動物定義
三角龍(long)(屬名:Triceratops) 是(shi)(shi)鳥臀目角龍(long)下(xia)目角龍(long)科(ke)的(de)(de)植食性恐龍(long)的(de)(de)一屬,化石發(fa)現于(yu)北美洲的(de)(de)晚(wan)白堊紀(ji)晚(wan)馬(ma)斯垂克階地層,約6800萬年(nian)前到6500萬年(nian)前。三角龍(long)是(shi)(shi)最晚(wan)出現的(de)(de)恐龍(long)之一,經常被作為晚(wan)白堊紀(ji)的(de)(de)代表化石。
三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍是(shi)一種中(zhong)等大(da)小(xiao)的(de)(de)四足恐龍,全長(chang)6—8米、高(gao)2.4-2.8米、重5—10噸。他們有非常大(da)的(de)(de)頭(tou)盾,以(yi)(yi)及三(san)根角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)狀物,令人聯想(xiang)起(qi)現代犀牛。雖然沒有發現過三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍的(de)(de)完整(zheng)骨(gu)骸,他們仍因大(da)量從1887年起(qi)發現的(de)(de)部份骨(gu)骸標本而(er)著(zhu)名。長(chang)久以(yi)(yi)來(lai),關(guan)于它們三(san)根角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)以(yi)(yi)及頭(tou)盾的(de)(de)功能(neng)處于爭論(lun)中(zhong)。傳統上(shang)這(zhe)些結構被認為(wei)(wei)是(shi)用(yong)來(lai)抵抗掠食(shi)者(zhe)的(de)(de)武器(qi),但最近的(de)(de)理論(lun)認為(wei)(wei)這(zhe)些結構可能(neng)用(yong)在求偶,以(yi)(yi)及展示支(zhi)配地(di)位(wei),如(ru)同(tong)現代馴鹿、山(shan)羊、獨(du)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)仙的(de)(de)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)狀物。
三(san)角龍最顯著的(de)特征是它們的(de)角和頸盾(dun)。它們的(de)頭(tou)盾(dun)可長至超過1.5米。三(san)角龍的(de)口鼻(bi)部鼻(bi)孔上(shang)(shang)方(fang)有一(yi)根角狀(zhuang)物;以(yi)及一(yi)對位在眼睛上(shang)(shang)方(fang)的(de)角狀(zhuang)物,超過80公分。頭(tou)顱后方(fang)則是相(xiang)對短的(de)骨質頭(tou)盾(dun)。
三角(jiao)龍四(si)肢(zhi)短(duan),前(qian)腳掌有五個(ge)短(duan)腳趾、后腳掌則有四(si)個(ge)短(duan)腳趾。雖(sui)然(ran)三角(jiao)龍確(que)定是(shi)四(si)足動物,它們的姿(zi)(zi)勢(shi)長久以(yi)來(lai)處于爭(zheng)論中。三角(jiao)龍的前(qian)肢(zhi)起初被認為是(shi)從胸部往兩側伸(shen)展(zhan),以(yi)助于承擔(dan)頭部的重(zhong)量。這種(zhong)站立方式可見于查爾斯·耐特(Charles R. Knight)與魯道夫·札林格(Rudolph F. Zallinger)的繪畫中。然(ran)而,角(jiao)龍類的足跡化石證據,以(yi)及(ji)如今的骨(gu)骸重(zhong)建,顯示三角(jiao)龍在正常行走時保持(chi)者直(zhi)立姿(zi)(zi)勢(shi),但(dan)肘(zhou)部稍微(wei)彎曲,居(ju)于完(wan)全直(zhi)立與完(wan)全伸(shen)展(zhan)(現代犀牛)兩種(zhong)說法的中間。但(dan)這種(zhong)結論無法排(pai)除三角(jiao)龍抵抗(kang)或進食(shi)時會采伸(shen)展(zhan)姿(zi)(zi)態。
科屬分類
三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)中(zhong)最(zui)著名(ming)屬,角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)是群(qun)中(zhong)型北(bei)美(mei)洲角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。多年以來,三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)于角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)下目(mu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)位置處于爭(zheng)論中(zhong)。混淆來自于三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)短、堅硬頭盾(dun)類似尖(jian)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)亞(ya)科(ke)(ke),而長的(de)(de)額(e)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)類似角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)(或稱開(kai)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)亞(ya)科(ke)(ke))。在(zai)第一個(ge)(ge)對于角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類的(de)(de)研究中(zhong),理察·史旺(wang)·魯(lu)爾(Richard Swann Lull)提出出兩個(ge)(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)系(xi),一個(ge)(ge)往三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)發(fa)展的(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)包(bao)括(kuo)獨角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、尖(jian)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),另(ling)一個(ge)(ge)支(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)包(bao)括(kuo)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、牛(niu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)假設(she)使(shi)三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)屬于尖(jian)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)亞(ya)科(ke)(ke)。