北海團城
金建(jian)(jian)行宮,元代(dai)建(jian)(jian)大(da)都,這里遂成(cheng)皇城內的(de)帝王禁苑。明清兩代(dai)進行多次修葺、擴建(jian)(jian)、添建(jian)(jian)和改(gai)建(jian)(jian)。其中(zhong)(zhong)規模較大(da)的(de)是(shi)清順(shun)治(zhi)八年(nian)(1651)和乾隆年(nian)間的(de)改(gai)建(jian)(jian),從而奠定了今天北海的(de)基(ji)礎,成(cheng)為一座寓(yu)宮室、第宅(zhai)、寺廟和園林多種(zhong)藝術形式為一體(ti)的(de)帝王宮苑。它是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)現(xian)存歷史(shi)悠(you)久、規模宏大(da)、布置精美的(de)宮苑之一,1961年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)人(ren)民共和國(guo)國(guo)務院公布為全國(guo)重點文(wen)物保護單位。
北(bei)海 布局(ju)繼(ji)承了(le)中(zhong)國古(gu)(gu)代造(zao)(zao)園(yuan)藝術的(de)傳統,在水中(zhong)置(zhi)(zhi)島(dao)(dao)嶼(yu),用橋(qiao)(qiao)堤(di)同岸(an)邊相連(lian)。在島(dao)(dao)上(shang)和沿(yan)岸(an)布置(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)和景(jing)(jing)點。水面(mian)占一半(ban)以(yi)上(shang),景(jing)(jing)觀(guan)比較開闊。園(yuan)內以(yi)瓊(qiong)島(dao)(dao)為(wei)(wei)全(quan)園(yuan)中(zhong)心(xin),島(dao)(dao)上(shang)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)以(yi)白塔(ta)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)心(xin),分(fen)(fen)四(si)面(mian)布局(ju)。塔(ta)是清(qing)(qing)順治八(ba)(ba)年(nian)(nian)(1651)在原廣寒殿(dian)舊(jiu)址上(shang)建(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)的(de)。從山(shan)腳至塔(ta)頂(ding)(ding)高(gao)(gao)62.8米,前有琉璃小閣(ge)一座,名善因殿(dian)。登高(gao)(gao)遠眺四(si)方,園(yuan)景(jing)(jing)盡(jin)收(shou)眼(yan)底。南(nan)(nan)面(mian)為(wei)(wei)永安寺,寺隨山(shan)勢而建(jian)(jian),高(gao)(gao)低錯(cuo)落,黃(huang)瓦(wa)紅墻(qiang)再南(nan)(nan)為(wei)(wei)永安橋(qiao)(qiao)(原為(wei)(wei)太液橋(qiao)(qiao)),系(xi)元初所建(jian)(jian),清(qing)(qing)乾(qian)隆三十(shi)六年(nian)(nian)(1771)將中(zhong)孔木板改石(shi)(shi)券洞(dong),過橋(qiao)(qiao)連(lian)接團(tuan)城。東(dong)(dong)面(mian)樹木成(cheng)(cheng)蔭,建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)有智(zhi)珠殿(dian)、慧日(ri)亭和被譽為(wei)(wei)燕京八(ba)(ba)景(jing)(jing)之(zhi)一的(de)“瓊(qiong)島(dao)(dao)春陰”幢形碑等。西(xi)(xi)面(mian)有靜憩軒、慶(qing)霄樓(lou)(lou)、悅心(xin)殿(dian)、水精域、甘露(lu)殿(dian)、琳光(guang)殿(dian)、蟠青(qing)室、一房山(shan)、畝鑒(jian)室、閱古(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou)等。慶(qing)霄樓(lou)(lou)、悅心(xin)殿(dian)位于西(xi)(xi)麓半(ban)山(shan)腰處(chu),為(wei)(wei)帝(di)后“理事引見(jian)”和觀(guan)賞風景(jing)(jing)之(zhi)處(chu)。慶(qing)霄樓(lou)(lou)為(wei)(wei)青(qing)瓦(wa)重檐歇山(shan)頂(ding)(ding),上(shang)層(ceng)面(mian)闊五間(jian),四(si)周圍廊,下層(ceng)為(wei)(wei)五破七(qi)間(jian)。昔日(ri)每逢臘月節(jie),帝(di)后登樓(lou)(lou)觀(guan)賞冰嬉(xi)、雪景(jing)(jing)。