山西(xi)代縣阿(a)育王(wang)塔(ta),坐落在代縣城內古城圓果寺內,俗稱(cheng)白(bai)塔(ta)。與(yu)邊靖樓遙相對峙,競相爭高。 始建(jian)于隋(sui)仁壽元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)601年(nian)(nian)),原為木結構(gou),稱(cheng)“龍興”,唐會昌(chang)二年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)842年(nian)(nian))滅佛塔(ta)大中(zhong)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)847年(nian)(nian))重建(jian),改“龍興”為“圓果”。
北宋(song)元(yuan)(yuan)豐二年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)1079年(nian)(nian))被焚(fen),崇(chong)寧元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)1102年(nian)(nian))又建,南宋(song)嘉(jia)定十一年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)1079年(nian)(nian))元(yuan)(yuan)兵南下(xia)再毀(hui),自建600多(duo)年(nian)(nian)中(zhong)歷(li)遭三劫,于元(yuan)(yuan)至元(yuan)(yuan)十二年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)1275年(nian)(nian))改建為磚(zhuan)塔。塔為圓(yuan)錐體、佛教藏式造型。塔基平面(mian)為長方形,南北長50米,東西30米,高1.5米,塔建于塔基正中(zhong)央(yang)。塔平面(mian)為圓(yuan)形,磚(zhuan)砌,周長60米,高40米。作覆(fu)(fu)仰蓮瓣及重澀混肚與(yu)方澀的(de)須彌座(zuo)式,雕刻著(zhu)各種花飾(shi)、荷瓣和(he)印度的(de)“陀(tuo)羅尼經”。塔身(shen)上施曲尺形彌座(zuo),座(zuo)上承(cheng)剎(cha)桿。原有磚(zhuan)作相輪十三層(ceng),兩層(ceng)已毀(hui),上覆(fu)(fu)蓋盤(pan),中(zhong)裝金頂寶珠。造型秀美,雄健挺(ting)拔,雕藝高超,為我國藏式塔中(zhong)之佳(jia)作。
元(yuan)至元(yuan)十二年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)1275年(nian))改建為(wei)(wei)磚塔(ta)(ta)。塔(ta)(ta)為(wei)(wei)圓錐體(ti)、佛教(jiao)藏(zang)(zang)式(shi)(shi)造型。塔(ta)(ta)基(ji)平面為(wei)(wei)長(chang)方形,南北(bei)長(chang)50米(mi)(mi),東西(xi)30米(mi)(mi),高(gao)1.5米(mi)(mi),塔(ta)(ta)建于塔(ta)(ta)基(ji)正中央(yang)。塔(ta)(ta)平面為(wei)(wei)圓形,磚砌,周長(chang)60米(mi)(mi),高(gao)40米(mi)(mi)。作覆(fu)仰蓮瓣及重澀混肚與方澀的須彌座式(shi)(shi),雕(diao)刻著各(ge)種花飾、荷(he)瓣和印度的“陀羅(luo)尼經”。塔(ta)(ta)身(shen)上(shang)(shang)施曲尺形彌座,座上(shang)(shang)承剎桿(gan)。原(yuan)有磚作相(xiang)輪十三層,兩(liang)層已毀,上(shang)(shang)覆(fu)蓋(gai)盤,中裝(zhuang)金頂寶珠。造型秀美,雄健挺拔,雕(diao)藝(yi)高(gao)超,為(wei)(wei)我國藏(zang)(zang)式(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta)中之佳(jia)作。
阿育(yu)王塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)由(you)主(zhu)(zhu)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)和(he)(he)(he)附(fu)(fu)屬小(xiao)(xiao)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)構(gou)(gou)成(cheng),全(quan)用(yong)磚(zhuan)砌(qi)。主(zhu)(zhu)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)底(di)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)四(si)(si)隅各(ge)(ge)(ge)附(fu)(fu)建一(yi)(yi)(yi)座(zuo)(zuo)扇六(liu)角(jiao)(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)亭(ting)(ting)狀(zhuang)小(xiao)(xiao)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),小(xiao)(xiao)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)環抱主(zhu)(zhu)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),高(gao)低錯落,主(zhu)(zhu)次相依,精(jing)巧(qiao)華麗,壯(zhuang)觀秀逸主(zhu)(zhu)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)是一(yi)(yi)(yi)座(zuo)(zuo)樓閣(ge)式建筑,通高(gao)31.5米(mi)(mi)(mi),共分(fen)(fen)四(si)(si)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),各(ge)(ge)(ge)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)檐(yan)下(xia)(xia)均配(pei)置華麗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)磚(zhuan)仿木構(gou)(gou)斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)至三(san)(san)(san)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)作(zuo)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)角(jiao)(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),底(di)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)中(zhong)部磚(zhuan)制斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong),北側(ce)辟一(yi)(yi)(yi)券(quan)(quan)門(men)。二三(san)(san)(san)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)均設(she)(she)平(ping)座(zuo)(zuo)。除各(ge)(ge)(ge)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)辟拱(gong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)券(quan)(quan)門(men)外(wai),還在(zai)(zai)各(ge)(ge)(ge)側(ce)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)雕以斜(xie)(xie)欞(ling)假窗、方(fang)(fang)(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)佛(fo)龕。第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)平(ping)座(zuo)(zuo)甚大,而(er)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)身(shen)顯著縮小(xiao)(xiao),檐(yan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)拐(guai)角(jiao)(jiao)處(chu)均雕力士(shi)像(xiang)(xiang),以承托塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)(di)四(si)(si)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。