較(jiao)晚(wan)的(de)(de)研究支(zhi)(zhi)持這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)觀(guan)點,并將(jiang)這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)短頭盾(dun)支(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)正(zheng)式命名(ming)為(wei)尖(jian)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)亞(ya)科(ke)(ke)(包(bao)含(han)三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)),另(ling)一長頭盾(dun)支(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)為(wei)開(kai)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)亞(ya)科(ke)(ke)。
在1949年,查爾斯(si)(si)(si)·斯(si)(si)(si)騰伯格(ge)(Charles Mortram Sternberg)首次對這假設(she)提出質疑,并基于(yu)頭顱與(yu)角(jiao)(jiao)的特(te)征,而認為三角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)與(yu)無鼻角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)、開角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)關系較近,使得三角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)屬為三角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)亞科(ke)(尖角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)亞科(ke))。然而,斯(si)(si)(si)騰伯格(ge)的分類與(yu)約翰·奧斯(si)(si)(si)特(te)倫(lun)姆(John Ostrom)、大(da)衛·諾曼(David Norman)將三角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)置于(yu)尖角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)亞科(ke)不同。
后來的(de)發現與(yu)研(yan)究支持(chi)了斯騰伯格的(de)觀(guan)點(dian),Lehman在1990年為(wei)兩個(ge)亞科(ke)(ke)定義,并基于數(shu)個(ge)形(xing)態上的(de)特征,而將三角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)歸于角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)亞科(ke)(ke)。事實上,除了短頭盾以外(wai),三角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)相當符合(he)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)亞科(ke)(ke)的(de)特征。彼得·達德森(Peter Dodson)在1990年的(de)親緣(yuan)分支分類法研(yan)究與(yu)1993年的(de)形(xing)態學(xue)研(yan)究,加強(qiang)三角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)歸類為(wei)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)亞科(ke)(ke)的(de)論點(dian)。
種系分類
在種系發生學的分類中,三角龍通常作為恐龍定義中的一個參考點;恐(kong)龍(long)被定義(yi)為(wei)(wei)三角龍(long)與新鳥(niao)亞綱(現(xian)代鳥(niao)類)與共(gong)同(tong)祖(zu)先(xian),的(de)所有(you)后(hou)代。而(er)鳥(niao)臀目的(de)定義(yi)為(wei)(wei):所有(you)親緣關系與三角龍(long)接近,而(er)離現(xian)代鳥(niao)類較遠的(de)擁有(you)共(gong)同(tong)祖(zu)先(xian)之(zhi)物種(zhong)。
物種起源
很多(duo)年來三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)起(qi)源非(fei)常不明確。在1922年,新發現的(de)(de)原角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)被亨利·費(fei)爾(er)費(fei)爾(er)德·奧(ao)斯本(Henry Fairfield Osborn)認為是三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)祖先。然而,如(ru)今發現數種(zhong)與三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)祖先有關系的(de)(de)物種(zhong)。發現于90年代(dai)晚期的(de)(de)祖先角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long),是角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)下目中已(yi)知(zhi)最早(zao)有額(e)角(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)。而2005年發現的(de)(de)隱龍(long)(long)(long),是已(yi)知(zhi)唯一(yi)的(de)(de)侏(zhu)羅紀角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)下目恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)。
這(zhe)些新發現(xian)非常(chang)重要,并描繪出角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)類恐龍(long)的(de)(de)起源,它們起源于侏羅紀(ji)的(de)(de)亞洲,而真正有角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)類出現(xian)在(zai)晚白堊紀(ji)之(zhi)初(chu)。三角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)越來越常(chang)被認(ren)為是角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)亞科(ke)的(de)(de)一個成員,三角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)的(de)(de)祖先可能外表類似開角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long),開角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)生存時間早于三角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)約500萬年。
