地理位置
陳山(shan)(shan)舊(jiu)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)出土(tu)地(di)點,又(you)稱向(xiang)陽(yang)(yang)舊(jiu)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)地(di)點,位于宣(xuan)(xuan)州(zhou)市向(xiang)陽(yang)(yang)鄉夏村趙(zhao)邊生產隊。東經(jing)118°52’,北(bei)(bei)緯30°52’,西(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)距宣(xuan)(xuan)州(zhou)市區15公里,水(shui)陽(yang)(yang)江在東北(bei)(bei)1000米(mi)處(chu)自(zi)東南向(xiang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)流經(jing)。舊(jiu)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)出土(tu)于一(yi)條西(xi)(xi)(xi)南——東北(bei)(bei)走向(xiang)的(de)隴(long)崗東北(bei)(bei)端,當地(di)俗稱“陳山(shan)(shan)”。陳山(shan)(shan)屬黃山(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)脈的(de)余脈,海拔40-50米(mi),地(di)質分(fen)(fen)區屬下揚子地(di)層分(fen)(fen)區常州(zhou)——宣(xuan)(xuan)城(cheng)地(di)區小(xiao)區。舊(jiu)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)地(di)點面積達14萬平方(fang)米(mi)。
發掘
1987年(nian)(nian)省考(kao)古(gu)研究所調查(cha)發現,1988年(nian)(nian)上半年(nian)(nian)試掘。
試掘是依剖面邊緣開挖探溝的(de),根據地層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)可分為(wei)(wei)(wei)10層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。第(di)(di)1層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),黃(huang)褐色(se)(se)(se)粉(fen)砂質(zhi)(zhi)粘(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)土(tu),厚(hou)(hou)0.6-1.15米(mi),為(wei)(wei)(wei)全新(xin)世以后擾土(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。第(di)(di)2層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),棕(zong)黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)粉(fen)砂質(zhi)(zhi)粘(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)土(tu),最(zui)(zui)厚(hou)(hou)處0.55米(mi)。第(di)(di)3層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),褐紅(hong)色(se)(se)(se)粉(fen)砂質(zhi)(zhi)粘(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)土(tu),厚(hou)(hou)0.1-2.5米(mi)。第(di)(di)4層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),桔(jie)黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)粉(fen)砂質(zhi)(zhi)粘(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)土(tu),厚(hou)(hou)0-0.8米(mi)。第(di)(di)5層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),褐色(se)(se)(se)粉(fen)砂質(zhi)(zhi)粘(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)土(tu),厚(hou)(hou)0.2-1.5米(mi)。第(di)(di)6層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),棕(zong)紅(hong)色(se)(se)(se)粉(fen)砂質(zhi)(zhi)粘(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)土(tu),厚(hou)(hou)3.2-4.8米(mi)。第(di)(di)7層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),黃(huang)紅(hong)色(se)(se)(se)粉(fen)砂質(zhi)(zhi)粘(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)土(tu),間有(you)桔(jie)黃(huang)、灰黃(huang)等雜色(se)(se)(se),厚(hou)(hou)0.9-1.4米(mi)。第(di)(di)8層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),淺黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)粉(fen)砂質(zhi)(zhi)粘(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)土(tu),也有(you)棕(zong)紅(hong)、淡黃(huang)等結核(he)病色(se)(se)(se),厚(hou)(hou)0.85-1.1米(mi)。第(di)(di)9層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),紫色(se)(se)(se)粉(fen)砂質(zhi)(zhi)粘(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)土(tu),厚(hou)(hou)0.35-1.1米(mi)。第(di)(di)10層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),網紋化礫石層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。在第(di)(di)10層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)礫石層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)之上(shang)(shang)的(de)9至2層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)都發(fa)現有(you)石器,尤(you)其第(di)(di)2、3、6層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)最(zui)(zui)多。地層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)中沒有(you)發(fa)現哺(bu)乳動物(wu)化石。根據堆(dui)積物(wu)的(de)巖性,將2至5層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)上(shang)(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),6至9層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。
