播種機的簡介以及主要類型

播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji) （seeder） 以作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)子為播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)對(dui)象(xiang)的種(zhong)植機(ji)械。用于某類或(huo)某種(zhong)作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)的播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)，常冠以作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)類名稱，如谷(gu)物(wu)(wu)條播(bo)(bo)機(ji)、玉米穴播(bo)(bo)機(ji)、棉花(hua)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)、牧草撒播(bo)(bo)機(ji)等(deng)。

簡介

公元(yuan)前1世紀，中國已推廣使用耬，這是世界(jie)上(shang)最(zui)早(zao)的條播機(ji)具，今(jin)仍在北(bei)方旱作區應用。

1636年(nian)(nian)在(zai)希臘制成(cheng)(cheng)第一臺播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) 。1830 年(nian)(nian)俄(e)國人在(zai)畜力多鏵犁(li)上制成(cheng)(cheng)犁(li)播(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。 1860年(nian)(nian)后，英(ying)美(mei)等(deng)國開始(shi)大量生產畜力谷物(wu)條播(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。20世紀后相(xiang)繼出(chu)現了牽(qian)引和(he)(he)懸掛(gua)式谷物(wu)條播(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，以及運用氣力排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。50年(nian)(nian)代發展精密播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。中國從(cong)20世紀50年(nian)(nian)代引進了谷物(wu)條播(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、棉花播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)。60年(nian)(nian)代先后研制成(cheng)(cheng)懸掛(gua)式谷物(wu)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、離心式播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、通用機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)架播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)氣吸(xi)式播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類型，并研制成(cheng)(cheng)磨紋式排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器。到70年(nian)(nian)代，已(yi)形成(cheng)(cheng)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中耕通用機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)谷物(wu)聯(lian)合播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)兩(liang)個系列，同時研制成(cheng)(cheng)功了精密播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

歷史

歐洲第(di)一(yi)臺播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)于1636年(nian)在(zai)希(xi)臘(la)制成。1830年(nian)，俄國(guo)人在(zai)畜力(li)多鏵犁上加裝(zhuang)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)裝(zhuang)置制成犁播(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)。英、美等國(guo)在(zai)1860年(nian)以后(hou)開始大量生產畜力(li)谷物(wu)(wu)條播(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)。20世紀以后(hou)相繼出現(xian)(xian)了牽引和懸掛(gua)式(shi)谷物(wu)(wu)條播(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)，以及運用(yong)氣力(li)排種(zhong)的播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)。1958年(nian)挪威出現(xian)(xian)第(di)一(yi)臺離心(xin)式(shi)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)，50年(nian)代以后(hou)逐步發展各種(zhong)精密(mi)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)。

中國在20世紀50年代(dai)從國外引進(jin)谷物(wu)條播(bo)機(ji)(ji)、棉花播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)等，60年代(dai)先后研制成(cheng)功懸掛式谷物(wu)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)、離心式播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)、通用(yong)機(ji)(ji)架播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)氣(qi)吸式播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)等多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)型,并(bing)研制成(cheng)功了(le)磨紋式排種(zhong)(zhong)器。到70年代(dai),已形成(cheng)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)中耕(geng)(geng)通用(yong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)谷物(wu)聯合播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)兩個(ge)系列并(bing)投入生(sheng)產。供谷物(wu)、中耕(geng)(geng)作物(wu)、牧草、蔬菜(cai)用(yong)的各種(zhong)(zhong)條播(bo)機(ji)(ji)和(he)穴播(bo)機(ji)(ji)都(dou)已得到推廣使(shi)用(yong)。與此同時(shi)，還研制成(cheng)功了(le)多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)精密(mi)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)。

發明人

播種機是由杰斯(si)洛(luo)·圖(tu)爾(er)發(fa)明的(de)(de)。杰斯(si)洛(luo)·圖(tu)爾(er)是一位熱心(xin)的(de)(de)業(ye)余音(yin)樂家，他(ta)還(huan)把自(zi)己的(de)(de)音(yin)樂知識運用于自(zi)己的(de)(de)發(fa)明。他(ta)關于播種機里彈簧裝置(zhi)的(de)(de)想法，是受到管風琴共鳴板裝置(zhi)的(de)(de)啟發(fa)而(er)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)。

