①西漢奢延故城
據《水經注》記(ji)載,統萬城是(shi)在西(xi)漢奢延城基(ji)礎上或(huo)其近旁建造起來的(de)。可(ke)由城內出土的(de)兩方漢印(yin)——《駙馬都(dou)尉》和《西(xi)部尉印(yin)》得到證明(ming)。奢延城的(de)規模布局現已無從(cong)考據。
②十六國時(shi)期大夏國都
公元(yuan)407年,匈(xiong)奴族鐵(tie)弗(fu)部(bu)的(de)赫連(lian)勃勃以鄂爾多斯為(wei)(wei)根據地(di)建(jian)立了大(da)(da)夏國。據《魏(wei)書·鐵(tie)弗(fu)劉虎傳》、《晉書·赫連(lian)勃勃載記(ji)》等(deng)記(ji)載,公元(yuan)413年赫連(lian)勃勃以叱干阿利為(wei)(wei)將作大(da)(da)匠,發嶺北夷夏十(shi)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)人于朔方水北,黑水之(zhi)南營(ying)建(jian)都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng),明曰“統(tong)(tong)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)”。勃勃自言:“朕方統(tong)(tong)一天(tian)下(xia),君臨萬(wan)(wan)(wan)邦,可(ke)以統(tong)(tong)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)為(wei)(wei)名。”“阿利性尤工(gong)巧,然殘(can)忍刻暴(bao),乃蒸土筑(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng),錐(zhui)入(ru)一寸,即殺作者(zhe)而并筑(zhu)之(zhi)”。統(tong)(tong)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)營(ying)建(jian)歷時(shi)六(liu)年之(zhi)久。統(tong)(tong)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)城(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)成后,曾由秘書監胡(hu)義周執筆作贊文一篇,贊文中說建(jian)好的(de)統(tong)(tong)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)城(cheng)(cheng)是“高隅隱曰,崇墉際云,石(shi)郭天(tian)池,周綿千里(li)”,城(cheng)(cheng)里(li)“華林靈沼(zhao),重臺秘室,通(tong)房連(lian)閣,馳道(dao)苑(yuan)園(yuan)”。此時(shi)的(de)統(tong)(tong)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)城(cheng)(cheng)無論在規模、布局及建(jian)造方法等(deng)方面,均體現出統(tong)(tong)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)城(cheng)(cheng)在地(di)理位置及戰(zhan)略地(di)位上(shang)的(de)重要性。這(zhe)一時(shi)期的(de)統(tong)(tong)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)城(cheng)(cheng)達到空(kong)前繁榮(rong)。
③大夏國滅亡——北宋時期的統萬城(cheng)
公(gong)元(yuan)427年(nian)(nian)(北魏(wei)始(shi)光四(si)年(nian)(nian))魏(wei)軍攻克統(tong)萬(wan)(wan)城(cheng),公(gong)元(yuan)431年(nian)(nian)魏(wei)滅大夏(xia)(xia)。公(gong)元(yuan)433年(nian)(nian)置(zhi)(zhi)統(tong)萬(wan)(wan)鎮,因(yin)其地水草豐美,用為(wei)牧地。公(gong)元(yuan)487年(nian)(nian)置(zhi)(zhi)夏(xia)(xia)州,以統(tong)萬(wan)(wan)城(cheng)為(wei)夏(xia)(xia)州治所,據(ju)《水經注》記(ji)載,此時的統(tong)萬(wan)(wan)城(cheng)“雉(zhi)堞雖久,崇墉若(ruo)新”。說明該城(cheng)保存(cun)的還相當完整。
隋時(shi)統(tong)萬(wan)城屬(shu)朔方(fang)郡管轄,為(wei)朔方(fang)郡治所。公元617年(大業十(shi)三年)朔方(fang)郡將(jiang)梁師都反(fan)叛,據(ju)統(tong)萬(wan)城稱帝,國(guo)號梁,建元永隆(long)。
公元(yuan)(yuan)628年(nian)(nian)(唐(tang)貞觀二年(nian)(nian))唐(tang)軍(jun)平定(ding)梁師都,以其地復為(wei)(wei)夏(xia)州(zhou),統萬城(cheng)為(wei)(wei)夏(xia)州(zhou)治所(suo)。公元(yuan)(yuan)742年(nian)(nian)(天寶元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian))改夏(xia)州(zhou)為(wei)(wei)朔方郡,公元(yuan)(yuan)758年(nian)(nian)(乾元(yuan)(yuan)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)),復為(wei)(wei)夏(xia)州(zhou)。
