【建(jian)筑模板】什(shen)么是建(jian)筑模板 建(jian)筑模板種類有(you)哪些(xie)

一、什么是建筑模板

建(jian)筑(zhu)模板(ban)(ban)(ban)是一(yi)種臨(lin)時性(xing)支護結(jie)構，按設(she)計(ji)要求(qiu)制作，使混凝土結(jie)構、構件按規定的位置、幾何尺寸成(cheng)(cheng)形，保持其正確位置，并承(cheng)受(shou)建(jian)筑(zhu)模板(ban)(ban)(ban)自重及作用(yong)在其上的外部荷載(zai)。進(jin)行模板(ban)(ban)(ban)工程的目的，是保證混凝土工程質量與施工安全、加快施工進(jin)度和(he)降(jiang)低工程成(cheng)(cheng)本。

二、建筑模板的組成部件

現(xian)澆混(hun)凝土(tu)結構(gou)(gou)工程施工用的建筑模(mo)板(ban)結構(gou)(gou)，主(zhu)要(yao)由面板(ban)、支(zhi)撐結構(gou)(gou)和連接件三部(bu)分組成。

1、面板是直接(jie)接(jie)觸(chu)新澆(jiao)混凝(ning)土的承力板；

2、支(zhi)撐結構(gou)則是支(zhi)承面板、混(hun)凝土和(he)施工荷載的臨(lin)時(shi)結構(gou)，保證建筑(zhu)模板結構(gou)牢固地(di)組合，做(zuo)到(dao)不變形(xing)、不破壞；

3、連接件是將面板(ban)與支(zhi)撐結構連接成整(zheng)體的配件。

三、建筑模板的分類

（一）按材料分類

模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)按所用的材料不同，分(fen)為木模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)、鋼(gang)木模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)、鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)、鋼(gang)竹模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)、膠合板(ban)(ban)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)、塑料模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)、玻璃鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)、鋁合金模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)等。

1、木(mu)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)的(de)樹種可按(an)各地(di)區實際情況選(xuan)用(yong)，一般多為松木(mu)和杉木(mu)。由于木(mu)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)木(mu)材(cai)消耗量(liang)大(da)、重復使(shi)用(yong)率低，為節(jie)約(yue)木(mu)材(cai)，在(zai)現澆鋼(gang)筋混凝土(tu)結構中應盡(jin)量(liang)少(shao)用(yong)或不用(yong)木(mu)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)。 鋼(gang)木(mu)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)是以角鋼(gang)為邊框，以木(mu)板(ban)(ban)作面板(ban)(ban)的(de)定型模(mo)板(ban)(ban),其(qi)優點是可以充分(fen)利用(yong)短木(mu)料并(bing)能多次周轉使(shi)用(yong)；

2、膠合板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)是以(yi)(yi)膠合板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)為面(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，角鋼為邊框的(de)定型模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)。以(yi)(yi)膠合板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)為面(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，克服了木材(cai)的(de)不(bu)等方向性(xing)的(de)缺點，受(shou)力性(xing)能好(hao)。這(zhe)(zhe)種模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)具(ju)有強度高、自(zi)重小(xiao)、不(bu)翹曲、不(bu)開裂及(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)幅大(da)、接縫少的(de)優(you)點。鋼竹(zhu)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)是以(yi)(yi)角鋼為邊框，以(yi)(yi)竹(zhu)編膠合板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)為面(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)定型板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)。這(zhe)(zhe)種模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)剛(gang)度較大(da)、不(bu)易變(bian)形(xing)、重量輕、操作方便；

3、鋼(gang)模(mo)板一般均做成定型(xing)模(mo)板，用(yong)(yong)連接(jie)構(gou)(gou)件拼裝成各種形狀(zhuang)和尺寸，適用(yong)(yong)于多種結構(gou)(gou)形式(shi)，在(zai)現澆鋼(gang)筋混(hun)凝土(tu)結構(gou)(gou)施工中廣泛(fan)應用(yong)(yong)。鋼(gang)模(mo)板一次投資量大(da)，但(dan)周轉率高，在(zai)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)過程中應注(zhu)意保管和維護、防(fang)止生銹以延長鋼(gang)模(mo)板的使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命；

4、塑料模(mo)板、玻(bo)璃鋼模(mo)板、鋁(lv)合金模(mo)板具有(you)重量輕(qing)、剛(gang)度(du)大(da)、拼裝方便、周轉率高的特點，但由于造(zao)價較高，在施工中尚未普遍(bian)使用(yong)。

（二）按結構類型分類

各種現澆鋼(gang)筋混凝(ning)土結構(gou)構(gou)件，由于其(qi)形(xing)狀、尺寸、構(gou)造不(bu)同，模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的構(gou)造及組(zu)裝方(fang)法也不(bu)同，形(xing)成各自的特點。按結構(gou)的類型(xing)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)分為：基礎模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、柱模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、梁模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、樓板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、樓梯模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、墻模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、殼(ke)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、煙囪模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)等多(duo)種。

（三）按施工方法分類

1、現場裝拆式(shi)模板

在施工現(xian)場(chang)(chang)按(an)照設計要求的結構形狀，尺寸及空(kong)間位置現(xian)場(chang)(chang)組裝(zhuang)的模(mo)板(ban)，當(dang)混凝土達到拆模(mo)強(qiang)度后拆除模(mo)板(ban)。現(xian)場(chang)(chang)裝(zhuang)拆式(shi)模(mo)板(ban)多用定形模(mo)板(ban)和工具(ju)式(shi)支撐(cheng)；

2、固定式模板

制作(zuo)預制構件用(yong)的模(mo)板(ban)。按照構件的形狀、尺寸(cun)在現場或預制廠制作(zuo)模(mo)板(ban)。各種(zhong)胎(tai)(tai)模(mo)（土胎(tai)(tai)模(mo)、磚胎(tai)(tai)模(mo)、混凝土胎(tai)(tai)模(mo)）即屬固定式模(mo)板(ban)；

3、移動式模板

隨著混凝(ning)土的澆(jiao)筑，模(mo)(mo)板(ban)可沿(yan)垂直方向或水(shui)(shui)平方向移動，稱為移動式模(mo)(mo)板(ban)。如煙囪、水(shui)(shui)塔、墻(qiang)柱混凝(ning)土澆(jiao)筑時(shi)采用的滑升模(mo)(mo)板(ban)、提升模(mo)(mo)板(ban)和筒(tong)殼澆(jiao)筑混凝(ning)土時(shi)采用的水(shui)(shui)平移動式模(mo)(mo)板(ban)等。