簡要介紹
玄貞觀(guan)又(you)名玄帝(di)廟、俗稱上帝(di)廟。中(zhong)國古代(dai)道教宮觀(guan)。在營口市(shi)蓋州市(shi)西大街(jie)路北。現(xian)存大殿和山門(men)。位于中(zhong)國東(dong)北地區的南部,即東(dong)經(jing)118°53′—125°46′,北緯38°43′—43°26′之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)。1963年(nian)就(jiu)確定其為(wei)省級重點文(wen)物保護單位,1988年(nian)中(zhong)華人民共和國國務院公布為(wei)全國重點文(wen)物保護單位。現(xian)有正殿五間(jian)(jian),山門(men)三間(jian)(jian),占地面積1089.7平方米。
歷史沿革
玄貞觀(guan)建于明洪武十五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(1382年(nian)(nian)),大殿前有清雍正四(si)年(nian)(nian)(1726年(nian)(nian))重修碑記(ji)。大殿面闊五(wu)間,廡(wu)殿式屋頂,梁枋及斗拱上均有彩(cai)畫,清晰艷(yan)麗(li),檁下有墨(mo)書“大明洪武十五(wu)年(nian)(nian)四(si)月(yue)廿(nian)九日(ri)吉日(ri)立,闔郡官庶人等監造”題記(ji),還(huan)有后金天聰九年(nian)(nian),清乾(qian)隆五(wu)十四(si)年(nian)(nian)、同治四(si)年(nian)(nian)、民(min)國十一年(nian)(nian)四(si)次(ci)修繕題記(ji),是研究玄貞觀(guan)修建歷史的重要資料。
玄貞觀的公(gong)(gong)布(bu)所在地為(wei)營口(kou)市(shi),公(gong)(gong)布(bu)類(lei)型為(wei)古建(jian)筑及歷史紀念(nian)建(jian)筑物,公(gong)(gong)布(bu)批號為(wei)312800,公(gong)(gong)布(bu)地址(zhi)為(wei)營口(kou)蓋州市(shi)。
1988年開始(shi)對(dui)大殿進行落架(jia)大修。又(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“廬”“靖”、也稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)靜寶(bao)。在南(nan)北(bei)朝時,道教(jiao)的活(huo)(huo)動場所稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)呼為(wei)(wei)仙館。北(bei)周武帝(di)時,道教(jiao)活(huo)(huo)動場所的稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)呼叫“觀”,取觀星(xing)之意(yi)。到了(le)(le)唐朝,皇(huang)帝(di)認(ren)老子為(wei)(wei)祖(zu)宗(zong)(zong),而皇(huang)帝(di)的居所稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“宮”,所以道教(jiao)建筑也改稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“宮”了(le)(le)。天主教(jiao)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之為(wei)(wei)“教(jiao)堂(tang)”。在原始(shi)或(huo)民間中(zhong),稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之為(wei)(wei)“廟(miao)(miao).“祠(ci)”,如(ru)舊時奉(feng)祀祖(zu)宗(zong)(zong)、神佛或(huo)前(qian)代賢哲的地(di)方。叫太廟(miao)(miao)、中(zhong)岳(yue)廟(miao)(miao)、西岳(yue)廟(miao)(miao)、南(nan)岳(yue)廟(miao)(miao)、北(bei)岳(yue)廟(miao)(miao)、岱廟(miao)(miao)等。如(ru)祖(zu)廟(miao)(miao)、祠(ci)堂(tang)(祭(ji)祀祖(zu)宗(zong)(zong)或(huo)先賢的廟(miao)(miao)堂(tang)),有武侯祠(ci)、韓文公祠(ci)等。
寺院格局
玄貞(zhen)觀又名玄帝廟,營(ying)口市(shi)蓋州(zhou)市(shi)西(xi)大街路北,大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)保留元代的建筑風格。大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)前方的前殿(dian)(dian)(dian),結構簡潔,有明末建筑風格。貞(zhen)觀原有正(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、東(dong)西(xi)配(pei)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、鐘鼓樓、山(shan)門、耳房、僧(seng)房、佛閣等(deng)建筑,現僅存(cun)正(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(大殿(dian)(dian)(dian))、山(shan)門、僧(seng)房、會(hui)房。