發現與種
命名
第(di)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)被(bei)命名(ming)為(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)的(de)標(biao)本(ben),是在(zai)1887年發現(xian)于科羅拉多州(zhou)丹佛市附近,由(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)頭顱(lu)骨頂部,與(yu)附著在(zai)上面的(de)一(yi)(yi)對額角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)所構成。這個(ge)(ge)標(biao)本(ben)被(bei)交給(gei)奧塞內爾·查利斯·馬(ma)什(Othniel Charles Marsh),他(ta)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)該(gai)化石的(de)所處(chu)地層年代為(wei)(wei)上新(xin)世,而該(gai)化石屬于一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)特別大(da)的(de)北(bei)(bei)美(mei)野牛(niu),因此將它們命名(ming)為(wei)(wei)長(chang)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)北(bei)(bei)美(mei)野牛(niu)(Bison alticornis)。第(di)二年,馬(ma)什根(gen)據一(yi)(yi)些(xie)破碎的(de)化石,發現(xian)了(le)(le)有角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)恐龍(long)的(de)存在(zai),因此建立了(le)(le)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)屬;但他(ta)仍認(ren)為(wei)(wei)長(chang)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)北(bei)(bei)美(mei)野牛(niu)是種(zhong)上新(xin)世的(de)哺乳類。直到第(di)三(san)(san)個(ge)(ge)更完(wan)整的(de)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)類頭顱(lu)骨,才(cai)改變他(ta)的(de)想法。這個(ge)(ge)由(you)(you)約翰(han)·貝(bei)爾·海(hai)徹爾(John Bell Hatcher)在(zai)1888年于懷(huai)俄明(ming)州(zhou)蘭斯組(zu)發現(xian)的(de)標(biao)本(ben),起初被(bei)敘述成角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)屬的(de)另外一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)種(zhong),但馬(ma)什經(jing)過熟慮之后(hou),他(ta)將這個(ge)(ge)標(biao)本(ben)命名(ming)為(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(Triceratops),并(bing)將原(yuan)本(ben)的(de)長(chang)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)北(bei)(bei)美(mei)野牛(niu)改歸類于角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)的(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(后(hou)來(lai)也成為(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)的(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong))。三(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)的(de)結(jie)實(shi)頭顱(lu)骨使(shi)得許多頭顱(lu)骨被(bei)保存下來(lai),允許科學家們研究(jiu)不同(tong)種(zhong)與(yu)個(ge)(ge)體(ti)間的(de)變化。除了(le)(le)科羅拉多州(zhou)與(yu)懷(huai)俄明(ming)州(zhou)之外,隨(sui)后(hou)在(zai)美(mei)國的(de)蒙大(da)拿(na)州(zhou)與(yu)南(nan)達科他(ta)州(zhou)、加拿(na)大(da)的(de)亞伯達省與(yu)薩克(ke)其萬省也發現(xian)了(le)(le)三(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)的(de)化石。
種
在(zai)三角龍(long)第一(yi)次被命名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前十年(nian)內,發現了不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)顱(lu)(lu)骨(gu),這(zhe)些(xie)骨(gu)骸與(yu)馬什最初命名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恐怖三角龍(long)(T. horridus)頭(tou)顱(lu)(lu)骨(gu)有或多或少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong);恐怖三角龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種名(ming)horridus在(zai)拉丁(ding)語中(zhong)其實意為「凹(ao)凸不(bu)平的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)」,意指原型標本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)凹(ao)凸不(bu)平表面,該標本(ben)后來(lai)(lai)被確認為幼(you)年(nian)個體。這(zhe)些(xie)頭(tou)顱(lu)(lu)骨(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差異(yi)(yi)可歸類出三種不(bu)同(tong)尺寸,這(zhe)些(xie)差異(yi)(yi)來(lai)(lai)自于不(bu)同(tong)年(nian)齡與(yu)性別的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差異(yi)(yi),以及化石化過程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)程(cheng)度(du)或壓力方向。這(zhe)些(xie)不(bu)同(tong)頭(tou)顱(lu)(lu)骨(gu)被命名(ming)為個別的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(可見于以下列表),并形成數個系(xi)統發生學研究。