主要類型

按播種方法，可(ke)分(fen)為以(yi)下幾種。

撒播機

使(shi)撒出的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)在播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)地塊(kuai)上均勻分布的播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機 。常(chang)用(yong)的機型為離心式撒播(bo)(bo)機 ，附裝在農用(yong)運輸車后部。由(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)箱和撒播(bo)(bo)輪構(gou)成。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)由(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)箱落到撒播(bo)(bo)輪上，在離心力作(zuo)用(yong)下沿(yan)切(qie)線方(fang)向播(bo)(bo)出，播(bo)(bo)幅達(da)8 ～12米。也可撒播(bo)(bo)粉狀或(huo)粒(li)狀肥料(liao)、石(shi)灰及其他物料(liao)。撒播(bo)(bo)裝置也可安裝在農用(yong)飛機上使(shi)用(yong)。

條播機

主要(yao)用(yong)于(yu)谷物(wu)、蔬菜、牧草(cao)等(deng)小粒種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)作業(ye)，常(chang)(chang)用(yong)的(de)有谷物(wu)條(tiao)播(bo)(bo)機。作業(ye)時，由(you)行走輪帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)輪旋轉(zhuan)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)自種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)箱內(nei)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)杯按要(yao)求的(de)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量排入輸(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)管，并經開(kai)溝(gou)器(qi)落入開(kai)好的(de)溝(gou)槽(cao)內(nei)，然后由(you)覆(fu)土鎮壓(ya)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)覆(fu)蓋壓(ya)實。出苗后作物(wu)成平行等(deng)距(ju)的(de)條(tiao)行。用(yong)于(yu)不同作物(wu)的(de)條(tiao)播(bo)(bo)機除采用(yong)不同類(lei)型的(de)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)和(he)開(kai)溝(gou)器(qi)外，其結構(gou)基本相同，一般由(you)機架、牽引或懸掛裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)箱、排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)、傳動(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)、輸(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)管、開(kai)溝(gou)器(qi)、劃(hua)行器(qi)、行走輪和(he)覆(fu)土鎮壓(ya)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)組成。其中影響播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質量的(de)主要(yao)是排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)和(he)開(kai)溝(gou)器(qi)。常(chang)(chang)用(yong)的(de)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)有槽(cao)輪式(shi)、離心式(shi)、磨盤(pan)式(shi)等(deng)類(lei)型。開(kai)溝(gou)器(qi)有鋤鏟(chan)式(shi)、靴式(shi)、滑刀(dao)式(shi)、單圓(yuan)盤(pan)式(shi)和(he)雙圓(yuan)盤(pan)式(shi)等(deng)類(lei)型。

穴播機

按一定行距和穴距，將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)子成穴播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)的種(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)械 。每穴可(ke)播(bo) 1粒(li)(li)或數粒(li)(li)種(zhong)(zhong)子，分(fen)別(bie)稱單粒(li)(li)精(jing)播(bo)或多(duo)粒(li)(li)穴播(bo)，主要用于玉米、棉花、甜菜、向日葵、豆類等(deng)中耕作物，又(you)稱中耕作物播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji) 。每個(ge)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)單體可(ke)完成開溝 、排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)、覆(fu)土、鎮壓等(deng)整個(ge)作業過程。

針對中(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)作物行距較寬且需(xu)調整(zheng)的特點(dian)，穴(xue)播(bo)機(ji)(ji)常采用單體形式,每一(yi)個(ge)播(bo)種(zhong)單體包括(kuo)一(yi)整(zheng)套(tao)工(gong)作部件(jian),能完成開溝(gou)、排(pai)種(zhong)、覆(fu)土、鎮(zhen)壓等整(zheng)個(ge)作業(ye)過程。多個(ge)單體按所需(xu)行距裝在(zai)同(tong)一(yi)橫(heng)梁上，即構(gou)成不同(tong)行數和工(gong)作幅寬的穴(xue)播(bo)機(ji)(ji)，與(yu)不同(tong)功率等級的拖拉機(ji)(ji)配(pei)套(tao)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)還(huan)發(fa)展了播(bo)種(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)通用機(ji)(ji)，即在(zai)同(tong)一(yi)通用機(ji)(ji)架(jia)上可以按所需(xu)行距安裝成組的播(bo)種(zhong)或中(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)部件(jian)。