五代時期(qi),夏州為黨項族李氏(shi)割(ge)據,其(qi)間也(ye)經(jing)有(you)戰亂(luan),但統萬城在(zai)軍事(shi)及交通上仍占有(you)相當重要的地(di)位。
北宋(song)(song)初年(nian)(nian),統萬城(cheng)為西夏人所據,割夏州,其(qi)后,宋(song)(song)與西夏互(hu)為攻(gong)占(zhan)。公元994年(nian)(nian)(淳化五(wu)年(nian)(nian)),宋(song)(song)軍攻(gong)占(zhan)夏州,宋(song)(song)太宗下令遷民(min)毀城(cheng)。統萬城(cheng)頭道城(cheng)(即(ji)(ji)外廓城(cheng))城(cheng)垣,即(ji)(ji)毀圮(pi)于此時。據遺存(cun)現(xian)狀及史料(liao)記載推測,這一(yi)階段統萬城(cheng)應無大(da)規模的(de)建設活動,形(xing)制、規模仍基本(ben)保持了大(da)夏國都時的(de)景況。
統(tong)萬城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址由(you)(you)外(wai)廓城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)組(zu)成,內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)又分(fen)為東(dong)(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和西(xi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)兩部分(fen),由(you)(you)東(dong)(dong)向(xiang)西(xi)依次為外(wai)廊城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、東(dong)(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和西(xi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。外(wai)廊城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)平面呈長(chang)方(fang)形(xing),周長(chang)約(yue)4700米(mi)(mi)。東(dong)(dong)西(xi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中間由(you)(you)一(yi)道墻(qiang)分(fen)開,東(dong)(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周長(chang)為2566米(mi)(mi),西(xi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周長(chang)2470米(mi)(mi),東(dong)(dong)西(xi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的四(si)隅都有(you)突出城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)的平面呈長(chang)方(fang)形(xing)或(huo)正方(fang)形(xing)墩臺,皆高于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan),西(xi)南隅墩臺高達40余(yu)米(mi)(mi),仍存(cun)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)高出地面約(yue)1—10米(mi)(mi)。
統萬城是至(zhi)今保存基本(ben)完好(hao)的(de)早(zao)期北方(fang)少數民族(zu)王(wang)國都(dou)城遺(yi)址(zhi)。遺(yi)址(zhi)白色墻體,林立的(de)馬面(mian),高(gao)聳的(de)角樓(lou)(lou),獨特的(de)“祟臺秘室”結構(gou)和雄偉(wei)的(de)宮(gong)殿樓(lou)(lou)觀遺(yi)址(zhi),清晰地勾引出這座以(yi)“一統天下,君臨(lin)萬邦(bang)”之(zhi)意(yi)而(er)命名的(de)大夏(xia)國都(dou)城的(de)輪廓(kuo)和規模(mo)。(圖冊資料來源)
統萬城遺(yi)址全(quan)部為夯(hang)土建筑遺(yi)存,位于無定河臺地之上。城市的基本格局仍(reng)舊保(bao)留(liu)。部分城垣、城門(men)、馬面及角(jiao)樓(lou)遺(yi)存清晰可辨,城內(nei)主要(yao)建筑、道路均已無存,僅遺(yi)留(liu)下高(gao)大的夯(hang)土臺基。根據航空影像分析,仍(reng)可看出城西北角(jiao)的護(hu)城河及城內(nei)開渠引(yin)水的痕跡。
已發掘(jue)的(de)(de)統(tong)萬城(cheng)(cheng)還可以看出內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)和(he)二道城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)痕跡。二道城(cheng)(cheng)有(you)506米(mi)長的(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)址,南(nan)(nan)面(mian)及(ji)西(xi)(xi)北角都(dou)保存比(bi)較好。內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)(nan)北長527.1米(mi),東西(xi)(xi)長608.9米(mi),略成方形。內(nei)外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)都(dou)是(shi)用灰青(qing)色(se)的(de)(de)白土(tu)所筑成,板筑清(qing)晰(xi)可數(shu),很(hen)堅實。城(cheng)(cheng)壁遺址的(de)(de)高度(du),從1.6米(mi)至(zhi)10米(mi)不等,寬度(du)從0.07米(mi)至(zhi)0.19米(mi)不等。城(cheng)(cheng)址一(yi)周和(he)城(cheng)(cheng)連(lian)接(jie)的(de)(de)墩臺也很(hen)多,共計東面(mian)11座(zuo),西(xi)(xi)面(mian)8座(zuo),北面(mian)6座(zuo),南(nan)(nan)面(mian)11座(zuo)。