調(diao)查和(he)試(shi)(shi)掘獲(huo)得(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)(pin)標(biao)(biao)本200多(duo)件,其中(zhong)試(shi)(shi)掘時(shi)(shi)獲(huo)得(de)的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)本141件,有(you)(you)(you)明顯的(de)(de)人類(lei)(lei)加工(gong)痕跡標(biao)(biao)本79件,包括毛胚和(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)片。肉眼可見的(de)(de)簡單加工(gong)和(he)使用(yong)痕跡的(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)本3件。石(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)巖(yan)性大(da)多(duo)數為石(shi)(shi)(shi)英砂巖(yan),其次是砂巖(yan)和(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)英巖(yan),只(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)少量的(de)(de)硅質巖(yan)。經過初步(bu)觀察,各層(ceng)石(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)形制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)制(zhi)(zhi)造工(gong)藝(yi)變化不大(da),依據地層(ceng)分早(zao)、晚(wan)兩期(qi)。早(zao)期(qi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)(pin)類(lei)(lei)型有(you)(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)片、石(shi)(shi)(shi)核、砍(kan)(kan)(kan)伐器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、尖狀(zhuang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、尖狀(zhuang)——砍(kan)(kan)(kan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、砍(kan)(kan)(kan)斫(zhuo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)錘(chui)、刮削器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等。晚(wan)期(qi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)(pin)類(lei)(lei)型有(you)(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)片、石(shi)(shi)(shi)核、砍(kan)(kan)(kan)伐器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、砍(kan)(kan)(kan)斫(zhuo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、刮削器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、尖狀(zhuang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),沒發現尖狀(zhuang)——砍(kan)(kan)(kan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)錘(chui)。向陽舊石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)地點下層(ceng),即第(di)6層(ceng)和(he)第(di)9層(ceng)堆積(ji)(ji)屬于(yu)中(zhong)更(geng)新(xin)世“網紋紅土(tu)”,所(suo)出(chu)文化遺物為舊石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)代早(zao)期(qi)。上層(ceng)即第(di)2層(ceng)至5層(ceng)堆積(ji)(ji)屬于(yu)晚(wan)更(geng)新(xin)世的(de)(de)“下蜀黃土(tu)”,所(suo)出(chu)文化遺物為舊石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)代中(zhong)晚(wan)期(qi)。
歷史意義
陳山(shan)遺址是地處水陽江(jiang)中游十余處同類舊石器地點的中心,遺址面(mian)(mian)積(ji)大,延續(xu)時(shi)代(dai)長。它完整(zheng)連續(xu)的地層剖(pou)面(mian)(mian),已成為多(duo)學科綜合(he)研究華(hua)南更(geng)新世環境變(bian)遷與早期人(ren)類生(sheng)活(huo)背景所關(guan)注的焦點。
水陽江(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舊(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)地(di)(di)點群,共有10多(duo)個舊(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)地(di)(di)點,它們(men)代表了(le)(le)長(chang)江(jiang)下(xia)游的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舊(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)時代文(wen)化(hua),而向(xiang)陽舊(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)地(di)(di)點面積(ji)大(da),文(wen)化(hua)層堆積(ji)厚,遺物豐富,可(ke)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)長(chang)江(jiang)下(xia)游一(yi)處標準舊(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)地(di)(di)點。經(jing)研究認為(wei)(wei),向(xiang)陽舊(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)地(di)(di)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先(xian)民(min),可(ke)能過著半(ban)定居的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo),并已(yi)學會了(le)(le)用(yong)火,過著采集為(wei)(wei)主、捕獵(lie)為(wei)(wei)輔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)。這(zhe)(zhe)些出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舊(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)是他們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原始生(sheng)(sheng)產工具,有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有明顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)痕跡。向(xiang)陽陳山舊(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)地(di)(di)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)現和(he)試掘,有助于增加對(dui)這(zhe)(zhe)種新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舊(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)文(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認識(shi),所獲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)遺物為(wei)(wei)進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)研究古(gu)人(ren)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)產、生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)提供(gong)了(le)(le)可(ke)貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)物資料。