簡介
桐(tong)城(cheng)文廟,位于(yu)安徽省桐(tong)城(cheng)市(shi)古城(cheng)中心(xin),面臨廣場,處(chu)于(yu)丁字街(jie)口,構成了大街(jie)的(de)(de)(de)端景,也是古代城(cheng)市(shi)規劃中的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)項優秀手(shou)法。[3] 桐(tong)城(cheng)文廟始建于(yu)公元(yuan)1314年,正值(zhi)元(yuan)延(yan)祐初年,后(hou)(hou)在元(yuan)末兵火中銷毀。明洪武初年,桐(tong)城(cheng)文廟從城(cheng)東郊外,移建于(yu)后(hou)(hou)來的(de)(de)(de)廟址(zhi)。后(hou)(hou)來,文廟因為多(duo)次遭遇(yu)兵火涂炭,以(yi)(yi)及風災洪澇等自然災害的(de)(de)(de)侵蝕,在明清兩代曾(ceng)經修(xiu)葺了19次之多(duo)——幾度(du)(du)榮辱興廢,后(hou)(hou)來的(de)(de)(de)文廟已經完全按(an)照舊(jiu)制度(du)(du),得以(yi)(yi)修(xiu)復,整座建筑格(ge)局富(fu)麗(li)堂皇(huang),處(chu)處(chu)顯現出古樸、典(dian)雅、端莊、大氣……文廟的(de)(de)(de)四周,不僅有(you)老街(jie)三面環擁,還有(you)一(yi)些名(ming)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)故居或遺址(zhi)散集于(yu)附近的(de)(de)(de)街(jie)市(shi)風景之中。
建筑
文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)坐北朝南,占地面積(ji)4150平方(fang)米(mi),建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)面積(ji)達1803平方(fang)米(mi),以(yi)御道為(wei)中軸線(xian),前(qian)為(wei)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)門樓,中為(wei)大成(cheng)門,后(hou)為(wei)大成(cheng)殿。以(yi)大成(cheng)門為(wei)界,前(qian)后(hou)兩(liang)院(yuan)(yuan)落。前(qian)院(yuan)(yuan)依次(ci)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有欞星(xing)門、泮池、泮橋、后(hou)院(yuan)(yuan)設置(zhi)“陛(bi)下(xia)”、月臺、祭壇(tan)等附屬(shu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。連(lian)接前(qian)后(hou)主體(ti)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)是分建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)于(yu)東西兩(liang)側(ce)的(de)崇(chong)圣祠(ci)、土神祠(ci)和檐廊圍繞的(de)長廡(wu),且四周(zhou)筑(zhu)(zhu)有“宮墻(qiang)萬仞(ren)”的(de)外墻(qiang),使整個文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)渾(hun)然一體(ti),構成(cheng)堂皇宏偉、布局(ju)工整的(de)古建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群。
文(wen)廟門(men)樓,三開(kai)間亭閣式建筑(zhu)。磚木構架,其(qi)墀(chi)頭(tou)、斜撐、額(e)枋(fang)(fang)、象(xiang)眼(yan)均飾以磚雕、木刻、梁枋(fang)(fang)撐挑以雕刻或墨繪飾以“入平仲學”、“侍席(xi)魯(lu)君”、“可(ke)壇(tan)禮(li)樂(le)”、“李太白醉酒”、“陶淵明賞菊”、“林(lin)和靖觀海”、“周(zhou)敦(dun)頤愛蓮”、“漁樵耕讀”、“太公垂釣”、“文(wen)王(wang)訪賢”、“孟(meng)母斷杼”、“獨占鰲頭(tou)”、“威(wei)震(zhen)寰宇”、“天(tian)宮賜福”、“魁(kui)星點斗”、等六(liu)十余幅花卉(hui)人物圖案(an)。門(men)樓正(zheng)面鏤花平枋(fang)(fang)懸有一長方形(xing)“文(wen)廟”金字額(e)匾,為(wei)全國政協(xie)副主席(xi)趙樸(pu)初書丹。遠(yuan)眺文(wen)廟門(men)樓,正(zheng)樓側(ce)閣,飛(fei)檐層迭,蔚為(wei)壯(zhuang)觀。
過門樓即步(bu)入漢白玉四柱三門石(shi)坊式(shi)的欞(ling)星(xing)門。術頭圓形紋(wen)飾“騰云”,柱身方形下有扇形“云頭”撐石(shi),構(gou)架簡樸典雅古(gu)風(feng)。欞(ling)星(xing)系傳說(shuo)中谷神,立斯門乃“風(feng)調雨順,五谷豐登”之意。
