房屋改造結構(gou)拆改之新建墻體(ti) 裝修(xiu)新建墻體(ti)分(fen)類與施(shi)工工藝
房屋改(gai)造結構拆改(gai)之(zhi)新建墻體 裝(zhuang)修新建墻體分(fen)類與施工工藝
房(fang)屋(wu)設計改造中(zhong),存在有新建墻(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)的(de)情況時,需要分(fen)清楚是建那種墻(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)。下面(mian)我們來了解一下裝修墻(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)分(fen)類以及(ji)墻(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)保溫的(de)知識。
一、新建墻體分類與施工
一般(ban)家(jia)裝多用的輕(qing)質(zhi)磚砌(qi)隔(ge)墻、骨架(jia)隔(ge)墻、成(cheng)品墻體板材隔(ge)墻等組成(cheng)非(fei)承(cheng)重的輕(qing)質(zhi)內(nei)隔(ge)墻,這樣(yang)的結(jie)構墻身薄,自重小,具有隔(ge)聲、防潮(chao)、防火等功(gong)能,只起隔(ge)斷作用而不承(cheng)重。
1、輕體磚砌墻
輕體磚的種類:
輕(qing)(qing)體磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)的品(pin)種有粘(zhan)土空(kong)心磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)、粘(zhan)土多孔磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)、混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土空(kong)心磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)、陶粒磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)、膨脹(zhang)加(jia)氣混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)等(deng),家裝常用(yong)的是膨脹(zhang)加(jia)氣混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)。輕(qing)(qing)體磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)質輕(qing)(qing)、保(bao)溫、隔音,多用(yong)于(yu)非承重(zhong)墻體,還可(ke)用(yong)于(yu)框(kuang)架的填充墻等(deng)
輕體磚的施工:
大(da)面積壘(lei)砌隔(ge)斷墻(qiang)(qiang)常用100x300x600加(jia)(jia)氣磚斗砌,新(xin)(xin)建(jian)墻(qiang)(qiang)需(xu)錯縫(feng)砌筑,與(yu)承重墻(qiang)(qiang)之間銜接(jie)處要多處使用鋼(gang)筋生根,增加(jia)(jia)墻(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)的(de)(de)牢(lao)固性,避免墻(qiang)(qiang)角(jiao)出現裂縫(feng)。新(xin)(xin)建(jian)輕體(ti)磚墻(qiang)(qiang)應(ying)每隔(ge)50公分左右(兩(liang)(liang)塊磚的(de)(de)高(gao)度)加(jia)(jia)一圈鋼(gang)筋,每圈兩(liang)(liang)根鋼(gang)筋平(ping)行放置,將鋼(gang)筋插入結合處老(lao)墻(qiang)(qiang),與(yu)新(xin)(xin)建(jian)墻(qiang)(qiang)通體(ti)長,而(er)且墻(qiang)(qiang)角(jiao)拐彎(wan)的(de)(de)地方(fang)必須是(shi)整條鋼(gang)筋彎(wan)過來的(de)(de)。
新(xin)建墻(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)外側在抹水泥之前要(yao)(yao)加掛(gua)鐵絲(si)網,以增加墻(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)和外面(mian)貼瓷(ci)磚的(de)穩固性(xing),避(bi)(bi)免新(xin)建輕體(ti)墻(qiang)(qiang)出現(xian)開裂、抹灰(hui)層(ceng)(ceng)出現(xian)脫(tuo)落等現(xian)象。用加氣磚斗砌外抹水泥灰(hui)比例要(yao)(yao)正(zheng)確(que),避(bi)(bi)免抹灰(hui)層(ceng)(ceng)表面(mian)大面(mian)積的(de)龜裂。
2、骨架隔墻
骨架隔墻的材料:
家裝(zhuang)中(zhong)的(de)骨(gu)架隔墻大多用(yong)(yong)輕鋼龍骨(gu)或(huo)木龍骨(gu)作(zuo)(zuo)骨(gu)架,外(wai)面釘(ding)石膏(gao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)和石棉(mian)水(shui)泥(ni)板(ban)(ban)(ban)。石膏(gao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)以石膏(gao)料漿為夾芯,兩面用(yong)(yong)紙作(zuo)(zuo)護面的(de)一(yi)種輕質(zhi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)材,強度(du)高(gao)、防火(huo)(huo)、易于加(jia)工(gong),常用(yong)(yong)于內(nei)墻、隔墻和吊(diao)頂。石棉(mian)水(shui)泥(ni)板(ban)(ban)(ban)以優質(zhi)高(gao)標號水(shui)泥(ni)為基(ji)體材料,配(pei)以天然石棉(mian)纖維(wei)增(zeng)強,經成型、加(jia)壓、高(gao)溫蒸養等處理制成,具有耐壓強度(du)高(gao)、使用(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)長、防火(huo)(huo)、防水(shui)、防潮、耐腐(fu)蝕、抗沖擊、易加(jia)工(gong)等優點。
骨架隔墻的施工:
隔墻(qiang)龍骨的(de)施(shi)工:做骨架隔墻(qiang)先要(yao)搭建龍骨框架,按(an)設(she)計要(yao)求,沿地、墻(qiang)、頂(ding)位放(fang)線(xian),準確保證隔墻(qiang)垂(chui)直,預(yu)埋墻(qiang)內的(de)水暖(nuan)、電氣設(she)備鋪設(she)管線(xian)時,不得(de)切(qie)斷橫、豎向龍骨。
