天然石材是指從天然巖體中開采出來的,并經加工成塊狀或板狀材料的總稱。石材作為一種高檔建(jian)筑裝(zhuang)飾材料廣泛應用于室內外裝(zhuang)飾設(she)計(ji)、幕墻裝(zhuang)飾和公(gong)共設(she)施建(jian)設(she)。目(mu)前(qian)市(shi)場(chang)上常見的石(shi)(shi)材主(zhu)要分為天(tian)然石(shi)(shi)和人造石(shi)(shi)、大(da)理石(shi)(shi)。
建筑裝飾用(yong)的天然(ran)石(shi)(shi)材(cai)主要有花崗(gang)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)和大(da)理(li)(li)石(shi)(shi)兩大(da)種。所謂大(da)理(li)(li)石(shi)(shi)是指沉積(ji)的或變質的碳酸鹽巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)類(lei)的巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)石(shi)(shi),有大(da)理(li)(li)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)云巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、灰巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、砂巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、頁巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)和板巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等。如(ru)我國著名的漢白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)玉就(jiu)是北京(jing)房山產的白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)云巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),云南大(da)理(li)(li)石(shi)(shi)則是產于大(da)理(li)(li)縣(xian)的大(da)理(li)(li)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),著名的丹東綠(lv)則為蛇紋(wen)石(shi)(shi)化硅卡巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。同(tong)樣,作為石(shi)(shi)材(cai)開采的各類(lei)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)漿(jiang)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),如(ru)花崗(gang)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、安山巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、輝綠(lv)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、綠(lv)長巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、片麻(ma)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等稱(cheng)之為花崗(gang)石(shi)(shi)。如(ru)北京(jing)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)虎澗的白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色花崗(gang)石(shi)(shi)是花崗(gang)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),濟南青是輝長巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),而青島的黑色花崗(gang)石(shi)(shi)則是輝綠(lv)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。
天然石材種類有哪些
1、砂巖
砂巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)主(zhu)要由礦物和巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)石(shi)顆粒(顆粒大小為0.06-2mm)組成的(de)并含有(you)60%以上(shang)二氧化(hua)硅的(de)一(yi)類(lei)沉積巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。其擁有(you)硅土,氧化(hua)鐵,碳酸鹽(yan)或(huo)粘(zhan)土凝結而(er)成的(de)一(yi)種多空(kong)隙結構。分類(lei):商業上(shang)主(zhu)要分為藍灰砂巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),褐色砂巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),正石(shi)英砂巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),石(shi)英巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),礫石(shi),粉砂巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。
2、板巖
