一、電阻是什么
電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器是限制(zhi)電(dian)流(liu)的元件,通常(chang)簡稱為電(dian)阻(zu)(zu),是一(yi)種最(zui)常(chang)用的電(dian)子元件,普遍應用在各類電(dian)子電(dian)路中。不但金(jin)屬導體有電(dian)阻(zu)(zu),其他物體也有電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)。
簡單來說,電(dian)(dian)阻就是指電(dian)(dian)流(liu)在電(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)所遇(yu)到的(de)阻力,或(huo)者說是指物(wu)體(ti)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)阻礙(ai)才能。電(dian)(dian)阻越(yue)大(da),電(dian)(dian)流(liu)所遭(zao)(zao)到的(de)阻力就越(yue)大(da),因而(er)(er)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)就越(yue)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。反之,電(dian)(dian)阻越(yue)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao),電(dian)(dian)流(liu)所遭(zao)(zao)到的(de)阻力就越(yue)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao),因而(er)(er)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)就越(yue)大(da)。
電阻(zu)的(de)符(fu)號(hao)是“R”。電阻(zu)的(de)單位為歐(ou)(ou)姆(mu),簡(jian)稱歐(ou)(ou),用(yong)字母“Ω”表示。常(chang)用(yong)的(de)電阻(zu)單位還(huan)有(you)千歐(ou)(ou)姆(mu)(KΩ),兆歐(ou)(ou)姆(mu)(MΩ)。
二、電阻在電路中的作用
1、限流作用
為使通(tong)過用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)不(bu)超過額定(ding)值或實際(ji)工作需要的(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)值,以保證用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)正常(chang)工作,通(tong)常(chang)可(ke)(ke)在電(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)串聯一個(ge)可(ke)(ke)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)。當改(gai)(gai)變(bian)(bian)這(zhe)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)大小時,電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)大小也(ye)隨之(zhi)改(gai)(gai)變(bian)(bian)。我們把這(zhe)種(zhong)可(ke)(ke)以限(xian)制電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)大小的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)叫做限(xian)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)。
2、分流作用
當在電路的干路上需同時接入幾個額定電流不同的用電器時,可以在額定電流較小的用電器兩端并聯接入一個品牌電阻,這個電阻(zu)的作用是“分流”。
3、分壓作用
一般用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器上都標有額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值,若電(dian)(dian)(dian)源比用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)高,則(ze)不(bu)可(ke)把用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器直接接在電(dian)(dian)(dian)源上。在這種情(qing)況下,可(ke)給用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器串接一個合適(shi)阻值的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻,讓它分擔一部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya),用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器便能在額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)下工作。我們(men)稱這樣的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻為分壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻。
三、影響電阻的因素
1、長度:當材料和橫截面積相同(tong)時,導體的(de)長度越長,電阻(zu)越大。
2、橫截(jie)(jie)面積(ji):當材料和長度(du)相同時,導體的橫截(jie)(jie)面積(ji)越小,電(dian)阻越大。
3、材(cai)料(liao):當長度和橫截(jie)面積相同(tong)時,不(bu)同(tong)材(cai)料(liao)的導體電阻(zu)不(bu)同(tong)。
4、溫(wen)度:對大多(duo)數導體來說,溫(wen)度越(yue)高(gao),電(dian)阻越(yue)大,如金屬等;對少數導體來說,溫(wen)度越(yue)高(gao),電(dian)阻越(yue)小,如碳。
四、電阻壞了有什么現象
電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)設(she)備(bei)中(zhong)數(shu)量最多(duo)的(de)元件,但(dan)不是(shi)(shi)損壞率最高的(de)元件。電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)損壞以開路最常(chang)見(jian),阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)變大較少見(jian),阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)變小十分少見(jian)。常(chang)見(jian)的(de)有碳(tan)膜電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)、金屬膜電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)、線繞電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)和合金電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)等幾種,在(zai)這些(xie)(xie)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)中(zhong)如何判斷它(ta)們在(zai)電(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)損壞,它(ta)們損壞后又(you)有哪些(xie)(xie)特征呢?