閱古(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou)位于琳光(guang)殿(dian)之(zhi)北(bei),坐東(dong)(dong)朝西(xi)(xi),正面(mian)呈(cheng)半(ban)圓形,樓(lou)(lou)分(fen)(fen)上(shang)、下兩層(ceng),共25間(jian),壁上(shang)嵌 495方御制三希堂石(shi)(shi)渠寶笈法帖,書法、鐫(juan)刻精美絕倫。北(bei)面(mian)有酣古(gu)(gu)堂、寫妙石(shi)(shi)室、看(kan)畫廊、盤嵐精舍、延南(nan)(nan)薰、嵌室、銅仙承露(lu)盤、一壺天地(di)亭、小邱亭及東(dong)(dong)起倚晴(qing)樓(lou)(lou)西(xi)(xi)至分(fen)(fen)涼閣(ge)中(zhong)有碧照樓(lou)(lou)遠帆閣(ge)、漪瀾堂、道寧齋、晴(qing)欄(lan)花韻和65間(jian)延廊組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群。此外山(shan)上(shang)尚有早(zao)年(nian)(nian)塌毀的(de)亭廊、牌坊遺址等。島(dao)(dao)上(shang)和白塔(ta)山(shan)前的(de)太湖石(shi)(shi),多玲瓏剔透,為(wei)(wei)金(jin)朝從北(bei)宋汴梁皇(huang)家園(yuan)林(lin)“艮(gen)岳”拆運而來。其他地(di)區的(de)黃(huang)太湖石(shi)(shi)多為(wei)(wei)清(qing)(qing)乾(qian)隆年(nian)(nian)間(jian)運來。
東(dong)岸(an)有(you)濠(hao)濮澗、畫(hua)舫齋(zhai)(zhai)、蠶壇等。濠(hao)濮澗始(shi)(shi)建(jian)于(yu)清(qing)乾(qian)隆二(er)(er)(er)(er)十二(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1757),是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)座三面(mian)臨水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)榭。入(ru)口處有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)座曲尺形石(shi)平(ping)橋(qiao)及仿木結構石(shi)坊,幽靜別致(zhi)。畫(hua)舫齋(zhai)(zhai)又稱(cheng)(cheng)水(shui)(shui)殿(dian),位于(yu)東(dong)岸(an)土石(shi)山(shan)(shan)林(lin)間(jian)(jian)(jian),原(yuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)皇帝行宮,建(jian)于(yu)清(qing)乾(qian)隆二(er)(er)(er)(er)十二(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1757),門內(nei)(nei)(nei)正中為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)形水(shui)(shui)池(chi),四面(mian)廊屋環繞。主體建(jian)筑畫(hua)舫齋(zhai)(zhai)面(mian)闊五(wu)間(jian)(jian)(jian),灰筒瓦歇山(shan)(shan)頂,前出軒,后帶抱(bao)(bao)廈。整座庭院布局緊湊,建(jian)筑精(jing)巧,雕梁畫(hua)棟,為(wei)(wei)(wei)北(bei)海的(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中之園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。北(bei)岸(an)由東(dong)往(wang)西分別為(wei)(wei)(wei)靜心(xin)齋(zhai)(zhai)、天(tian)王殿(dian)、九龍(long)(long)壁(bi)、快(kuai)雪堂、闡福寺(si)、萬(wan)佛樓(lou)(lou)、極樂世(shi)界(jie)(原(yuan)稱(cheng)(cheng)小西天(tian))等。靜心(xin)齋(zhai)(zhai)建(jian)于(yu)清(qing)乾(qian)隆二(er)(er)(er)(er)十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1755),為(wei)(wei)(wei)北(bei)海中最(zui)引人入(ru)勝(sheng)的(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中之園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。