穴(xue)播機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)型。圓(yuan)盤(pan)式(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)圓(yuan)盤(pan)上定距配(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)型孔或(huo)窩(wo)眼排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)出定量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，根(gen)據種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)大(da)小、播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)、穴(xue)距等要求選配(pei)具有不(bu)同孔數和孔徑的(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)，選用(yong)(yong)(yong)適當的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)動速比(bi)(bi)。氣力式(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)20世(shi)紀30年代開始研制的(de)(de)(de)(de)新型排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小要求不(bu)嚴,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)破損(sun)少，可(ke)適應7～10公里/小時的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)速作(zuo)業。其(qi)中(zhong)，氣吸(xi)式(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)風機(ji)在排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)一側(ce)造成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)壓(ya)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；氣壓(ya)式(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)風機(ji)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣流(liu)在種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)箱(xiang)(xiang)內產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)正壓(ya)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)充填過程(cheng)受風壓(ya)大(da)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)比(bi)(bi)氣吸(xi)式(shi)小，工(gong)作(zuo)較穩定；氣吹(chui)(chui)式(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)具有類(lei)(lei)似窩(wo)眼輪(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)輪(lun)(lun)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)進入(ru)(ru)窩(wo)眼后，由風機(ji)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣流(liu)從氣嘴(zui)吹(chui)(chui)壓(ya)入(ru)(ru)型孔。棉子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)專用(yong)(yong)(yong)于播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)帶短(duan)絨(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)棉子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，由裝在圓(yuan)筒形種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)箱(xiang)(xiang)底部的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)平(ping)攪拌輪(lun)(lun)和位于排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)口下(xia)方的(de)(de)(de)(de)垂直撥子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)輪(lun)(lun)組成(cheng)(cheng)。為(wei)(wei)避免(mian)棉子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)短(duan)絨(rong)纏結(jie)，往往先將棉子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)與草(cao)木灰(hui)拌和，再裝入(ru)(ru)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)箱(xiang)(xiang)。常用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開溝器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)滑刀(dao)式(shi)。此(ci)外(wai)，穴(xue)播機(ji)尚(shang)需配(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)開溝器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)限深裝置(zhi)(zhi)、覆土(tu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和鎮(zhen)壓(ya)輪(lun)(lun)等部件(jian)，還可(ke)根(gen)據需要配(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)免(mian)耕滅茬播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鑿形鏟(chan)(chan)或(huo)波紋圓(yuan)盤(pan)、抗旱播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)推干(gan)土(tu)鏟(chan)(chan)、防治病蟲害(hai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)農藥施撒裝置(zhi)(zhi)等。

精密播種機

以(yi)精(jing)(jing)確(que)(que)的(de)(de)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)、株(zhu)行(xing)距和(he)(he)深度進(jin)行(xing)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械。具有節省種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)、免(mian)(mian)除(chu)出苗后的(de)(de)間苗作(zuo)業、使每株(zhu)作(zuo)物的(de)(de)營養面積均勻等(deng)優點。多為單(dan)(dan)粒穴(xue)(xue)播和(he)(he)精(jing)(jing)確(que)(que)控制每穴(xue)(xue)粒數的(de)(de)多粒穴(xue)(xue)播。一(yi)般在(zai)穴(xue)(xue)播機(ji)(ji)(ji)各類(lei)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang)改(gai)進(jin)而成。如(ru)改(gai)進(jin)窩眼(yan)輪排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)上(shang)孔型的(de)(de)形狀和(he)(he)尺寸，使其(qi)只接(jie)受一(yi)粒種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)并(bing)防止空穴(xue)(xue)；將排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)與(yu)開(kai)溝器(qi)(qi)直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)連接(jie)或(huo)置于開(kai)溝器(qi)(qi)內以(yi)降(jiang)低投種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高度，控制種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)下落速度，避免(mian)(mian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)彈跳；在(zai)水平圓(yuan)盤排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)上(shang)加裝垂(chui)直(zhi)(zhi)圓(yuan)盤式投種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)，以(yi)改(gai)變投種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)向和(he)(he)降(jiang)低投種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高度，避免(mian)(mian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)位移;在(zai)雙圓(yuan)盤式開(kai)溝器(qi)(qi)上(shang)附裝同位限深輪,以(yi)確(que)(que)保播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)深度穩定。多粒精(jing)(jing)密穴(xue)(xue)播機(ji)(ji)(ji)是在(zai)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)與(yu)開(kai)溝器(qi)(qi)之間加設成穴(xue)(xue)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)，使排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)排出的(de)(de)單(dan)(dan)粒種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)在(zai)成穴(xue)(xue)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)內匯(hui)集成精(jing)(jing)確(que)(que)數量(liang)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)群，然后播入(ru)(ru)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溝。此外，還研(yan)制了一(yi)些新的(de)(de)結構(gou)，如(ru)使用事(shi)先(xian)將單(dan)(dan)粒種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)按一(yi)定間距固定的(de)(de)紙帶播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，或(huo)使種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)從一(yi)條(tiao)垂(chui)直(zhi)(zhi)回轉運(yun)動的(de)(de)環形橡(xiang)膠(jiao)或(huo)塑料(liao)制種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)帶孔排入(ru)(ru)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溝等(deng)。