第(di)(di)(di)四(si)(si)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)略(lve)呈(cheng)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),外(wai)觀如(ru)同一(yi)(yi)(yi)圓錐體。這是塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要部分(fen)(fen),也是塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)華所(suo)在(zai)(zai),其(qi)高(gao)度約占全(quan)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)通高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)(san)分(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。圓錐體內檐(yan)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)室(shi)供奉兩尊石佛(fo),外(wai)檐(yan)以八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)角(jiao)(jiao)垂線為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)心(xin),交錯彩(cai)塑菩薩(sa)、力士(shi)禽獸、獅、象(xiang)以及樓臺(tai)亭(ting)(ting)閣(ge)等形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang),題(ti)材(cai)廣泛(fan)、構(gou)(gou)圖新穎、排列有(you)(you)序、做工(gong)精(jing)巧(qiao)。其(qi)中(zhong),尤(you)以動物造型最(zui)為(wei)(wei)逼(bi)真,兇(xiong)猛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獅子、僳悍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大象(xiang)、欲躍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青蛙,無(wu)不(bu)生動傳神(shen),活靈活現(xian)(xian)。第(di)(di)(di)四(si)(si)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)周(zhou)身(shen)如(ru)同一(yi)(yi)(yi)組雕塑藝術群,五光(guang)十色、光(guang)絕奪目。該層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)上(shang)(shang)(shang)端以磚(zhuan)刻制斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)橡子、披子,上(shang)(shang)(shang)覆(fu)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)角(jiao)(jiao)亭(ting)(ting)式塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)檐(yan),再上(shang)(shang)(shang)則冠以八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)角(jiao)(jiao)攢(zan)尖形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)剎.塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)身(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)至三(san)(san)(san)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)設(she)(she)置階(jie)梯,酷暑季節,游(you)人(ren)登臨第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)平(ping)座(zuo)(zuo),頓覺涼風習(xi)習(xi)。塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)由(you)主(zhu)(zhu)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)和(he)(he)(he)附(fu)(fu)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)組合而(er)成(cheng),坐在(zai)(zai)同一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)基臺(tai)上(shang)(shang)(shang),總平(ping)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)呈(cheng)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)角(jiao)(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),四(si)(si)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)通寬(kuan)6.2米(mi)(mi)(mi),四(si)(si)斜(xie)(xie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)寬(kuan)3.5米(mi)(mi)(mi),中(zhong)央為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),四(si)(si)斜(xie)(xie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)各(ge)(ge)(ge)建一(yi)(yi)(yi)附(fu)(fu)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),主(zhu)(zhu)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)與附(fu)(fu)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)寬(kuan)1.36米(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內回廊。附(fu)(fu)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)頂(ding)原飾有(you)(you)小(xiao)(xiao)嘛(ma)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),現(xian)(xian)已不(bu)存。下(xia)(xia)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)扁(bian)六(liu)角(jiao)(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)亭(ting)(ting)狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)套室(shi),套室(shi)各(ge)(ge)(ge)斜(xie)(xie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)有(you)(you)影刻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)破子欞(ling)窗,各(ge)(ge)(ge)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)轉角(jiao)(jiao)處(chu)有(you)(you)磚(zhuan)砌(qi)依柱(zhu),柱(zhu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)配(pei)置闌額斗(dou)(dou)。