它的(de)(de)正門與(yu)瓊島隔水(shui)(shui)相望,東(dong)側護(hu)以短花(hua)墻(qiang),使內(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)景交(jiao)融(rong)。齋(zhai)(zhai)內(nei)(nei)(nei)主要(yao)建(jian)筑有(you)鏡(jing)清(qing)齋(zhai)(zhai)、沁泉(quan)廊、畫(hua)峰室、抱(bao)(bao)素書屋、韻琴(qin)齋(zhai)(zhai)、枕(zhen)巒亭(ting)、罨(yan)畫(hua)軒、疊翠樓(lou)(lou)等。齋(zhai)(zhai)內(nei)(nei)(nei)太湖(hu)石(shi)疊山(shan)(shan)頗為(wei)(wei)(wei)壯觀。九龍(long)(long)壁(bi)原(yuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)寺(si)院的(de)(de)迎壁(bi),兩面(mian)各(ge)鑲嵌(qian)九條(tiao)彩(cai)龍(long)(long),清(qing)乾(qian)隆十一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian) (1746) 重新建(jian)成(cheng)。五(wu)龍(long)(long)亭(ting)始(shi)(shi)建(jian)于(yu)明萬(wan)歷(li)三十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1602),今貌為(wei)(wei)(wei)清(qing)順(shun)治八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1651)改建(jian)而成(cheng)。五(wu)亭(ting)突入(ru)湖(hu)中,各(ge)以石(shi)橋(qiao)與(yu)岸(an)相連,左右各(ge)二(er)(er)(er)(er)亭(ting),呈(cheng)對稱(cheng)(cheng)式。五(wu)亭(ting)之間(jian)(jian)(jian)又以石(shi)曲橋(qiao)相通,宛似游龍(long)(long)橫(heng)臥(wo)岸(an)邊。天(tian)王殿(dian)、萬(wan)佛樓(lou)(lou)、極樂世(shi)界(jie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)(nei)(nei)佛寺(si)建(jian)筑。
團城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng) 位于北海南(nan)門(men)西側(ce)。元代(dai)時為(wei)(wei)一(yi)小嶼(yu),明代(dai)重(zhong)修時筑(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻,并將(jiang)東(dong)南(nan)二處(chu)水面(mian)填為(wei)(wei)平(ping)(ping)地,基本(ben)上(shang)(shang)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)規模和四周(zhou)環境(jing)。清康熙十(shi)(shi)九年(1680)重(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)承(cheng)光(guang)殿(dian),將(jiang)原(yuan)半(ban)圓殿(dian)改成(cheng)(cheng)十(shi)(shi)字(zi)形(xing)(xing)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)。乾隆年間進(jin)行較大的(de)(de)(de)修建(jian)(jian)(jian),增建(jian)(jian)(jian)了玉(yu)甕亭(ting)。今(jin)天的(de)(de)(de)團城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),基本(ben)上(shang)(shang)就是乾隆年間修建(jian)(jian)(jian)后的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)(qun)。它的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)呈圓形(xing)(xing),周(zhou)砌(qi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚千仞壁(bi)立的(de)(de)(de)小城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺高出地平(ping)(ping) 4.6米,周(zhou)長 276米,面(mian)積4553平(ping)(ping)方(fang)米。