板(ban)(ban)(ban)巖(yan)是(shi)具有(you)板(ban)(ban)(ban)狀結構,基本沒有(you)重結晶的(de)巖(yan)石,是(shi)一(yi)種變質(zhi)巖(yan),原巖(yan)為(wei)泥質(zhi)、粉質(zhi)或(huo)中性(xing)凝(ning)灰(hui)巖(yan),沿板(ban)(ban)(ban)理方向可(ke)以剝成薄片。板(ban)(ban)(ban)巖(yan)的(de)顏色(se)(se)(se)隨其所含(han)有(you)的(de)雜質(zhi)不同而(er)變化,含(han)鐵的(de)為(wei)紅色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)黃色(se)(se)(se);含(han)碳質(zhi)的(de)為(wei)黑(hei)色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)灰(hui)色(se)(se)(se);含(han)鈣(gai)的(de)遇鹽酸會(hui)起泡,因此一(yi)般以其顏色(se)(se)(se)命名分類,如會(hui)綠色(se)(se)(se)板(ban)(ban)(ban)巖(yan)、黑(hei)色(se)(se)(se)板(ban)(ban)(ban)巖(yan)、鈣(gai)質(zhi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)巖(yan)等。
3、大理石
大理石(shi)(shi)由沉積巖(yan)和(he)沉積巖(yan)的(de)(de)(de)變質巖(yan)形(xing)成(cheng),是石(shi)(shi)灰石(shi)(shi)重(zhong)結晶形(xing)成(cheng)后的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種變質巖(yan),通(tong)常(chang)伴隨有(you)生物(wu)遺體的(de)(de)(de)紋理。從商業(ye)角(jiao)度來說,所有(you)天然形(xing)成(cheng)、能夠進行拋光的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)灰質巖(yan)石(shi)(shi)都稱之(zhi)為大理石(shi)(shi),某些白云石(shi)(shi)和(he)蛇(she)紋巖(yan)也是如此。
4、花崗巖
花(hua)崗巖(yan)屬火成(cheng)巖(yan),由地下巖(yan)漿(jiang)噴出(chu)和(he)侵入冷(leng)卻(que)結晶,以及(ji)花(hua)崗質(zhi)的(de)變質(zhi)巖(yan)等形成(cheng)。具有可見的(de)晶體結構和(he)紋理。花(hua)崗巖(yan)的(de)比(bi)重在(zai)2.63到2.75之間,其(qi)抗壓強度(du)為1,050~14,000千克(ke)/平方厘米(15,000~20,000磅/平方英寸(cun))。因為花(hua)崗巖(yan)的(de)強度(du)比(bi)沙巖(yan)、石(shi)(shi)灰石(shi)(shi)和(he)大理石(shi)(shi)大,因此比(bi)較(jiao)難于開采。
5、石灰石
石灰石是(shi)沉積源形成的一種巖(yan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),主要成分是(shi)碳(tan)酸鈣、鈣鎂碳(tan)酸鹽或者碳(tan)酸鈣和(he)碳(tan)酸鎂的混合物。重結晶石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)灰(hui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、結實的微晶石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)灰(hui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)及能(neng)拋光的石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)灰(hui)華(hua)都(dou)被(bei)作為石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)灰(hui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)或大理石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)進(jin)行宣傳和(he)銷售,尤其(qi)是(shi)在美國。
天然石材有什么作用
無論有多少替代品和仿制品,天(tian)然(ran)石材永遠有它無法(fa)抵擋的自(zi)然(ran)魅力。在日常生活中天(tian)然(ran)石材主要用(yong)于(yu)(yu)鋪設地(di)面(mian)或者家居臥(wo)室(shi)地(di)面(mian)的裝(zhuang)飾,目前,主要用(yong)于(yu)(yu)建筑(zhu)裝(zhuang)飾的天(tian)然(ran)石材是花(hua)崗石、大理石、板(ban)巖(yan)和其它一些用(yong)于(yu)(yu)局部裝(zhuang)飾的石材。
花崗(gang)石(shi)比較堅硬、耐磨,有粗面(mian)(mian)和(he)光面(mian)(mian)兩(liang)種效果,主要用(yong)于(yu)(yu)鋪砌地面(mian)(mian)。由于(yu)(yu)它的(de)高硬度,帶來施工的(de)困難和(he)色(se)系單調,大理石(shi)質地柔和(he)些,易于(yu)(yu)切割或(huo)雕刻(ke)成形(xing),紋(wen)理自然多樣,適用(yong)于(yu)(yu)墻面(mian)(mian)和(he)地面(mian)(mian)裝飾(shi)。
板(ban)巖、頁(ye)巖等一些(xie)外(wai)觀粗糙(cao)的(de)天然(ran)石材適宜做(zuo)局(ju)部裝飾,若有較大空間,所(suo)使用(yong)的(de)面積(ji)可以(yi)略大一些(xie)。
天然(ran)石材的(de)自然(ran)紋理(li)和(he)活潑生動的(de)線條雖是優于(yu)(yu)(yu)人工(gong)制品的(de)特點(dian),但由于(yu)(yu)(yu)受限于(yu)(yu)(yu)原(yuan)始因素,若(ruo)施(shi)工(gong)面(mian)積較(jiao)大,要找到同批色澤、紋路一(yi)致的(de)板材,需要花費時間(jian)與(yu)精力。同樣由于(yu)(yu)(yu)自然(ran)形成,細(xi)微(wei)疏松裂紋處易折損,如果使(shi)用前防(fang)潮處理(li)不夠(gou),也會從紋理(li)處吸入過量水(shui)分,鋪(pu)裝后產生難以清(qing)除(chu)的(de)水(shui)漬(zi)。
另外,居室中用石材有兩個因素必須要考慮。一是承重是否允許,應經過物業部門允許;二是防止在居室中使用過量放射性的,以致對人體造成危害的石材,購買(mai)時要(yao)看(kan)其放射(she)(she)性是否超標。按(an)國家規定,只(zhi)有符合天(tian)然石材放射(she)(she)性水平(ping)A類的才可在家庭中使(shi)用。