1、線繞電阻損壞的特征
線繞電(dian)阻(zu)一般用(yong)作大電(dian)流限流,阻(zu)值不大。
圓(yuan)柱(zhu)形線繞電阻燒(shao)壞(huai)時有(you)(you)的會(hui)發黑或表(biao)面爆皮、裂紋,有(you)(you)的沒(mei)有(you)(you)痕跡。
水泥(ni)電阻是線(xian)繞電阻的一種,燒壞時可能會斷(duan)裂,否則也沒有可見痕跡。
保險電阻燒壞時有(you)(you)的表面(mian)會(hui)炸掉(diao)一塊皮,有(you)(you)的也(ye)沒有(you)(you)什么痕跡,但絕不會(hui)燒焦發(fa)黑。
根據以(yi)上特點,在檢(jian)查電阻(zu)時可(ke)有(you)所側重,快速找出(chu)損壞的電阻(zu)。
2、金屬膜電阻和碳膜電阻損壞特征
金屬膜電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)和(he)碳(tan)膜電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)應用(yong)是最(zui)廣,其損(sun)壞的特點:一是低阻(zu)值(zhi)(100Ω以下)和(he)高阻(zu)值(zhi)(100kΩ以上)的損(sun)壞率較(jiao)高,中間(jian)阻(zu)值(zhi)(如幾百歐到幾十千(qian)歐)的極少損(sun)壞;二是低阻(zu)值(zhi)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)損(sun)壞時(shi)往往是燒焦發(fa)黑,很容易發(fa)現,而高阻(zu)值(zhi)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)損(sun)壞時(shi)很少有痕(hen)跡(ji)。
五、怎么測量電阻好壞
1、外觀檢查
對于固定(ding)電阻首(shou)先查(cha)看標(biao)志清(qing)晰,保護(hu)漆完(wan)好,無(wu)(wu)燒(shao)焦,無(wu)(wu)傷痕(hen),無(wu)(wu)裂痕(hen),無(wu)(wu)腐蝕,電阻體與引腳緊密(mi)接觸等。對于電位(wei)器還(huan)應檢(jian)查(cha)轉軸(zhou)靈(ling)活(huo),松緊適(shi)當,手感舒(shu)適(shi)。有開(kai)關(guan)的(de)要檢(jian)查(cha)開(kai)關(guan)動作是否正常。
2、萬用表檢測
①固定電阻的檢測
用萬(wan)(wan)用表(biao)的(de)電(dian)阻(zu)擋對電(dian)阻(zu)進行(xing)測量,對于(yu)測量不(bu)同阻(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)的(de)電(dian)阻(zu)選擇萬(wan)(wan)用表(biao)的(de)不(bu)同倍乘擋。對于(yu)指針(zhen)式萬(wan)(wan)用表(biao),由于(yu)電(dian)阻(zu)擋的(de)示(shi)(shi)數是非線性的(de),阻(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)越大(da),示(shi)(shi)數越密,所以選擇合適的(de)量程,應使表(biao)針(zhen)偏轉角大(da)些,指示(shi)(shi)于(yu)1/3~2/3滿量程,讀數更為(wei)(wei)準確。若測得(de)阻(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)超過該電(dian)阻(zu)的(de)誤差范圍、阻(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)限大(da)、阻(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)0或阻(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)穩,說明該電(dian)阻(zu)器已(yi)壞。
在(zai)測(ce)量中注意拿電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)的(de)(de)手不(bu)要與(yu)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)器的(de)(de)兩(liang)個(ge)引腳相接(jie)觸,這(zhe)樣會(hui)使手所呈現的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)與(yu)被測(ce)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)并聯(lian),影響測(ce)量準確。另外,不(bu)能帶電(dian)(dian)情況(kuang)下用(yong)萬用(yong)表電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)擋檢測(ce)電(dian)(dian)路中電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)器的(de)(de)阻(zu)值。在(zai)線(xian)檢測(ce)應首(shou)先斷(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian),再(zai)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)從電(dian)(dian)路中斷(duan)(duan)開出來(lai),然后進(jin)行(xing)測(ce)量。
②保險絲電阻和敏感電阻的檢測
保(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲電(dian)阻一般阻值(zhi)(zhi)只(zhi)有幾到幾十歐,若測得阻值(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)無限大,則已熔(rong)斷。也可在線檢測保(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲電(dian)阻的好壞(huai),分別測量其兩端(duan)對地電(dian)壓,若一端(duan)為(wei)電(dian)源電(dian)壓,一端(duan)電(dian)壓為(wei)0伏,保(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲電(dian)阻已熔(rong)斷。