魯(lu)爾(er)(er)發(fa)現這(zhe)些種可分為(wei)(wei)兩(liang)個(ge)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)群(qun),但他(ta)并沒有說明如何(he)分辨(bian)它們;其中一(yi)群(qun)由(you)(you)恐(kong)怖三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、T. prorsus、短角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(T. brevicornus)所(suo)構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),另一(yi)群(qun)由(you)(you)T . elatus、T. calicornis所(suo)構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。鋸齒三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(T. serratus)與(yu)(yu)扇形(xing)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(T. flabellatus)則不屬于這(zhe)兩(liang)個(ge)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)群(qun)。在1933年(nian),魯(lu)爾(er)(er)將之前他(ta)與(yu)(yu)海徹爾(er)(er)、馬什先(xian)后完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)下目專題論文重新出版,他(ta)維持原(yuan)本的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)個(ge)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)群(qun)與(yu)(yu)兩(liang)個(ge)未定種的(de)(de)(de)(de)分類(lei)(lei)法,并增(zeng)加了第三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)個(ge)支(zhi)系,由(you)(you)鈍頭(tou)(tou)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(T. obtusus)與(yu)(yu)海氏三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(T. hatcheri)所(suo)構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),特(te)征是(shi)非(fei)常小的(de)(de)(de)(de)鼻角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。恐(kong)怖三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、T. prorsus、以(yi)及短角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)所(suo)構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)群(qun),此時被認為(wei)(wei)是(shi)最傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)系,頭(tou)(tou)顱骨較大(da),鼻角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)較小。而T. elatus、T. calicornis所(suo)構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第二個(ge)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)群(qun),有大(da)型額角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)與(yu)(yu)小型鼻角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。查爾(er)(er)斯·斯騰(teng)伯格作了些調整(zheng),他(ta)將寬頭(tou)(tou)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(T. eurycephalus)視(shi)為(wei)(wei)第二與(yu)(yu)第三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)個(ge)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)群(qun)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)連結,而非(fei)恐(kong)怖三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)所(suo)屬的(de)(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)群(qun)。這(zhe)個(ge)分類(lei)(lei)法持續用(yong)到80年(nian)代與(yu)(yu)90年(nian)代。
不同角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)類的(de)(de)(de)頭顱(lu)(lu)骨(gu)代表(biao)者單(dan)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(或兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong))之內的(de)(de)(de)個(ge)(ge)體(ti)變化,這個(ge)(ge)論點逐漸普及(ji)。在(zai)(zai)1986年(nian),奧斯特倫(lun)姆與彼得·沃(wo)爾(er)(er)赫費爾(er)(er)(Peter Wellnhofer)公布(bu)一(yi)份(fen)研究(jiu)(jiu),他們宣(xuan)稱三角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)屬只有一(yi)個(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong),恐怖(bu)三角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)。其中一(yi)個(ge)(ge)理由(you)是在(zai)(zai)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)地區中,通常只存在(zai)(zai)者單(dan)一(yi)或兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)(ge)大型(xing)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)群(qun);例如現代非洲的(de)(de)(de)非洲象與長頸鹿。 