電弧是什么

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)束高溫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)離氣(qi)體(ti)，是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)氣(qi)體(ti)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)現(xian)象，是(shi)(shi)氣(qi)體(ti)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)最(zui)強烈的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)自持(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，也是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)等離子體(ti)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)通過某些絕緣(yuan)介質（例如空氣(qi)）所(suo)產(chan)生的(de)瞬間火花，就是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最(zui)顯著的(de)外觀特征是(shi)(shi)明亮(liang)的(de)弧(hu)(hu)光柱和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極斑(ban)點，通常可分為長弧(hu)(hu)和短弧(hu)(hu)兩(liang)類。長弧(hu)(hu)中(zhong)弧(hu)(hu)柱起重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)作用，短弧(hu)(hu)長度在(zai)幾毫米以(yi)下，陰極區(qu)(qu)和陽極區(qu)(qu)起主要(yao)(yao)作用。

該圖片由注冊用戶"生活就是藝術"提供，版權聲明反饋

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)在外力作用(yong)(yong)下，如氣流，外界磁(ci)場(chang)甚(shen)至(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)本身(shen)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)場(chang)作用(yong)(yong)下會迅速移動(dong)（每秒可達幾百米），拉長、卷(juan)曲形(xing)成十分(fen)復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)狀，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)孳生點也會快速移動(dong)或跳(tiao)動(dong)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可用(yong)(yong)于焊(han)接、冶煉、照(zhao)明、噴(pen)涂(tu)等，主要是(shi)利(li)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)溫、高(gao)能量密(mi)度、易控(kong)制等特(te)點，在這(zhe)些應用(yong)(yong)中，都需使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)穩定放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。注意電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)具有超強的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力，能瞬間使心臟停(ting)跳(tiao)，所以(yi)，利(li)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)而(er)工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)人們需要小心。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)是工業生(sheng)(sheng)產中(zhong)應用(yong)最廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)方(fang)法，將要焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)的(de)(de)金屬(shu)作(zuo)為一(yi)極(ji)(ji)，焊(han)(han)(han)條(tiao)作(zuo)為另(ling)一(yi)極(ji)(ji)，兩(liang)(liang)極(ji)(ji)接(jie)近時產生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)，利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)熱(re)量將焊(han)(han)(han)條(tiao)與(yu)工件互相熔化并在冷(leng)凝后形(xing)成(cheng)焊(han)(han)(han)縫，從而獲得牢固(gu)接(jie)頭(tou)的(de)(de)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)過程。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)的(de)(de)實質是氣(qi)(qi)體導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，即電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)所(suo)在的(de)(de)空(kong)間中(zhong)的(de)(de)中(zhong)性氣(qi)(qi)體在一(yi)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓作(zuo)用(yong)下分解成(cheng)帶正(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)(de)正(zheng)離(li)子(zi)和帶負(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)，稱為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)離(li)，這(zhe)兩(liang)(liang)種帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)質點分別(bie)向兩(liang)(liang)極(ji)(ji)方(fang)向運動，使局部氣(qi)(qi)體導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)形(xing)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)把(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換(huan)成(cheng)熱(re)能(neng)，加熱(re)和熔化金屬(shu)，形(xing)成(cheng)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)接(jie)頭(tou)。

電弧焊接方法有哪些

1、手工電弧焊

手工電(dian)弧(hu)焊(han)是(shi)(shi)通(tong)過帶藥皮的(de)(de)焊(han)條和(he)(he)被(bei)(bei)焊(han)金(jin)屬間的(de)(de)電(dian)弧(hu)將被(bei)(bei)焊(han)金(jin)屬加熱，從(cong)而(er)達到焊(han)接(jie)的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)。焊(han)條和(he)(he)工件的(de)(de)電(dian)弧(hu)是(shi)(shi)由電(dian)流引起的(de)(de)，它提(ti)供熱能并將母材、填(tian)充金(jin)屬以及藥皮融化，隨著電(dian)弧(hu)向右移動，焊(han)接(jie)金(jin)屬得(de)以凝固并在表面(mian)形成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)層焊(han)渣。手工電(dian)弧(hu)焊(han)中最主(zhu)要的(de)(de)要素是(shi)(shi)焊(han)條本身(shen)，它是(shi)(shi)由金(jin)屬芯外覆一(yi)(yi)層粒狀焊(han)劑和(he)(he)某種粘接(jie)劑制作而(er)成(cheng)的(de)(de)。所有的(de)(de)碳(tan)鋼(gang)和(he)(he)低合(he)金(jin)鋼(gang)焊(han)條基(ji)本上都用低碳(tan)鋼(gang)絲做芯，而(er)合(he)金(jin)元素則來自于(yu)藥皮，這也是(shi)(shi)較為經(jing)濟的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種合(he)金(jin)化方(fang)法(fa)。

