一、電池片是什么材料做的
電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)片是(shi)利用(yong)光電(dian)(dian)(dian)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)吸收光能(neng)(neng)后(hou)發(fa)生光電(dian)(dian)(dian)于轉換反應(ying)來進行發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的。一般采(cai)(cai)用(yong)單(dan)晶(jing)硅(gui)、多晶(jing)硅(gui)和(he)非(fei)晶(jing)硅(gui)等半(ban)導體(ti)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。單(dan)晶(jing)硅(gui)太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)當(dang)前開發(fa)得最快(kuai)的一種太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi),它(ta)的構造和(he)生產工藝已定型,產品(pin)已廣(guang)泛用(yong)于空間和(he)地面。這種太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)以高純(chun)的單(dan)晶(jing)硅(gui)棒(bang)為原料(liao)(liao)。為了降低(di)生產成本,地面應(ying)用(yong)的太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)等采(cai)(cai)用(yong)太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)級(ji)的單(dan)晶(jing)硅(gui)棒(bang),材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)性能(neng)(neng)指標有(you)所(suo)放寬。有(you)的也可使用(yong)半(ban)導體(ti)器件加工的頭尾料(liao)(liao)和(he)廢(fei)次單(dan)晶(jing)硅(gui)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao),經(jing)過復拉制(zhi)成太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)專用(yong)的單(dan)晶(jing)硅(gui)棒(bang)。
二、電池片的種類和作用
1、太陽能電池片
在(zai)太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)產(chan)品(pin)中(zhong),以(yi)硅(gui)半導體材(cai)(cai)料為主,其中(zhong)又以(yi)單晶硅(gui)和(he)(he)多晶硅(gui)為代(dai)表。由于(yu)(yu)其原材(cai)(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)廣泛(fan)性(xing),較高的(de)(de)(de)轉換效率和(he)(he)可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing),被市場(chang)廣泛(fan)接受。非晶硅(gui)在(zai)民用(yong)產(chan)品(pin)上(shang)也有廣泛(fan)的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(如(ru)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)手(shou)表,計算(suan)器等(deng)),但(dan)是它的(de)(de)(de)穩定性(xing)和(he)(he)轉換效率劣于(yu)(yu)結晶類(lei)半導體材(cai)(cai)料。化合物(wu)(wu)太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)由于(yu)(yu)其材(cai)(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)稀有性(xing)和(he)(he)部分材(cai)(cai)料具有公害,現(xian)階段未被市場(chang)廣泛(fan)采用(yong)。太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)主流產(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料是半導體硅(gui),是現(xian)代(dai)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)工(gong)業的(de)(de)(de)必不可(ke)少的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料,同(tong)時以(yi)氧化狀態的(de)(de)(de)硅(gui)原料是世界上(shang)第二大的(de)(de)(de)儲藏物(wu)(wu)質。
2、五金電池片
五金電(dian)(dian)池(chi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)主要(yao)是導電(dian)(dian)作用。還稱:電(dian)(dian)池(chi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)、遙(yao)控(kong)器(qi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)、電(dian)(dian)池(chi)接觸片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)、電(dian)(dian)池(chi)彈簧(huang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)、電(dian)(dian)池(chi)扣、鍋仔片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)、接觸片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)、彈片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)、彈簧(huang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)、電(dian)(dian)池(chi)夾片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),電(dian)(dian)極片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)。主要(yao)用于遙(yao)控(kong)器(qi)、電(dian)(dian)子(zi)玩具(ju)、計算器(qi)、計步器(qi)、麥克(ke)風、電(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)、錄音機(ji)、收音機(ji)、音響(xiang)、照相機(ji)、燈飾等行(xing)業。