Lehman在(zai)(zai)魯爾(er)(er)與斯騰伯格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)系研究(jiu)(jiu)中,加進兩(liang)(liang)性(xing)異形與年(nian)齡變化,他認為由(you)恐怖(bu)三角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)、T. prorsus、短角(jiao)(jiao)三角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)所構(gou)成的(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)群(qun)是雌(ci)性(xing)個(ge)(ge)體(ti),而T. elatus、T. calicornis所構(gou)成的(de)(de)(de)第(di)二個(ge)(ge)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)群(qun)是雄性(xing)個(ge)(ge)體(ti),而鈍頭三角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)與海氏三角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)所構(gou)成的(de)(de)(de)第(di)三個(ge)(ge)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)群(qun)是年(nian)老的(de)(de)(de)雄性(xing)個(ge)(ge)體(ti)。他的(de)(de)(de)理由(you)是雄性(xing)個(ge)(ge)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)體(ti)型(xing)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)、頭角(jiao)(jiao)較(jiao)(jiao)直、頭顱(lu)(lu)骨(gu)較(jiao)(jiao)大,而雌(ci)性(xing)個(ge)(ge)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)頭顱(lu)(lu)骨(gu)較(jiao)(jiao)小、頭角(jiao)(jiao)較(jiao)(jiao)短。
數(shu)(shu)年(nian)后,凱薩琳·佛斯(si)特(te)(Catherine Forster)對(dui)奧斯(si)特(te)倫姆與沃爾(er)赫(he)費爾(er)的(de)研究提出質疑,佛斯(si)特(te)對(dui)三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)的(de)化石材料做了更廣(guang)泛的(de)研究,并(bing)認為(wei)三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)只有兩個(ge)種(zhong)(zhong):恐(kong)(kong)怖(bu)三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)、T. prorsus;而海氏三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)因擁有獨特(te)頭顱骨(gu),足(zu)以(yi)成立新(xin)的(de)屬,已改為(wei)海氏雙角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(Diceratops hatcheri)。她發現數(shu)(shu)個(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)其實屬于恐(kong)(kong)怖(bu)三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long),而T. prorsus與短角(jiao)(jiao)三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)是同一(yi)個(ge)種(zhong)(zhong),因為(wei)有許多種(zhong)(zhong)被分類于第一(yi)個(ge)生物群(qun),佛斯(si)特(te)提出前兩個(ge)生物群(qun)其實分別代(dai)表恐(kong)(kong)怖(bu)三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)與T. prorsus。但在這個(ge)新(xin)分類法之下,這兩個(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)仍(reng)有可能(neng)是兩性異形的(de)結果。
已確定種
*恐怖三角龍(T. horridus):奧思尼(ni)爾·馬什1889 (模(mo)式種)
* T. prorsus:馬什1890
可疑種
*亞伯達三角龍(T. albertensis):斯騰伯格1949
*長角三角龍(long)(T. alticornis):馬(ma)什1887
*寬頭(tou)三角龍(T. eurycephalus):施賴克耶爾1935
* T. galeus:馬什1889
*碩大三角龍(T. ingens):魯爾1915
*大三角龍(T. maximus):布朗1933
* T. sulcatus:馬(ma)什1890
錯誤歸類
*短(duan)角(jiao)三(san)角(jiao)龍(T. brevicornis):海徹爾1905 ( = T. prorsus)
* T. calicornus:馬什1898 ( =恐怖三角(jiao)龍)
* T. elatus:馬什1891 ( =恐(kong)怖(bu)三角(jiao)龍)
*扇形(xing)三角龍(long)(T. flabellatus):馬什(shen)1889 ( =恐怖三角龍(long))
*海氏(shi)三角龍(T. hatcheri):魯爾(er)1907 ( =海氏(shi)雙角龍)
* T. mortuarius:愛德華·科普1874 ( =大師龍,疑名)
*鈍(dun)頭三(san)角(jiao)龍(T. obtusus):馬什1898 ( =恐怖(bu)三(san)角(jiao)龍)
*鋸齒三(san)角龍(long)(T. serratus):馬什1890 ( =恐(kong)怖三(san)角龍(long))
*森林三角(jiao)龍(T. sylvestris):科普1872 ( =森林奇跡龍,疑名)
古生物學
雖然(ran)三角龍(long)(long)(long)常(chang)(chang)被(bei)描述成群居(ju)動(dong)(dong)物(wu),但沒有直(zhi)接(jie)證據顯(xian)示(shi)它們為群居(ju)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)。但有些角龍(long)(long)(long)類恐龍(long)(long)(long)的發現(xian)地點(dian)常(chang)(chang)有數(shu)十或數(shu)百個個體。明尼(ni)蘇達(da)科學(xue)博(bo)物(wu)館的古生物(wu)學(xue)家Bruce Erickson宣稱在(zai)蒙(meng)大拿州海爾(er)河組(zu)發現(xian)了(le)200個T. prorsus的標本(ben)。巴納姆(mu)·布郎(Barnum Brown)則宣稱在(zai)該處發現(xian)了(le)超(chao)過500個頭(tou)(tou)顱骨(gu)。因為在(zai)北美洲西(xi)部的蘭斯組(zu)(晚馬斯垂(chui)克階,6800萬年(nian)前到(dao)6500萬年(nian)前)發現(xian)了(le)豐富的三角龍(long)(long)(long)牙(ya)齒(chi)、角狀物(wu)碎(sui)片、頭(tou)(tou)盾(dun)碎(sui)片、以及三角龍(long)(long)(long)其他的破碎(sui)頭(tou)(tou)顱骨(gu)。在(zai)1986年(nian),羅伯特·巴克(Robert Bakker)估計(ji)在(zai)白堊(e)紀,三角龍(long)(long)(long)的數(shu)量(liang)占了(le)蘭斯組(zu)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)群的5/6。三角龍(long)(long)(long)的頭(tou)(tou)骨(gu)較常(chang)(chang)被(bei)發現(xian),而非身體部分(fen),與大部分(fen)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)不同。