聯合作業機和免耕播種機

聯(lian)(lian)合作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)機(ji)(ji)和(he)免(mian)耕播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji) 如在(zai)谷(gu)物(wu)條播(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)上加(jia)設肥箱、排(pai)肥器和(he)輸(shu)肥管，即可(ke)在(zai)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)的(de)同時施肥。與土壤(rang)(rang)耕作(zuo)(zuo)、噴撒殺(sha)蟲劑和(he)除(chu)莠(you)劑、鋪塑料薄膜（見地膜覆蓋機(ji)(ji)械）等項作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)聯(lian)(lian)合組成的(de)聯(lian)(lian)合作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)機(ji)(ji)，有的(de)能一次完成土壤(rang)(rang)播(bo)(bo)前耕作(zuo)(zuo)、施種(zhong)肥、土壤(rang)(rang)消毒、開排(pai)水溝(gou)、播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)、施殺(sha)蟲劑和(he)除(chu)莠(you)劑等項作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)。免(mian)耕播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)是在(zai)前茬作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)收獲后(hou)的(de)茬地上直接開出種(zhong)溝(gou)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)，也稱(cheng)直接播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)或硬茬播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)，可(ke)防止(zhi)土壤(rang)(rang)流(liu)失，節約能源(yuan)，降(jiang)低作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)成本(ben)，多用于谷(gu)物(wu)、牧草和(he)青(qing)飼玉米(mi)等作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)的(de)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)。

輔助裝置

為保(bao)證行距一致(zhi)，需在播種(zhong)機上安裝劃行器。有(you)(you)的播種(zhong)機還裝有(you)(you)排(pai)種(zhong)監測裝置，自(zi)動監視播種(zhong)進(jin)程和遇有(you)(you)故障發出信號，以便及時(shi)排(pai)除。

早期當一(yi)個農民播(bo)種(zhong)時(shi)，他從田的(de)這頭走(zou)到(dao)那頭，邊(bian)(bian)走(zou)邊(bian)(bian)往地(di)上(shang)拋(pao)撤一(yi)把把的(de)種(zhong)子(zi)。但這個稱為"撒(sa)播(bo)"的(de)方法是非常靠不(bu)住的(de)。某些地(di)方會落下(xia)許多種(zhong)子(zi)，而其他地(di)方落下(xia)的(de)種(zhong)子(zi)則很少。

當然，解決這一問題的辦法(fa)就(jiu)是一排(pai)排(pai)地均勻撒(sa)種(zhong)。但如何才能夠做到這一點呢?古(gu)代美索不達(da)米亞人在大約公元(yuan)前(qian)3500年(nian)發明了第一臺播種(zhong)機，或者稱撒(sa)種(zhong)子機器。它是帶(dai)有(you)一個(ge)窄管的小箱，可(ke)以(yi)沿著犁開出的直溝(gou)撤播種(zhong)子。

第一臺真正高效率的播種機直到1701年，才由英國農民發明家杰斯洛·圖爾制造出來。圖爾發覺早期的播種機有問題，它們不能均勻地撒播種子。種子本該呈直線撒播，但在種子播種線上卻常常有缺漏。因此，圖爾發明了一個彈簧機械裝置，它均勻、連續地把種子撒播出去。 由于種子以這種方式撒播，每棵作物都有望能很好地生長，而且由于小麥成直線種植而更易除掉雜草。其結果是農民獲得了更好的收成和更多的利益，食品供應也更為可靠。