東(dong)、西兩(liang)側(ce)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻下各有(you)(you)隨墻門(men)一(yi)座,上(shang)(shang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)門(men)樓,東(dong)為(wei)(wei)昭景,西為(wei)(wei)衍祥,入門(men)可(ke)沿(yan)蹬道(dao)(dao)登(deng)至(zhi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)頂臺面(mian)。蹬道(dao)(dao)處(chu)各設罩(zhao)門(men),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺上(shang)(shang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)布(bu)局采取對稱中兼以(yi)園林的(de)(de)(de)布(bu)局手法。承(cheng)光(guang)殿(dian)為(wei)(wei)全城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺的(de)(de)(de)中心(xin),其南(nan)有(you)(you)玉(yu)甕亭(ting),其北為(wei)(wei)敬躋堂,組成(cheng)(cheng)了城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺的(de)(de)(de)中軸(zhou)線。兩(liang)側(ce)對稱排列(lie),有(you)(you)古籟堂、余清齋東(dong)廡(wu)和西廡(wu)等。朵(duo)云亭(ting)、鏡瀾亭(ting)高踞假山上(shang)(shang)。整座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺黃瓦(wa)紅墻。金碧輝煌的(de)(de)(de)古建(jian)(jian)(jian)群(qun)(qun)間,遍植了數十(shi)(shi)株蒼(cang)松(song)翠柏。承(cheng)光(guang)殿(dian)中間方(fang)形(xing)(xing),面(mian)闊、進(jin)深各三間,四面(mian)各推出抱(bao)廈一(yi)間,整個平(ping)(ping)面(mian)呈十(shi)(shi)字(zi)形(xing)(xing)。南(nan)面(mian)有(you)(you)月臺一(yi)座。正中大殿(dian)為(wei)(wei)重(zhong)檐歇(xie)山頂,抱(bao)廈為(wei)(wei)單檐歇(xie)山卷棚式,覆(fu)以(yi)黃琉璃瓦(wa)綠剪邊瓦(wa)頂,飛檐翹角。上(shang)(shang)檐重(zhong)昂七(qi)斗(dou),下檐及(ji)抱(bao)廈重(zhong)昂五斗(dou)。殿(dian)內施大點金旋子(zi)彩(cai)畫(hua)。玉(yu)甕亭(ting)內玉(yu)甕為(wei)(wei)元代(dai)作(zuo)品,體積大,雕刻精美。
中華人民(min)共和國(guo)建立(li)后,政府(fu)對北海及團(tuan)(tuan)城(cheng)(cheng)的保護(hu)(hu)非常重(zhong)視。50年(nian)代初,疏(shu)浚(jun)了(le)湖底(di),清(qing)除淤泥(ni)11.6萬(wan)立(li)方(fang)米(mi),清(qing)除園內垃圾(ji)近(jin) 1萬(wan)立(li)方(fang)米(mi),并(bing)護(hu)(hu)砌駁(bo)岸,改鋪路面。1954年(nian),由于拓寬金(jin)鰲(ao)玉橋(qiao),發生了(le)拆除團(tuan)(tuan)城(cheng)(cheng)南部的問(wen)題,周(zhou)恩來親自到團(tuan)(tuan)城(cheng)(cheng)實地考察,最后決定保留(liu)。他(ta)還(huan)指示在團(tuan)(tuan)城(cheng)(cheng)北面修一座(zuo)臺(tai)階,把團(tuan)(tuan)城(cheng)(cheng)和北海連接(jie)起(qi)來,但不要拆墻挖洞。1953年(nian)以來,國(guo)家(jia)先后撥款近(jin)2000萬(wan)元對所(suo)有古(gu)建筑基本上都進行(xing)了(le)修葺(qi),在高大建筑物上安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)避雷針,改裝(zhuang)(zhuang)電路和管(guan)道,避免引起(qi)火災。同時(shi)修建污(wu)水(shui)管(guan)道,截流(liu)(liu)36個流(liu)(liu)入湖內的污(wu)水(shui)源。1984年(nian)起(qi),對全園古(gu)建筑進行(xing)了(le)近(jin)景攝(she)影和測繪(hui),逐步(bu)建全檔案資(zi)料。現設有專門機構負責保護(hu)(hu)和管(guan)理(li)工作。
歷史