三(san)角(jiao)龍(long)是白堊紀-第(di)三(san)紀滅絕事(shi)件之(zhi)前(qian)最后(hou)出(chu)現(xian)的角(jiao)龍(long)類之(zhi)一(yi)。三(san)角(jiao)龍(long)的近(jin)親雙角(jiao)龍(long)與牛角(jiao)龍(long)、以及遠(yuan)親纖角(jiao)龍(long)也生存(cun)在同一(yi)時期,但它們(men)的化石較少被發現(xian)。
齒列
三角(jiao)龍是(shi)植(zhi)食性動物(wu),但它們也可(ke)能使用頭(tou)角(jiao)、喙狀(zhuang)嘴、以身體(ti)來撞(zhuang)倒(dao)較高(gao)的(de)植(zhi)被(bei)來食用。三角(jiao)龍的(de)顎部前端具(ju)有長(chang)、狹窄的(de)喙狀(zhuang)嘴,被(bei)認為較適合抓(zhua)取、拉扯,而(er)非咬合。
三角(jiao)龍(long)的牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)排列(lie)成齒(chi)(chi)系(Tooth batteries),每列(lie)由36到40個牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)群(qun)所構成,上下顎兩側各有3到5列(lie)牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)群(qun),牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)群(qun)的牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)數量(liang)依照動(dong)物體(ti)型而改(gai)變。三角(jiao)龍(long)總共擁有432到 800顆牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)大部分(fen)都是正在使用,而三角(jiao)龍(long)的牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)是不斷地生(sheng)長并取(qu)代。這些牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)以(yi)垂直(zhi)或接近垂直(zhi)的方(fang)向來切(qie)割食(shi)物。三角(jiao)龍(long)的眾(zhong)多牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi),顯示它(ta)們(men)以(yi)體(ti)積大的棕櫚(lv)植物為食(shi)。三角(jiao)龍(long)的食(shi)物中(zhong)(zhong)可能包含棕櫚(lv)科與蘇鐵(tie),而其(qi)(qi)他人員則認(ren)為包含草(cao)原上的蕨類。
角與頭盾
在(zai)2005年(nian),BBC的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電視(shi)節目《恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)兇面目》(The Truth About Killer Dinosaurs)之中,節目單位測(ce)(ce)試三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)將如(ru)何抵(di)抗大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)掠食者如(ru)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)攻擊。為(wei)了(le)了(le)解三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是否如(ru)同(tong)現代(dai)犀牛(niu)般沖(chong)撞(zhuang)敵人,節目單位制作(zuo)了(le)一(yi)個人工的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)顱,并(bing)(bing)(bing)以(yi)(yi)每小(xiao)時(shi)24公里(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)速撞(zhuang)向模擬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)皮膚。三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)額角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)刺(ci)穿(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模擬皮膚,但是額角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)與(yu)喙狀(zhuang)嘴則(ze)無法(fa)(fa)刺(ci)穿(chuan),而(er)且頭(tou)(tou)顱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前段斷(duan)裂。結(jie)論是三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)無法(fa)(fa)利用(yong)(yong)沖(chong)撞(zhuang)敵人來自我防衛,如(ru)果(guo)它們遭到攻擊時(shi),應該會采取堅守策略,當敵人接近時(shi),使用(yong)(yong)它們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)來牴刺(ci)敵人。除了(le)將頭(tou)(tou)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)抵(di)抗掠食者以(yi)(yi)外,三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)可(ke)能(neng)會使用(yong)(yong)頭(tou)(tou)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)互(hu)相(xiang)碰撞(zhuang)。