隔墻石(shi)膏(gao)(gao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)施工:石(shi)膏(gao)(gao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)宜延龍(long)骨(gu)豎向鋪(pu)設,長(chang)邊接縫在豎龍(long)骨(gu)中心線上,龍(long)骨(gu)兩(liang)側的(de)石(shi)膏(gao)(gao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)及(ji)龍(long)骨(gu)一側的(de)雙(shuang)層板(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)接縫應錯開。木(mu)龍(long)骨(gu)用(yong)木(mu)螺(luo)(luo)釘(ding)(ding)(ding)固定,固定石(shi)膏(gao)(gao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)不能使(shi)用(yong)汽釘(ding)(ding)(ding)來(lai)連接,應用(yong)自攻螺(luo)(luo)絲來(lai)連接石(shi)膏(gao)(gao)板(ban)(ban)(ban),釘(ding)(ding)(ding)頭略埋(mai)入(ru)板(ban)(ban)(ban)內(nei),但不得(de)(de)(de)損壞(huai)紙面,釘(ding)(ding)(ding)眼(yan)應進行防銹處理。自攻螺(luo)(luo)釘(ding)(ding)(ding)沿石(shi)膏(gao)(gao)板(ban)(ban)(ban)周邊釘(ding)(ding)(ding)間距不得(de)(de)(de)大于(yu)200mm,板(ban)(ban)(ban)中釘(ding)(ding)(ding)間距不得(de)(de)(de)大于(yu)300mm,螺(luo)(luo)釘(ding)(ding)(ding)與板(ban)(ban)(ban)邊距離應為10 ~15mm。
一般陽臺與衛生間用(yong)(yong)輕鋼(gang)龍骨裝水(shui)泥(ni)板,粘磚要掛金屬網(wang),抹灰拉毛(mao)。經過多年的(de)試(shi)驗,我(wo)在水(shui)泥(ni)板上先用(yong)(yong)祝(zhu)(zhu)邦104膠調素水(shui)泥(ni)漿(jiang)拉毛(mao),再用(yong)(yong)祝(zhu)(zhu)邦膠調水(shui)泥(ni)砂漿(jiang)貼(tie)磚,不用(yong)(yong)掛網(wang),堅(jian)固(gu)耐用(yong)(yong),施(shi)工便捷。
3、石膏砌塊隔墻
石膏砌塊的原材料及性能:
石(shi)膏(gao)砌塊(kuai)是以天然(ran)石(shi)膏(gao)與適量(liang)功(gong)能(neng)性(xing)摻合料和(he)添加(jia)(jia)劑,加(jia)(jia)水(shui)攪拌澆(jiao)注成型制成的輕質隔(ge)墻(qiang)產品,具有(you)防(fang)火、隔(ge)熱、隔(ge)音(yin)性(xing)能(neng),可增加(jia)(jia)室內面積(ji),施(shi)工(gong)(gong)方便,可鋸、可釘、可鉆,易于加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong),主要用于框架結(jie)構和(he)其他結(jie)構建(jian)筑的非承重墻(qiang)體(ti),一般(ban)作為內隔(ge)墻(qiang)。
石膏砌塊的施工步驟:
石膏砌(qi)(qi)塊的施工步驟是:隔墻放(fang)線(xian)→安裝(zhuang)門(men)窗洞口木框→作墻墊→砌(qi)(qi)塊排(pai)列擺塊→砌(qi)(qi)筑砌(qi)(qi)塊墻→管(guan)線(xian)及掛件安裝(zhuang)→墻面找平→飾面層(ceng)施工。
二、墻體隔音保溫
一般居室中的隔(ge)(ge)墻(qiang)(qiang)需要(yao)墻(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)隔(ge)(ge)音,外墻(qiang)(qiang)的陽(yang)臺墻(qiang)(qiang)需要(yao)墻(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)保(bao)(bao)(bao)溫,如果陽(yang)臺改造把(ba)里面(mian)的門連(lian)窗拆除了,就要(yao)對(dui)陽(yang)臺墻(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)做(zuo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)溫隔(ge)(ge)熱的措施,一般是在陽(yang)臺墻(qiang)(qiang)里面(mian)做(zuo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)溫層,可(ke)(ke)用苯板(圖3)或巖棉在龍骨內(nei)盡量塞(sai)滿(man)不留空(kong)隙,也可(ke)(ke)砌泡(pao)沫磚或用其(qi)他(ta)保(bao)(bao)(bao)溫隔(ge)(ge)熱效果好的材(cai)料(如陶粒)做(zuo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)溫層,多數(shu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)溫墻(qiang)(qiang)面(mian)都要(yao)掛金屬網(wang)做(zuo)防裂縫處(chu)理。
家裝做墻體隔音保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)方法除了(le)用(yong)輕體磚及在龍骨中(zhong)填加苯板(ban)或玻璃棉(mian)、巖(yan)棉(mian)等,近年來(lai)出(chu)現一種(zhong)新型保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)材料擠塑板(ban),其(qi)(qi)內部為獨立(li)的密閉式氣泡結(jie)構,保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)性能(neng)明(ming)顯優越于(yu)其(qi)(qi)他(ta)的保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)材料,并且在使(shi)用(yong)幾十(shi)年后其(qi)(qi)保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)性能(neng)仍能(neng)在80%以上(shang)。