團城至(zhi)今(jin)(2012年)已(yi)經有八百多年的歷史。遼代時(shi),因開(kai)挖湖(hu)泊(bo)堆積泥土,團城日漸(jian)形成了水(shui)中島(dao)嶼(yu),稱為“圓坻(chi)”。金(jin)(jin)滅遼后,金(jin)(jin)世宗完(wan)顏雍(yong)以瓊華(hua)島(dao)為中心建(jian)造(zao)太(tai)寧(ning)宮,又將(jiang)挖湖(hu)的泥土擴充(chong)瓊華(hua)島(dao)和圓坻(chi),在瓊華(hua)島(dao)上建(jian)造(zao)廣寒殿(dian)的同時(shi),在圓坻(chi)上也(ye)建(jian)起了一座殿(dian)宇,和廣寒殿(dian)遙遙相對。
公元(yuan)1264年,元(yuan)世祖忽必烈在金中(zhong)都的基礎(chu)上營建大都城(cheng),選定團(tuan)城(cheng)為(wei)大內(nei)東西兩(liang)宮的中(zhong)間地帶,團(tuan)城(cheng)遂(sui)成了東西兩(liang)宮的聯系中(zhong)心。忽必烈還在團(tuan)城(cheng)舊殿的基礎(chu)上建起儀天殿。
明永樂(le)十(shi)五年(nian)(公元1417年(nian))重建儀(yi)天殿,改名為(wei)承(cheng)光(guang)殿,并用(yong)磚砌筑(zhu)起城墻。嘉(jia)靖三十(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(公元1552年(nian)),再次對承(cheng)光(guang)殿進行修葺(qi),改稱(cheng)乾(qian)光(guang)殿。
清康熙(xi)十八(ba)年(nian)(公(gong)元1679年(nian))北京遭受強烈(lie)地震(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(震(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)中位于北京東部三河至平谷之間,震(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)級(ji)(ji)8級(ji)(ji),是北京地區自公(gong)元294年(nian)以(yi)來(lai)發生的最大(da)的一次地震(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)),乾光殿被震(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)毀。
康熙二十九年(nian)(公元(yuan)1690年(nian))重建(jian)(jian)乾(qian)光殿(dian)。乾(qian)隆十一年(nian)(公元(yuan)1746年(nian))時,團城進(jin)行(xing)了(le)大規(gui)模的修建(jian)(jian),添建(jian)(jian)了(le)玉甕亭等建(jian)(jian)筑,并重建(jian)(jian)乾(qian)光殿(dian)改稱承光殿(dian)。
1900年(nian)(清光緒二十六年(nian)),團(tuan)城遭“八國聯(lian)軍”洗劫。1913年(nian),袁(yuan)世凱曾在(zai)團(tuan)城召開過“政治會議(yi)”。梁啟超曾在(zai)團(tuan)城居住。1915年(nian),辛亥(hai)革命后團(tuan)城辟為公園。
1954年(nian)(nian)北京大規模建設(she)(she)時,為展寬“金鰲玉(yu)蝀(dong)”橋并將道路取直(zhi),有人(ren)主張拆去團(tuan)(tuan)城(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)部。建筑學家梁思成堅決反對(dui),并設(she)(she)計出(chu)改造(zao)方案。原文化部文物局(ju)局(ju)長鄭振(zhen)鐸(duo)(duo)陪同周恩來總理(li)(li)視察團(tuan)(tuan)城(cheng)(cheng)。周總理(li)(li)采納了梁思成、鄭振(zhen)鐸(duo)(duo)等人(ren)的(de)意見,團(tuan)(tuan)城(cheng)(cheng)得以保存。按照周總理(li)(li)指示(shi),中南(nan)海的(de)圍墻(qiang)南(nan)移,北海大橋向南(nan)拓寬,馬路南(nan)移,團(tuan)(tuan)城(cheng)(cheng)不動(dong)分毫(hao)。1955年(nian)(nian)團(tuan)(tuan)城(cheng)(cheng)對(dui)外開放。1961年(nian)(nian)被(bei)納入(ru)第一批全(quan)(quan)國重點文物保護單位。2012年(nian)(nian)3月開始進行為期9個月的(de)全(quan)(quan)面修繕。
建筑風格