研(yan)究顯示(shi)這種(zhong)互(hu)相(xiang)碰撞(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)是合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、可(ke)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),但沒(mei)有(you)證(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)顯示(shi)三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)擁(yong)有(you)這種(zhong)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)。三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)與(yu)其(qi)他(ta)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)(tou)顱骨(gu)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)瘡孔、洞(dong)孔、損(sun)害、以(yi)(yi)及其(qi)他(ta)傷(shang)口,常被(bei)認(ren)為(wei)是以(yi)(yi)頭(tou)(tou)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)互(hu)相(xiang)戰(zhan)斗(dou)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傷(shang)痕(hen)(hen)。一(yi)個最(zui)近的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究則(ze)認(ren)為(wei)沒(mei)有(you)證(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)顯示(shi)這些傷(shang)痕(hen)(hen)是因為(wei)打(da)斗(dou)而(er)留下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),也(ye)沒(mei)有(you)感染或痊愈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)證(zheng)(zheng)據(ju)。而(er)骨(gu)質(zhi)流(liu)失、或不明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)頭(tou)(tou)疾(ji)病,是這些傷(shang)痕(hen)(hen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來源。三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)頭(tou)(tou)盾(dun)(dun)可(ke)能(neng)用(yong)(yong)來增(zeng)加身(shen)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表面積,以(yi)(yi)協助調節體(ti)溫。劍龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)板也(ye)被(bei)推測(ce)(ce)擁(yong)有(you)類似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能(neng),但這個理(li)論無法(fa)(fa)解釋(shi)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)不同(tong)成(cheng)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)(tou)盾(dun)(dun)形狀(zhuang)變(bian)化(hua)。頭(tou)(tou)盾(dun)(dun)與(yu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)是兩性異形特徵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)論,是由Davitashvili在(zai)1961年(nian)首次(ci)提出,并(bing)(bing)(bing)且逐漸獲得更多人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支持。頭(tou)(tou)盾(dun)(dun)與(yu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)在(zai)求偶以(yi)(yi)及其(qi)他(ta)社會行(xing)(xing)為(wei)上,被(bei)視(shi)為(wei)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)視(shi)覺辨(bian)(bian)認(ren)物(wu)(wu);這個理(li)論可(ke)從不同(tong)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)擁(yong)有(you)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裝飾物(wu)(wu)而(er)得到證(zheng)(zheng)實。而(er)現代(dai)現代(dai)擁(yong)有(you)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)狀(zhuang)物(wu)(wu)或裝飾物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動物(wu)(wu),也(ye)將它們作(zuo)為(wei)視(shi)覺辨(bian)(bian)識(shi)物(wu)(wu)使用(yong)(yong)。最(zui)近,一(yi)對于(yu)最(zui)小(xiao)型(xing)三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)顱骨(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究,確定該頭(tou)(tou)顱骨(gu)屬于(yu)一(yi)個幼年(nian)體(ti),并(bing)(bing)(bing)顯示(shi)頭(tou)(tou)盾(dun)(dun)與(yu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)是在(zai)年(nian)紀非常小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)期開始發(fa)展(zhan),早于(yu)性發(fa)育;因此三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)(tou)盾(dun)(dun)與(yu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)可(ke)能(neng)作(zuo)為(wei)視(shi)覺辨(bian)(bian)認(ren)物(wu)(wu)使用(yong)(yong)。而(er)該幼體(ti)化(hua)石的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)眼睛(jing)與(yu)較短的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)(tou)盾(dun)(dun)與(yu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),也(ye)顯示(shi)三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)親(qin)代(dai)具有(you)親(qin)代(dai)養育的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)。