三、電池片生產對身體有害嗎
從事太陽能(neng)電池(chi)片生產工作(zuo)對(dui)人體有(you)危害(hai)嗎?答案是太陽電池(chi)片對(dui)人體有(you)危害(hai)。
從事太陽能電(dian)池的生產(chan)工(gong)作,對人(ren)體有潛在的危害,首先硅沒有毒性,無輻(fu)射,但在多(duo)晶硅電(dian)池的生產(chan)過程中會產(chan)生有毒物(wu)質,機器也會產(chan)生強(qiang)烈的電(dian)磁(ci)輻(fu)射。所以如(ru)果長(chang)期從事本行(xing)業的工(gong)作的話,對身體是有害的,工(gong)作時應該做相關的防護措施(shi)。
太陽能電池片在生產過程中,會使用一些化學物質,但是通風好可以避免中毒,一般來說,生產太陽能電池片的車間(jian)都要(yao)求高干凈凈度,所以(yi)應該是對(dui)人體(ti)沒有什么(me)危害。
四、電池片生產的工藝流程
從傳統電池片制作工藝流程來(lai)看,主要(yao)可(ke)以(yi)概括為以(yi)下6個(ge)步驟:
1、清洗與(yu)制絨(rong)(rong),主要目的是(shi)去除吸(xi)附(fu)在硅片表(biao)面(mian)的各類污染物,去除硅片表(biao)面(mian)的切割損壞層;利用陷光(guang)原理降低(di)電(dian)池(chi)表(biao)面(mian)反射率(lv),絨(rong)(rong)面(mian)凹凸(tu)不平可以增(zeng)加(jia)二次反射,改變光(guang)程及入射方(fang)式(shi),增(zeng)加(jia)光(guang)的吸(xi)收,提(ti)高(gao)短路電(dian)流(liu),進而提(ti)升電(dian)池(chi)轉換效(xiao)率(lv)。其中,因單多(duo)(duo)晶晶體結構差異,考慮到效(xiao)率(lv)因素(su),多(duo)(duo)晶硅電(dian)池(chi)用酸制絨(rong)(rong),絨(rong)(rong)面(mian)為不規(gui)則(ze)凹凸(tu)面(mian);單晶硅電(dian)池(chi)用堿制絨(rong)(rong),絨(rong)(rong)面(mian)為規(gui)則(ze)類金字塔結構。
2、擴散(san)(san)(san),主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)目(mu)的(de)是(shi)形成PN結,該環節(jie)是(shi)電池片(pian)(pian)制造的(de)心臟,使電池片(pian)(pian)具有功能(neng)。P型硅(gui)片(pian)(pian)需要(yao)(yao)進(jin)行磷(lin)(lin)(lin)擴散(san)(san)(san),液(ye)態磷(lin)(lin)(lin)源(yuan)(yuan)三(san)氯氧(yang)磷(lin)(lin)(lin)是(shi)當前(qian)磷(lin)(lin)(lin)擴散(san)(san)(san)較(jiao)主(zhu)流的(de)選擇,主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)原因(yin)系液(ye)態磷(lin)(lin)(lin)源(yuan)(yuan)擴散(san)(san)(san)具有生(sheng)產效率較(jiao)高、穩定(ding)性好(hao)、制得(de)PN結均勻平(ping)整及擴散(san)(san)(san)層表(biao)面(mian)良好(hao)等優點(dian);N型硅(gui)片(pian)(pian)需要(yao)(yao)進(jin)行硼(peng)(peng)擴散(san)(san)(san),目(mu)前(qian)硼(peng)(peng)擴散(san)(san)(san)液(ye)態源(yuan)(yuan)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)包括硼(peng)(peng)酸三(san)甲酯、硼(peng)(peng)酸三(san)丙酯及三(san)溴化硼(peng)(peng)等,擴硼(peng)(peng)比擴磷(lin)(lin)(lin)工藝難度(du)大,主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)原因(yin)系硼(peng)(peng)在硅(gui)中固溶度(du)較(jiao)低,實際硼(peng)(peng)擴散(san)(san)(san)溫度(du)需要(yao)(yao)達到900~1100攝(she)氏度(du)。
3、刻蝕(去磷硅玻(bo)璃),在(zai)擴(kuo)(kuo)散(san)工序中,硅片(pian)側邊(bian)和(he)背面(mian)邊(bian)緣沒有遮擋,也會擴(kuo)(kuo)散(san)上(shang)磷,PN結(jie)(jie)正面(mian)所收集(ji)的光生電子會沿邊(bian)緣擴(kuo)(kuo)散(san)有磷的區域流到PN結(jie)(jie)背面(mian),從而造成(cheng)短(duan)路(lu),使(shi)電池片(pian)失效。刻蝕工序即是將硅片(pian)邊(bian)緣帶有磷的部分去除,避免PN結(jie)(jie)短(duan)路(lu)且造成(cheng)并聯電阻降低。
4、鍍(du)膜(mo),主要起到,一是減(jian)反(fan)射作用(yong),提(ti)(ti)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)池片對陽光的(de)(de)吸收,提(ti)(ti)高光生電(dian)(dian)(dian)流,從而提(ti)(ti)高轉換效(xiao)率(lv);二(er)是鈍(dun)化(hua)作用(yong),薄(bo)膜(mo)中的(de)(de)氫對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池表面(mian)的(de)(de)鈍(dun)化(hua)降低了發射結的(de)(de)表面(mian)復合速率(lv),提(ti)(ti)升開路電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓,從而提(ti)(ti)高轉換效(xiao)率(lv)。光伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)池片中常見的(de)(de)鍍(du)膜(mo)技術包括PECVD、LPCVD、PVD、ALD等。
5、絲網印(yin)刷,主要(yao)作用是為太陽能電(dian)池(chi)收(shou)集電(dian)流并(bing)制造電(dian)極,其(qi)中第(di)一道背面(mian)銀(yin)(yin)電(dian)極,第(di)二道背面(mian)鋁背場印(yin)刷和烘干(gan),第(di)三道正面(mian)銀(yin)(yin)電(dian)極印(yin)刷。
6、燒結(jie),即把印刷到(dao)電(dian)池片表面的電(dian)極(ji)在(zai)高溫下燒結(jie),使電(dian)極(ji)和(he)硅片本身形成歐姆(mu)接(jie)觸(chu),提高電(dian)池片開(kai)路電(dian)壓和(he)填充因子,使電(dian)極(ji)接(jie)觸(chu)有電(dian)阻特(te)性以達到(dao)高轉換效率。