團(tuan)(tuan)城(cheng)(cheng)位因其俯視平面為圓(yuan)環形(xing),周圍以城(cheng)(cheng)磚(zhuan)壘砌,成為一(yi)座帶雉堞的磚(zhuan)城(cheng)(cheng),故俗稱“團(tuan)(tuan)城(cheng)(cheng)”。團(tuan)(tuan)城(cheng)(cheng)是一(yi)座圓(yuan)臺(tai)式磚(zhuan)砌古建筑,城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)高(gao)4.6米(mi),周長276米(mi),總面積4500平方米(mi),東西兩(liang)側(ce)各有隨墻(qiang)門(men),進入門(men)內,可沿回旋式城(cheng)(cheng)磚(zhuan)蹬(deng)(deng)道(dao)到達城(cheng)(cheng)頂臺(tai)面。在兩(liang)條蹬(deng)(deng)道(dao)的上出口處,各有形(xing)制相同的罩門(men)亭(ting)一(yi)座,均為黃琉璃(li)筒瓦綠剪邊單(dan)檐廡殿(dian)頂,三踩(cai)斗(dou)拱,旋子(zi)彩畫,面闊一(yi)間,進深一(yi)間。
城臺(tai)(tai)頂面的(de)建筑(zhu)不(bu)多,但布(bu)置得體,在保(bao)持(chi)了(le)傳統的(de)對稱建筑(zhu)中雜以園林景物錯落有(you)致。承光殿(dian)為全城臺(tai)(tai)中心,殿(dian)南側有(you)玉甕亭,殿(dian)北側有(you)敬(jing)躋堂(tang),三座建筑(zhu)構成整個城臺(tai)(tai)的(de)中軸線。在這條中軸線的(de)兩側對稱地(di)排列著(zhu)幾(ji)組建筑(zhu)。
東(dong)側由南至(zhi)北(bei)依(yi)次為(wei):昭(zhao)景門樓、東(dong)廡(wu)殿(dian)(dian)、古籟堂等(deng);西(xi)側由南至(zhi)北(bei)依(yi)次為(wei):衍祥(xiang)門樓、西(xi)廡(wu)殿(dian)(dian)、余清(qing)齋(zhai)等(deng)。此外,亭(ting)廊假山(shan)(shan)雜置(zhi)其間:余清(qing)齋(zhai)西(xi)有(you)回廊與其西(xi)側的沁(qin)香(xiang)亭(ting)相連通;敬躋堂東(dong)西(xi)各有(you)假山(shan)(shan),山(shan)(shan)上各置(zhi)一亭(ting),東(dong)為(wei)朵云亭(ting),西(xi)為(wei)鏡瀾亭(ting)。綜觀(guan)整(zheng)座城臺,殿(dian)(dian)堂碧瓦朱垣(yuan),金碧輝煌的古建筑之間,穿插種植著數(shu)十棵(ke)已有(you)幾百年歷史的蒼松勁柏,遮蔭(yin)蔽日,虬枝各異。
四寶
白玉佛
承光殿中(zhong)央佛(fo)(fo)龕內(nei)供奉著(zhu)一(yi)尊釋迦(jia)牟(mou)尼佛(fo)(fo)坐像,由(you)整塊白玉(yu)石雕刻而(er)成,故稱(cheng)白玉(yu)佛(fo)(fo)。這座白玉(yu)佛(fo)(fo)是清光緒二十四年(nian)(1898年(nian))從緬甸募化(hua)而(er)來,后被(bei)僧人敬獻給慈禧(xi)。1900年(nian),八國(guo)聯軍入侵北京時,因白玉(yu)佛(fo)(fo)重量大而(er)沒被(bei)掠走(zou),但玉(yu)佛(fo)(fo)左臂(bei)被(bei)擊傷,其身上飾物珠寶全被(bei)搶走(zou)。
瀆山大玉海
元(yuan)代至(zhi)元(yuan)二(er)年(nian)(1265年(nian)),元(yuan)大都工(gong)匠用(yong)(yong)整塊(kuai)墨玉雕刻成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)個大酒(jiu)(jiu)缸,敬獻(xian)(xian)給(gei)元(yuan)世(shi)祖忽必烈。忽必烈為酒(jiu)(jiu)缸賜名“瀆山(shan)大玉海”,每(mei)當在(zai)(zai)廣(guang)寒(han)殿(dian)宴請文武(wu)(wu)百(bai)官(guan)時,就用(yong)(yong)它盛放御(yu)酒(jiu)(jiu),據(ju)說能存酒(jiu)(jiu)三十余石。明(ming)萬歷(li)七年(nian)(1579年(nian)),廣(guang)寒(han)殿(dian)因倒(dao)塌被(bei)拆除,玉甕被(bei)移至(zhi)御(yu)用(yong)(yong)監院內,后流落到西華(hua)門(men)外真武(wu)(wu)廟中,被(bei)僧(seng)人用(yong)(yong)來(lai)盛醬腌菜用(yong)(yong)。乾隆十年(nian)(1745年(nian)),玉甕被(bei)獻(xian)(xian)給(gei)朝(chao)廷,第(di)二(er)年(nian)朝(chao)廷在(zai)(zai)承(cheng)光(guang)殿(dian)前專建一(yi)(yi)座琉(liu)璃玉甕亭保護玉甕。
遮蔭侯
團城內共有(you)A級古樹(shu)(shu)17棵,B級古樹(shu)(shu)23棵,還有(you)一棵20余米高,樹(shu)(shu)齡近千年的大油松(song)。乾(qian)隆封其為(wei)“遮蔭侯”。“遮蔭侯”南(nan)面有(you)一棵白皮松(song),也同(tong)時被封為(wei)“白袍將軍”。
集水工程