僅西面(mian)幾座很突出,距城壁稍遠,高(gao)(gao)約(yue)(yue)8米(mi)(mi),板筑每隔十(shi)層(ceng)至(zhi)十(shi)三(san)層(ceng)即(ji)有(you)椽孔(kong)一排(pai),東(dong)南(nan)角的(de)(de)墩(dun)臺(tai)高(gao)(gao)約(yue)(yue)7米(mi)(mi),唯有(you)西北(bei)角的(de)(de)墩(dun)臺(tai)又(you)高(gao)(gao)又(you)大(da),高(gao)(gao)約(yue)(yue)20米(mi)(mi),板筑每隔十(shi)層(ceng)至(zhi)十(shi)八層(ceng)不等即(ji)有(you)平列椽孔(kong)一排(pai),上下共有(you)椽孔(kong)十(shi)層(ceng),椽孔(kong)中(zhong)間有(you)木椽頭尚未全朽,似(si)乎(hu)就是何炳勛所(suo)指的(de)(de)“飛檐八層(ceng),插椽孔(kong)穴,層(ceng)層(ceng)可數。”墩(dun)的(de)(de)中(zhong)部有(you)一窯洞穿透,似(si)為后代所(suo)開。僅就城墻構筑的(de)(de)堅實和(he)繞城墩(dun)臺(tai)的(de)(de)眾(zhong)多,可以(yi)想見當時(shi)的(de)(de)防御設備是很好的(de)(de)。
城內中(zhong)部稍偏西南,有一座土(tu)墩,高約(yue)10米(mi),久經風(feng)雨剝蝕,形狀已不規(gui)則,但(dan)板筑(zhu)仍很清楚。每層(ceng)厚0.16米(mi),自下至上,有椽孔成方形;大小不一。每孔平行距離(li)約(yue)2米(mi),上下每隔板筑(zhu)2l層(ceng),即(ji)有椽孔一排。
城的東南面下半(ban)段有豎形(xing)槽(cao)兩道,似為建筑嵌柱之(zhi)用。這(zhe)一土墩的周(zhou)圍,多(duo)堆瓦礫(li),時有花(hua)方磚、大瓦、銅幣(bi)等古物發現,似為當時宮殿的建筑中心。
統萬城自(zi)(zi)北宋初(chu)年(nian)(nian)下(xia)詔被毀,逐漸廢棄已一(yi)千余年(nian)(nian),遺存的(de)破壞主要體(ti)現在(zai)自(zi)(zi)然的(de)破壞、惡劣的(de)自(zi)(zi)然環境所造成(cheng)的(de)風雨流(liu)沙侵蝕(shi)、地(di)震(zhen)造成(cheng)的(de)裂隙斷裂,以及(ji)村(cun)民(min)在(zai)城墻上(shang)挖(wa)鑿(zao)窯洞(dong)、取土,在(zai)城內開墾(ken)農田(tian)、放(fang)養牲(sheng)畜(chu),還(huan)有游人及(ji)當地(di)居民(min)隨意攀登、踩踏城墻等方(fang)面。
在統萬城遺址(zhi)東(dong)(dong)城,鉆探發現一(yi)組東(dong)(dong)西寬96米、南北48米的大型夯(hang)(hang)土建(jian)筑(zhu)基址(zhi),從位(wei)置看,應是(shi)東(dong)(dong)城的主體建(jian)筑(zhu)之一(yi),如(ru)今只剩下夯(hang)(hang)土建(jian)筑(zhu)基址(zhi)。在其南78米還(huan)有(you)一(yi)組寬55米、長(chang)25米的建(jian)筑(zhu),這兩組應是(shi)前后院(yuan)落(luo)關(guan)系。
據了解,部分建(jian)筑(zhu)基址已發掘完畢,中心夯(hang)(hang)土(tu)臺(tai)面(mian)積755平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi),東(dong)南部夯(hang)(hang)土(tu)厚度達兩米(mi)(mi)。南面(mian)有(you)兩個斜(xie)坡(po)(po)漫道(dao),北面(mian)和東(dong)西兩面(mian)各有(you)一斜(xie)坡(po)(po)漫道(dao)。南北中心夯(hang)(hang)土(tu)臺(tai)外有(you)“U”形(xing)(xing)夯(hang)(hang)土(tu)帶,與中心夯(hang)(hang)土(tu)臺(tai)相(xiang)隔2.2米(mi)(mi)-2.6米(mi)(mi),中間(jian)形(xing)(xing)成凹槽(cao),凹槽(cao)內發現近40個柱(zhu)洞“虎(hu)落”。
邢福來(lai)說,該建(jian)(jian)筑甚(shen)至是整個統萬城的(de)東城,修建(jian)(jian)的(de)年(nian)代應介于晚唐至五(wu)代之間(jian),“這里(li)可能是西夏(xia)建(jian)(jian)立者(zhe)李元昊(hao)的(de)祖先拓跋思恭及其繼任者(zhe)曾經(jing)活動過(guo)的(de)地方(fang)。”
2015年(nian)10月陜西(xi)省(sheng)考古人員在(zai)榆林靖(jing)邊統萬城遺(yi)址發掘出土(tu)(tu)兩(liang)處大型的夯土(tu)(tu)臺(tai)遺(yi)跡(ji),依據形制和(he)位置判斷,兩(liang)處遺(yi)跡(ji)很(hen)可能是1600年(nian)前,匈(xiong)奴人赫(he)連勃勃建立(li)的大夏國都城的祭祀場所。