向(xiang)前十步臨半月形泮(pan)池(chi)(chi),池(chi)(chi)上有磚石(shi)拱橋,池(chi)(chi)橋皆以(yi)(yi)漢白玉石(shi)雕欄桿護配(pei)。池(chi)(chi)中碧水漾(yang)漾(yang),金(jin)(jin)鯉嬉戲(xi),甚是賞心悅目。傳聞明清季桐(tong)城如“天啟六君(jun)子”之一的左(zuo)光(guang)斗(dou)、“百科全(quan)書式”大(da)哲學(xue)家方(fang)(fang)以(yi)(yi)智(zhi)、“父子雙宰(zai)相”張英(ying)、張廷玉以(yi)(yi) “桐(tong)城派”鼻(bi)祖戴(dai)名世、方(fang)(fang)苞(bao)、劉大(da)魁、姚鼐等到(dao)近千們名臣碩儒,于成(cheng)(cheng)名前均從(cong)橋上步入(ru)大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿祭孔,以(yi)(yi)到(dao)金(jin)(jin)榜題(ti)名,幫譽“泮(pan)橋”為(wei)“狀元(yuan)橋”,迄(qi)今(jin)人們仍視登斯橋為(wei)吉祥如意之樂事。
下泮橋即至大成(cheng)門(men)(men)。此門(men)(men)系門(men)(men)廳(ting)式(shi)梁(liang)森構架(jia),闊(kuo)三開間(jian)。硬(ying)山到頂(ding),筒(tong)瓦頂(ding)蓋(gai),正脊兩(liang)(liang)面(mian)三刀端(duan)裝飾鰲魚,四角凌空飛翹。門(men)(men)廳(ting)前后之(zhi)間(jian)設壁隔內外廳(ting),并列(lie)辟門(men)(men)三道,中門(men)(men)屹立一對石(shi)獅,兩(liang)(liang)邊側(ce)門(men)(men)各(ge)置兩(liang)(liang)只石(shi)鼓。毗(pi)連門(men)(men)兩(liang)(liang)面(mian)三刀側(ce)的崇圣祠(ci)、土(tu)神祠(ci)、各(ge)三間(jian),坎墻上軒(xuan)要(yao)格通(tong)窗。廳(ting)、祠(ci)并列(lie)相依,刪繁脫俗,獨(du)具匠(jiang)心。
降階踏入寬闊后院,履神道(dao),臨石階,“陛”上(shang)精雕(diao)龍(long)鳳戲珠圖案,云蒸霞蔚,栩(xu)栩(xu)如生。月臺環設白(bai)玉雕(diao)花欄桿,方(fang)磚墁(man)地,其北端即高聳(song)著大成殿。
大成殿(dian)(dian),面(mian)(mian)對磊成門(men)和(he)門(men)樓,遠眺(tiao)一(yi)(yi)眼貫穿。斯殿(dian)(dian)系文廟主體建(jian)筑(zhu),殿(dian)(dian)面(mian)(mian)闊五間,進深三間,總面(mian)(mian)積達425平(ping)方(fang)米,高(gao)達17米,是一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)以斗拱(gong)(gong)(gong)為梁(liang)(liang)柱(zhu)結點的木(mu)構架抬(tai)梁(liang)(liang)大木(mu)殿(dian)(dian)式(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)。大殿(dian)(dian)采用拼柱(zhu)、拼梁(liang)(liang)營造工(gong)藝,七架四柱(zhu),柱(zhu)梁(liang)(liang)簡潔(jie),步架勻稱(cheng)。其層檐設(she)斗拱(gong)(gong)(gong),華拱(gong)(gong)(gong)偷心造,單挑(tiao)(tiao)摜(guan)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)象鼻形(xing),雙(shuang)挑(tiao)(tiao)華拱(gong)(gong)(gong)成蝙蝠(fu)狀,直(zhi)接承托挑(tiao)(tiao)檐檁,平(ping)身科(ke)明間兩(liang)攢,次間一(yi)(yi)攢,均出45度斜(xie)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)、斜(xie)角。山(shan)面(mian)(mian)檐拱(gong)(gong)(gong)同,上(shang)檐簡潔(jie)樸(pu)素,設(she)枇杷(pa)形(xing)撐拱(gong)(gong)(gong)承托梁(liang)(liang)坊(fang),明次間均安格窗通門(men)。山(shan)墻正面(mian)(mian)砌造象鼻形(xing)墀(chi)頭(tou)和(he)磚(zhuan)雕耕讀圖墀(chi)頭(tou)。方(fang)磚(zhuan)墁地,平(ping)底天花中(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)三層方(fang)形(xing)藻(zao)井,殿(dian)(dian)頂鋪青灰小(xiao)瓦和(he)筒瓦,正脊兩(liang)瑞作鰲(ao)吻,戧脊飾套獸,檐口列圓形(xing)獸面(mian)(mian)瓦當。飛檐翹角,懸(xuan)掛風鐸,風動鐸鳴。整個大成殿(dian)(dian)高(gao)大、宏(hong)偉、壯(zhuang)觀(guan),在古建(jian)筑(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)屬精品之作,為全國所罕見。
文物
文(wen)(wen)廟也是桐城市的(de)博物(wu)館(guan)所在地,館(guan)藏文(wen)(wen)物(wu)有(you)新石器(qi)時期以(yi)來(lai)的(de)許多珍貴藏品(pin):商(shang)爵、漢陶、宋瓷、清畫(hua)等古董(dong)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)屢見不鮮,其中有(you)李公麟的(de)畫(hua),方以(yi)智的(de)書,雍(yong)正御賜保和殿大學士張廷玉(yu)的(de)虎銅(tong)印,乾隆御題碧玉(yu)銘(ming)文(wen)(wen)……總計(ji)館(guan)藏文(wen)(wen)物(wu)1245件,其中一級文(wen)(wen)物(wu)24件,二級文(wen)(wen)物(wu)125件,另外還有(you)多件的(de)稀世珍寶(bao)。