團(tuan)城地下(xia)集雨排水系統(tong)建于明永(yong)樂年間。團(tuan)城地面(mian)青磚造型(xing)特別,上(shang)大(da)下(xia)小呈倒梯形(xing)。鋪(pu)設時大(da)頭(tou)在上(shang),小頭(tou)在下(xia),磚與磚之間留(liu)有空(kong)隙,地下(xia)部(bu)分就(jiu)形(xing)成(cheng)了上(shang)小下(xia)大(da)的三角形(xing)縫(feng)隙。每塊磚吸水性(xing)很(hen)好,就(jiu)像一個微型(xing)水庫(ku)。
下(xia)雨(yu)天,雨(yu)水會通(tong)過(guo)青(qing)(qing)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)和(he)縫隙流到(dao)地(di)下(xia)。而如果遇(yu)到(dao)大雨(yu)或連續降雨(yu)時,多余的(de)(de)(de)雨(yu)水會借助團城(cheng)北(bei)高(gao)南低的(de)(de)(de)地(di)勢流入石制的(de)(de)(de)水眼中(zhong)。團城(cheng)有(you)11個(ge)石制水眼分布在古(gu)樹(shu)周(zhou)圍,每個(ge)水眼下(xia)有(you)一個(ge)豎井(jing),豎井(jing)與豎井(jing)間(jian)有(you)青(qing)(qing)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)建(jian)成的(de)(de)(de)涵(han)洞(dong)(dong)相連。涵(han)洞(dong)(dong)高(gao)度在80厘(li)米(mi)-150厘(li)米(mi)之間(jian),同樣(yang)是用青(qing)(qing)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)建(jian)成的(de)(de)(de)。到(dao)達(da)涵(han)洞(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)雨(yu)水,可(ke)以從下(xia)、左(zuo)、右三個(ge)方向繼續向更深的(de)(de)(de)土壤滲透(tou)。同時,涵(han)洞(dong)(dong)與水眼組成了一個(ge)巨大的(de)(de)(de)地(di)下(xia)通(tong)風系(xi)統。為城(cheng)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)物(wu)提供了良(liang)好透(tou)氣條件。
此外,團城上的(de)(de)土壤(rang)(rang)(rang)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)也有(you)很好(hao)的(de)(de)透(tou)氣(qi)透(tou)水性能。這些(xie)土壤(rang)(rang)(rang)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)按結構自上而下可分為(wei)支(zhi)撐層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、有(you)機(ji)質(zhi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)和黃(huang)沙(sha)(sha)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。10厘(li)米厚的(de)(de)支(zhi)撐層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)主要成(cheng)(cheng)分有(you)谷殼、石(shi)灰等(deng),這些(xie)成(cheng)(cheng)分能使地表水快速滲透(tou),透(tou)氣(qi)透(tou)水性好(hao)。10厘(li)米厚的(de)(de)有(you)機(ji)質(zhi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)主要成(cheng)(cheng)分包(bao)括貝殼、骨頭(tou)、活性鈣(gai)、獸(shou)血、有(you)機(ji)酸等(deng),歷經數(shu)年緩慢釋放,可以對植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)生長(chang)(chang)提供大量(liang)有(you)機(ji)質(zhi)和微量(liang)元素,有(you)利于植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)的(de)(de)生長(chang)(chang)。而深(shen)達4至(zhi)5米厚的(de)(de)黃(huang)沙(sha)(sha)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),滲水性、透(tou)氣(qi)性良(liang)好(hao),適合植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)生長(chang)(chang)。