禪(chan)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)山(shan)(shan)之名(ming)本身就饒有(you)風趣,耐人(ren)尋味。禪(chan)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)山(shan)(shan)上創修的(de)(de)廟(miao)宇,人(ren)們習(xi)慣呼作(zuo)“禪(chan)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)寺”,是道(dao)家(jia)廟(miao),卻用佛家(jia)名(ming),也會使人(ren)迷惑不解(jie),其實廟(miao)內供奉的(de)(de)是玉皇大帝(di)和關(guan)帝(di),這座(zuo)廟(miao)的(de)(de)正式名(ming)字叫玄貞觀(guan)(guan)卻鮮為人(ren)知。此(ci)處在(zai)地形上屬(shu)于“八寶鎖水(shui)(shui)口”,觀(guan)(guan)內有(you)一(yi)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)洞,有(you)石(shi)鐘乳滴水(shui)(shui),稱“金龍(long)滴水(shui)(shui)”,舊時,小北(bei)江(jiang)是南(nan)下的(de)(de)運輸水(shui)(shui)路(lu),從(cong)湖(hu)南(nan)永州(江(jiang)華)一(yi)帶的(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)貨從(cong)這條水(shui)(shui)路(lu)南(nan)下廣州,在(zai)西岸(an)碼頭上貨啟航(hang),經過(guo)水(shui)(shui)路(lu)6公里左(zuo)右,就到(dao)玄貞觀(guan)(guan),這里,就成為眾多(duo)船工(gong)休息(xi)的(de)(de)地方玄貞觀(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)名(ming)字,反映(ying)了(le)(le)廟(miao)宇在(zai)陡峭的(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)巒石(shi)壁上,懸空而(er)起(qi)的(de)(de)非凡氣(qi)勢,又隱含了(le)(le)禪(chan)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)風光的(de)(de)幽奇(qi)翠聳和霧鎖云(yun)封(feng)。玄貞觀(guan)(guan)中國古代道(dao)教宮觀(guan)(guan)。俗(su)稱上帝(di)廟(miao)。
大殿為廡殿頂,覆青瓦,面闊5間,長約15.3米,進深4間,寬約9.7米。檐柱為梭柱造,柱有側腳,兩側有升起,檐柱上有高厚的闌額與扁薄的普柏枋,出頭處做丁字形。普柏枋上施(shi)六鋪作斗栱(gong)(gong),共30朵,第(di)三(san)跳華(hua)栱(gong)(gong)上(shang),出交叉斜栱(gong)(gong),并(bing)以斜栱(gong)(gong)代(dai)令栱(gong)(gong),上(shang)托蟬肚(du)形(xing)替木,承撩檐枋(fang)。殿(dian)(dian)內為(wei)徹(che)上(shang)明造,各梁架榑枋(fang)間(jian),分(fen)(fen)別置有(you)(you)隔架的駝峰、櫨斗、單栱(gong)(gong)、耍(shua)頭(tou)、替木等(deng)裝飾性(xing)的構件(jian)。內外檐的梁架和(he)(he)(he)栱(gong)(gong)眼壁分(fen)(fen)別繪有(you)(you)和(he)(he)(he)璽(xi)等(deng)彩畫。殿(dian)(dian)頂正脊前后立面(mian)有(you)(you)行龍(long)雕飾,兩端有(you)(you)鴟吻。前坡瓦(wa)(wa)垅中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian),鑲嵌菱形(xing)黃琉璃(li)瓦(wa)(wa)心1方也有(you)(you)些學者認為(wei)該(gai)建筑應早于(yu)明代(dai),具有(you)(you)金元時(shi)期的建筑特點和(he)(he)(he)風格。1988年中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)人(ren)民(min)共和(he)(he)(he)國國務院公(gong)布為(wei)全國重(zhong)點文物保(bao)護單位。大殿(dian)(dian)四(si)周(zhou)地(di)(di)面(mian)日久墊高(gao),現(xian)臺(tai)基與(yu)檐墻埋(mai)入地(di)(di)下深約 50 厘米。因翼(yi)角出檐深,后期維修時(shi)已(yi)加小柱支撐。
主要建筑
普柏枋上施六鋪作斗栱,鑲嵌菱形黃琉璃(li)瓦心1方。大(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)四周地面(mian)日久(jiu)墊高,現臺基(ji)與檐(yan)墻埋(mai)入地下深(shen)(shen)約50厘米。因翼(yi)角出(chu)檐(yan)深(shen)(shen),后期維修時已(yi)加小(xiao)柱支撐。1988年開始對大(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)進行落(luo)架大(da)修。玄(xuan)(xuan)貞(zhen)觀供奉(feng)玄(xuan)(xuan)天大(da)帝,又稱(cheng)上帝廟。玄(xuan)(xuan)貞(zhen)觀正殿(dian)(dian)(dian)面(mian)闊五間,長15.3米,明(ming)間格外(wai)的寬大(da),長5.6米,超出(chu)次(ci)間寬2.7米一(yi)倍,進深(shen)(shen)四間,寬9.7米。正殿(dian)(dian)(dian)為廡殿(dian)(dian)(dian)式頂(ding),屋頂(ding)較為和(he)緩,出(chu)檐(yan)深(shen)(shen)遠。
殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)有八根金(jin)柱,前(qian)金(jin)柱下有覆盆式柱礎兩方,梁枋和(he)拱眼壁上都(dou)繪有宋綿、蟠龍、獅(shi)子、鳳凰、麒麟、牡丹(dan)、博古和(he)其它花卉紋飾。殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)部分彩畫間檔較(jiao)長(chang),畫面(mian)線條流暢生動。大(da)殿(dian)(dian)明間脊檁下釘(ding)有木(mu)牌題記(ji),牌上墨(mo)書“大(da)明洪武十(shi)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)四月二十(shi)九日(ri)(ri)吉日(ri)(ri)立闔郡官庶(shu)人等(deng)監造”;梁檁子還有后金(jin)在(zai)聰(cong)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)即(ji)公(gong)元1635年(nian)(nian)(nian)、清乾隆五(wu)十(shi)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)即(ji)公(gong)元1791年(nian)(nian)(nian)、清同治四年(nian)(nian)(nian)、民國(guo)十(shi)一等(deng)四次修(xiu)繕題記(ji)。原殿(dian)(dian)三座(zuo),現僅存(cun)大(da)殿(dian)(dian),殿(dian)(dian)面(mian)寬五(wu)間,長(chang)約15米(mi);進深四間,寬約9.7米(mi),屋頂為(wei)廡殿(dian)(dian)式,斗拱較(jiao)大(da)。原殿(dian)(dian)供奉真武祖(zu)師畫像(xiang),今已不存(cun),殿(dian)(dian)前(qian)立有清雍正(zheng)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)重修(xiu)碑記(ji)。
寺內文化
寺廟(miao)(miao)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)它完整地(di)保存(cun)(cun)了我國(guo)各(ge)個朝代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)歷史文(wen)(wen)物,在(zai)國(guo)家公布的(de)(de)(de)全國(guo)文(wen)(wen)物保護單位(wei)(wei)中,寺廟(miao)(miao)及(ji)(ji)相關(guan)(guan)設施約占一半,謂之(zhi)“歷史文(wen)(wen)物的(de)(de)(de)保險庫”,乃當(dang)之(zhi)不愧。玄(xuan)(xuan)貞觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)院(yuan)內現(xian)存(cun)(cun)清雍(yong)正四(si)年(nian)(nian)捐資(zi)碑(bei)一通(tong),雍(yong)正四(si)年(nian)(nian)重修玄(xuan)(xuan)貞觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)碑(bei)一通(tong)。正月初四(si)的(de)(de)(de)玄(xuan)(xuan)貞觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)內熱(re)熱(re)鬧鬧,歌舞升平,人(ren)頭攢動,亂亂哄哄……廟(miao)(miao)內彩色(se)圖(tu)片(pian)原供奉"玄(xuan)(xuan)武大帝(di)",即(ji)"玄(xuan)(xuan)天上(shang)帝(di)",簡(jian)稱"玄(xuan)(xuan)帝(di)"。玄(xuan)(xuan)貞觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)建筑(zhu)氣(qi)勢雄(xiong)偉,工藝(yi)精巧,頗為壯(zhuang)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。關(guan)(guan)于玄(xuan)(xuan)貞觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu),歷來有(you)很多傳(chuan)說(shuo),有(you)人(ren)說(shuo):“上(shang)帝(di)廟(miao)(miao)建筑(zhu)技(ji)術登(deng)峰造極(ji),出類拔萃。但在(zai)架最后一根平梁時,出現(xian)差錯。眾(zhong)人(ren)一籌莫(mo)展,工程功(gong)虧(kui)一簣,幸而魯(lu)班(ban)趕到(dao),不費吹灰之(zhi)力即(ji)刻完成(cheng)。”玄(xuan)(xuan)貞觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)在(zai)古(gu)廟(miao)(miao)建筑(zhu)中占有(you)重要位(wei)(wei)置,國(guo)家文(wen)(wen)物管理局公布為金、元時期所建,是現(xian)存(cun)(cun)元時期寺廟(miao)(miao)建筑(zhu)中保存(cun)(cun)較好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)一處。雖歷經600多年(nian)(nian),仍然宏偉可觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),不負(fu)盛名(ming)。在(zai)幅員遼闊、民(min)(min)族眾(zhong)多的(de)(de)(de)土地(di)上(shang),佛教、道教、伊斯蘭教、天主教、基督教,以及(ji)(ji)民(min)(min)間信(xin)仰和睦相處,歷經千余年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)發展,成(cheng)為中國(guo)傳(chuan)統文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)中具有(you)強烈民(min)(min)族色(se)彩和民(min)(min)間風(feng)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)瑰寶。我國(guo)宗教大多離不開(kai)名(ming)山秀水,無(wu)論(lun)在(zai)喧(xuan)囂(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)都市,還是在(zai)邊遠的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)族地(di)區,都留下(xia)宗教活(huo)動的(de)(de)(de)烙印,充分體現(xian)著宗教信(xin)仰自由與(yu)和諧發展。