三角龍祖先
專(zhuan)門收集古(gu)(gu)動物(wu)遺骸的(de)(de)(de)(de)加拿(na)(na)大化石公司在加拿(na)(na)大艾(ai)伯塔省與(yu)美國蒙(meng)大拿(na)(na)州交(jiao)界地(di)帶(dai)以南的(de)(de)(de)(de)米爾(er)克河(he)附(fu)近發現(xian)(xian)了一副較為(wei)完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)恐(kong)龍骨骼化石。加拿(na)(na)大卡爾(er)頓大學古(gu)(gu)生物(wu)學教(jiao)授(shou)邁克爾(er)·瑞安等人經(jing)過多年的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究,才(cai)把這種(zhong)恐(kong)龍與(yu)外表兇猛的(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)草(cao)恐(kong)龍家族的(de)(de)(de)(de)其他成(cheng)員區別開來。新發現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)這種(zhong)恐(kong)龍長7米,重(zhong)約2噸。它(ta)生活在白堊紀時代,被認為(wei)是三(san)角龍的(de)(de)(de)(de)祖(zu)先,是角龍亞(ya)科(ke)恐(kong)龍在北美最(zui)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)員。引人注目的(de)(de)(de)(de)是,其頭(tou)骨后面有一個巨大的(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)盾,邊緣(yuan)有數個鉤角。瑞安認為(wei),這個器官可能不是用來防御掠食(shi)(shi)者,而更有可能是吸(xi)引配偶的(de)(de)(de)(de)炫(xuan)耀物(wu)。
大眾文化
三(san)(san)角(jiao)龍(long)(long)獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)外形,使得它們經(jing)常出(chu)現(xian)(xian)在電影(ying)、電腦游(you)戲、以及(ji)電視(shi)節目中(zhong)。在1993年的(de)(de)(de)(de)電影(ying)《侏羅紀公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)》中(zhong),出(chu)現(xian)(xian)了一(yi)只(zhi)因為不適應現(xian)(xian)代(dai)植(zhi)被而生病的(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)角(jiao)龍(long)(long)。而在1933年的(de)(de)(de)(de)電影(ying)《金(jin)剛之子》(Son of Kong)中(zhong),一(yi)只(zhi)類似三(san)(san)角(jiao)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)恐龍(long)(long)追趕者(zhe)進入叢林的(de)(de)(de)(de)人類,該只(zhi)三(san)(san)角(jiao)龍(long)(long)模型是由早期的(de)(de)(de)(de)電影(ying)特效(xiao)專家Willis O'Brien所操(cao)作。三(san)(san)角(jiao)龍(long)(long)也出(chu)現(xian)(xian)在三(san)(san)個以恐龍(long)(long)為主題的(de)(de)(de)(de)電視(shi)節目:《與恐龍(long)(long)同行》(Walking with the Dinosaurs)、《恐龍(long)(long)兇面目》(The Truth About Killer Dinosaurs)以及(ji)《史前公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)》(Prehistoric Park)。
三(san)角龍因為它們(men)(men)頭部的(de)三(san)根大型角而著名。它們(men)(men)常在英文中被昵稱為「Three-horns」,例如(ru)動(dong)畫電影(ying)《歷險小恐龍》(The Land Before Time)與(yu)(yu)其續集。它們(men)(men)也(ye)常在兒童讀物、動(dong)畫節目中被簡稱為「Trike」,例如(ru)《哈利與(yu)(yu)小恐龍》。
在兒童讀物中,經常(chang)出現三角(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)與(yu)暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)打(da)斗的(de)場景(jing),因(yin)此這兩種恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)普遍被(bei)認為是(shi)天敵或(huo)是(shi)敵手(shou)。但在1966年的(de)電(dian)影《公(gong)元前一百萬年》(One Million Years BC)中,三角(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)打(da)斗對(dui)象,從(cong)暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)替換成角(jiao)鼻龍(long)(long)(long)(long),但角(jiao)鼻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)與(yu)三角(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)其實(shi)生存于不(bu)同的(de)時期。
三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)龍也出現(xian)在《侏(zhu)羅(luo)紀(ji)公園(yuan)》周邊的(de)(de)電視游戲,或是其他類(lei)似主題的(de)(de)游戲,例如1997年的(de)(de)電腦(nao)游戲《Jurassic Park: Chaos Island》與《恐(kong)龍獵人》(Turok: Dinosaur Hunter)、以(yi)及(ji)2000年的(de)(de)電腦(nao)與Playstation游戲《恐(kong)龍危機(ji)》(Dino Crisis 2)。三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)龍也出現(xian)在任天堂(tang)的(de)(de)游戲中(zhong),例如《大金剛賽車》(Diddy Kong Racing)、《星戰火狐大冒險(xian)》(Starfox Adventures)。三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)龍也是南達科他州的(de)(de)官(guan)方州化石(shi),以(yi)及(ji)懷俄明州的(de)(de)官(guan)方州恐(kong)龍。