2、氣體保護電弧焊

氣(qi)體(ti)保護(hu)電(dian)弧(hu)(hu)焊(han)是(shi)(shi)(shi)通過焊(han)槍連續不(bu)斷的(de)(de)(de)送絲，由(you)焊(han)絲和工件(jian)之間產生的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)弧(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)熱量將母(mu)材和焊(han)絲熔化(hua)，從而達到(dao)焊(han)接的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。氣(qi)體(ti)保護(hu)電(dian)弧(hu)(hu)焊(han)很重要的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個特點(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)焊(han)接過程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)保護(hu)氣(qi)體(ti)也是(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)焊(han)槍輸送，這些氣(qi)體(ti)有惰性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)，也有非惰性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)。惰性(xing)氣(qi)體(ti)如氬、氦(hai)可(ke)用(yong)于某些焊(han)接當(dang)中，它(ta)們可(ke)單獨使(shi)(shi)用(yong)，也可(ke)混(hun)(hun)合使(shi)(shi)用(yong)，或與其它(ta)非惰性(xing)氣(qi)體(ti)如氮氣(qi)、氧氣(qi)或二(er)氧化(hua)碳混(hun)(hun)合使(shi)(shi)用(yong)。多數氣(qi)體(ti)保護(hu)電(dian)弧(hu)(hu)焊(han)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)二(er)氧化(hua)碳作為保護(hu)氣(qi)體(ti)，因為與惰性(xing)氣(qi)體(ti)相比，它(ta)價格較為便宜。氣(qi)體(ti)保護(hu)電(dian)弧(hu)(hu)焊(han)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)極是(shi)(shi)(shi)實芯焊(han)絲。

3、藥芯焊絲電弧焊

藥(yao)芯焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)電(dian)弧焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)與氣(qi)(qi)體保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)非常相似，差別在(zai)于藥(yao)芯焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)采用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)是管(guan)狀焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)，其中(zhong)裝有(you)粒狀的(de)(de)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)劑(ji)，而(er)不是氣(qi)(qi)體保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)所用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)實(shi)芯焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)。管(guan)狀的(de)(de)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)通(tong)過焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)槍(qiang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)導(dao)電(dian)嘴(zui)送進，并在(zai)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)和工(gong)件之間產生電(dian)弧。隨著向前(qian)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)接(jie)而(er)熔敷焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)縫(feng)金屬，和手(shou)工(gong)電(dian)弧焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)一樣，在(zai)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)縫(feng)金屬上覆蓋著一層焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)渣。根據使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)類型不同，可以對藥(yao)芯焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)附帶或(huo)不附帶額(e)外(wai)的(de)(de)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)氣(qi)(qi)體。有(you)些焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)被設計成(cheng)靠內部焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)劑(ji)提(ti)供所有(you)需要(yao)的(de)(de)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)，它們被稱為自(zi)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)性(xing)。其它的(de)(de)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)要(yao)求(qiu)附加的(de)(de)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)氣(qi)(qi)體提(ti)供附加的(de)(de)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)。

4、鎢極氣體保護電弧焊

鎢極(ji)(ji)(ji)氣(qi)體(ti)保護(hu)電(dian)弧焊(han)(han)最重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)特(te)性是電(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)在焊(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)過(guo)程(cheng)中不(bu)會消(xiao)耗。它采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)純鎢或(huo)(huo)鎢合金制(zhi)造，具有(you)(you)承受高溫的(de)(de)能力，甚至是電(dian)弧的(de)(de)高溫。因(yin)而，當(dang)電(dian)流通(tong)過(guo)時，就(jiu)在鎢極(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)工(gong)件(jian)之間(jian)建立起電(dian)弧。當(dang)需要(yao)填充金屬時，必須(xu)額(e)外添加，通(tong)常(chang)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)手工(gong)方式(shi)，或(huo)(huo)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)機械(xie)送絲系統(tong)。電(dian)弧和(he)金屬采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)惰性氣(qi)體(ti)保護(hu)，這些氣(qi)體(ti)從包(bao)圍著鎢極(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)噴嘴中流出(chu)。因(yin)為(wei)沒有(you)(you)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)焊(han)(han)劑，熔敷金屬不(bu)需要(yao)清渣。鎢極(ji)(ji)(ji)氣(qi)體(ti)保護(hu)電(dian)弧焊(han)(han)在許多工(gong)業領域(yu)有(you)(you)著廣泛的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)，它能焊(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)幾(ji)乎(hu)所(suo)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)材(cai)料，因(yin)為(wei)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)在焊(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)過(guo)程(cheng)沒有(you)(you)熔化(hua)(hua)，具有(you)(you)在極(ji)(ji)(ji)低(di)電(dian)流情況(kuang)下焊(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)能力，使(shi)得鎢極(ji)(ji)(ji)氬弧焊(han)(han)可用(yong)(yong)(yong)于極(ji)(ji)(ji)薄材(cai)料的(de)(de)焊(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)。它特(te)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)清潔和(he)操作可控(kong)特(te)性，使(shi)它成為(wei)苛刻條件(jian)下應用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)首(shou)選，這些應用(yong)(yong)(yong)如(ru)太空、食品和(he)藥品加工(gong)，石化(hua)(hua)和(he)動力管道工(gong)業。

5、埋弧焊

埋(mai)弧(hu)(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)通過(guo)用實(shi)芯(xin)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)連(lian)續送進(jin)，焊(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)產(chan)生的電弧(hu)(hu)完全被顆(ke)粒狀的焊(han)(han)(han)(han)劑層所覆(fu)蓋，因(yin)而(er)被命名成“埋(mai)弧(hu)(hu)”焊(han)(han)(han)(han)，這種(zhong)方(fang)法是目(mu)前(qian)(qian)所提及的在焊(han)(han)(han)(han)縫金屬(shu)(shu)熔敷效率上最高的一種(zhong)典型焊(han)(han)(han)(han)接方(fang)法。對于埋(mai)弧(hu)(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)工藝，顆(ke)粒狀焊(han)(han)(han)(han)劑被置于焊(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)的前(qian)(qian)部或周(zhou)圍來實(shi)現對熔化金屬(shu)(shu)的保護(hu)。在焊(han)(han)(han)(han)接過(guo)程中，在焊(han)(han)(han)(han)道上有一層焊(han)(han)(han)(han)渣和(he)仍然為顆(ke)粒狀的焊(han)(han)(han)(han)劑。