四(si)(si)個斜(xie)(xie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)附(fu)(fu)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)聯墻構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)主(zhu)(zhu)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)副階(jie),中(zhong)間(jian)(jian)各(ge)(ge)(ge)辟圓拱(gong)門(men),單檐(yan)布瓦(wa)頂(ding)。主(zhu)(zhu)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)為(wei)(wei)磚(zhuan)雕砌(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)仿木構(gou)(gou)建筑,平(ping)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)呈(cheng)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)角(jiao)(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),4層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)樓閣(ge)式,殘(can)高(gao)33米(mi)(mi)(mi)。1層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)北壁(bi)開門(men),正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)中(zhong)有(you)(you)條石踏(ta)垛登至2層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)南門(men)。檐(yan)下(xia)(xia)設(she)(she)斗(dou)(dou),2層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)外(wai)為(wei)(wei)副階(jie)周(zhou)匝(平(ping)座(zuo)(zuo)),每面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)三(san)(san)(san)開間(jian)(jian),表(biao)現(xian)(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式是當心(xin)間(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)門(men),次間(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)方(fang)(fang)(fang)格(ge)或六(liu)棱格(ge)方(fang)(fang)(fang)欞(ling)窗,下(xia)(xia)有(you)(you)地(di),圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)柱(zhu)礎(chu),窗刻出障水版及柱(zhu)心(xin)柱(zhu)。檐(yan)柱(zhu)承雙杪五鋪(pu)作(zuo)斗(dou)(dou)以托椽(chuan)飛屋(wu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)。塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)心(xin)室(shi)頂(ding)部為(wei)(wei)十字形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)覆(fu)斗(dou)(dou)藻井(jing)。3層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)不(bu)設(she)(she)副階(jie),由(you)2層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)屋(wu)頂(ding)承托大瓣仰(yang)蓮八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)方(fang)(fang)(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)平(ping)座(zuo)(zuo),塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)身(shen)驟小(xiao)(xiao)。八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)根角(jiao)(jiao)柱(zhu),用(yong)地(di)及圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)柱(zhu)礎(chu),正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)以青石砌(qi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)門(men),余者(zhe)皆設(she)(she)假門(men)和(he)(he)(he)斜(xie)(xie)方(fang)(fang)(fang)格(ge)欞(ling)條坎窗。柱(zhu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)亦為(wei)(wei)雙杪五鋪(pu)作(zuo)斗(dou)(dou),各(ge)(ge)(ge)鋪(pu)作(zuo)均出60°斜(xie)(xie),1~3層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)柱(zhu)頭之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)只用(yong)闌額一(yi)(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)身(shen)上(shang)(shang)(shang)接八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)角(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)(jiao)錐體,刻塑出虎、獅、象(xiang)、龍和(he)(he)(he)佛(fo)、菩薩(sa)等形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)。其(qi)做法(fa)是先用(yong)磚(zhuan)砌(qi)出內胎,略(lve)加刻制,然后在(zai)(zai)外(wai)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)以泥土精(jing)心(xin)塑制。頂(ding)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)(wei)陡峻(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)角(jiao)(jiao)攢(zan)尖,檐(yan)下(xia)(xia)在(zai)(zai)闌額之(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)用(yong)普柏枋(fang),枋(fang)至角(jiao)(jiao)出頭相交,所(suo)用(yong)斜(xie)(xie)為(wei)(wei)45°,頭做成(cheng)順(shun)間(jian)(jian)斜(xie)(xie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)。剎殘(can),現(xian)(xian)存八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)瓣仰(yang)蓮座(zuo)(zuo)。3層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)心(xin)室(shi)北壁(bi)前并列2尊石雕釋迦多寶佛(fo)像(xiang)(xiang),佛(fo)座(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)枋(fang)刻有(you)(you)貞觀二年為(wei)(wei)太宗皇帝壽誕造像(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)題(ti)記。3層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)南門(men)邊框上(shang)(shang)(shang)保存著唐代(dai)線刻云紋,表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)留有(you)(you)宋代(dai)游(you)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)題(ti)刻等。