敏(min)感電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)種(zhong)類較多(duo),以熱(re)敏(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)為例,又分正溫(wen)度系(xi)數(shu)和(he)負溫(wen)度系(xi)數(shu)熱(re)敏(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)。對(dui)于正溫(wen)度系(xi)(PTC)熱(re)敏(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu),在(zai)常溫(wen)下(xia)一般阻(zu)(zu)值不大(da),在(zai)測量中用燒(shao)熱(re)的電(dian)烙鐵靠(kao)近電(dian)阻(zu)(zu),這時阻(zu)(zu)值應明顯增大(da),說明該(gai)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)正常,若無變化說明元件損壞,負溫(wen)度系(xi)熱(re)敏(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)則相反。
光(guang)敏電阻在(zai)無光(guang)照(用手或(huo)物(wu)遮(zhe)住光(guang))的情況下萬用表測得阻值(zhi)大,有光(guang)照表針指示電阻值(zhi)有明顯(xian)減小(xiao)。若無變化,則元件(jian)損壞。
③可變電阻和電位器的檢測
首先測量(liang)兩固定(ding)端(duan)之間(jian)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)是否(fou)正(zheng)常(chang),若為(wei)(wei)無限(xian)大(da)或(huo)(huo)為(wei)(wei)零歐,或(huo)(huo)與標稱(cheng)相差較大(da),超過(guo)誤(wu)差允許(xu)范圍,都(dou)說(shuo)明已損壞;電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)體阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)正(zheng)常(chang),再將(jiang)萬用表(biao)一(yi)只表(biao)筆接電(dian)(dian)位器滑動(dong)(dong)端(duan),另(ling)一(yi)只表(biao)筆接電(dian)(dian)位器(可調電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu))的任一(yi)固定(ding)端(duan),緩(huan)慢旋(xuan)動(dong)(dong)軸(zhou)柄,觀察表(biao)針是否(fou)平穩(wen)變(bian)(bian)化,當從一(yi)端(duan)旋(xuan)向另(ling)一(yi)端(duan)時,阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)從零歐變(bian)(bian)化到(dao)標稱(cheng)值(zhi)(或(huo)(huo)相反(fan)),并且無跳(tiao)變(bian)(bian)或(huo)(huo)抖動(dong)(dong)等現(xian)象(xiang)(xiang),則說(shuo)明電(dian)(dian)位器正(zheng)常(chang),若在旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)的過(guo)程中有跳(tiao)變(bian)(bian)或(huo)(huo)抖動(dong)(dong)現(xian)象(xiang)(xiang),說(shuo)明滑動(dong)(dong)點(dian)現(xian)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)體接觸不良。
3、用電橋測量電阻
如(ru)果要求精(jing)確(que)測(ce)(ce)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值,可(ke)通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(數字式)進(jin)行(xing)測(ce)(ce)試。將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)插入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橋元(yuan)件測(ce)(ce)量端(duan),選擇合(he)適的量程,即可(ke)從顯示器(qi)(qi)(qi)上讀出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值。例(li)如(ru),用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)絲自(zi)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)或對(dui)固定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)行(xing)處理(li)來獲得(de)某一較為精(jing)確(que)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值時,就(jiu)必(bi)須(xu)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橋測(ce)(ce)量自(zi)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)的阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值。