ji)門、觸發器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、寄存器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、譯碼器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、驅動(dong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、計(ji)數(shu)(shu)(shu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、整形電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、可(ke)編程(cheng)邏輯(ji)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件、微處(chu)理器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、單片機、DSP等。