歷史
德陽(yang)文廟(miao)始建(jian)于(yu)(yu)1206年(nian)(nian)(南(nan)宋寧宗(zong)開禧二年(nian)(nian)),當時在(zai)城東,后因年(nian)(nian)久失修(xiu)塌毀。1368年(nian)(nian)(明(ming)(ming)洪武元年(nian)(nian))又重建(jian)于(yu)(yu)城南(nan)東隅及德陽(yang)城區南(nan)街現(xian)有位置。經成(cheng)(cheng)化、弘(hong)治(zhi)、萬歷年(nian)(nian)間的(de)多次修(xiu)葺,已有宮墻、欞(ling)星門(men)、大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)門(men)、大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿(三楹)、崇圣祠(ci)(三楹)、東西廡(各三楹)、節孝祠(ci)、孝子祠(ci)、鄉賢祠(ci)、名(ming)宦祠(ci)、名(ming)倫堂等建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu),明(ming)(ming)未又毀于(yu)(yu)兵燹。1661年(nian)(nian)(清(qing)順(shun)治(zhi)十八年(nian)(nian))又重建(jian),康熙、乾(qian)隆、嘉(jia)慶(qing)年(nian)(nian)間又進(jin)行(xing)過多次修(xiu)建(jian)和修(xiu)葺。1848年(nian)(nian)~1855年(nian)(nian)(清(qing)道(dao)(dao)光二十八年(nian)(nian)至咸豐五年(nian)(nian))又進(jin)行(xing)了大(da)規模的(de)修(xiu)葺,現(xian)存建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)為清(qing)道(dao)(dao)光年(nian)(nian)間的(de)基(ji)本格局。
建筑
德(de)陽(yang)文廟占地面積(ji)20800平方米,有古建筑20余處。文廟坐北(bei)(bei)朝南(nan),三進四合院中軸對稱布(bu)局(ju),建筑布(bu)局(ju)以(yi)大(da)(da)成(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)為(wei)中心,南(nan)北(bei)(bei)成(cheng)一條(tiao)中軸線,左(zuo)右對稱排(pai)列,由南(nan)向北(bei)(bei)中軸線依次為(wei):萬仞宮墻(qiang)(照壁)、欞星門、泮(pan)池、泮(pan)橋、戟(ji)門(大(da)(da)成(cheng)門)、禮樂亭、大(da)(da)成(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)、啟圣殿(dian)(dian)。兩側有:“道冠古今”、“德(de)配天地”、東(dong)西廡、東(dong)西御碑亭、東(dong)西配殿(dian)(dian)等。廟前為(wei)文廟廣場,廟北(bei)(bei)有后花園。
德陽文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)主體(ti)建(jian)筑大(da)成殿坐落在文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)中院(yuan),整個建(jian)筑雄偉、莊(zhuang)嚴、華麗,是(shi)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)庭院(yuan)中建(jian)筑高、體(ti)量大(da)、保存(cun)較為完好的(de)(de)(de)一座古(gu)(gu)建(jian)筑,它建(jian)于(yu)1850年(nian)(nian)(清(qing)道光(guang)三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)),是(shi)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)的(de)(de)(de)主體(ti)建(jian)筑,面闊七間(jian)(jian)33.97米,進深(shen)四間(jian)(jian)14.78米,通(tong)高21米,為重檐歇山(shan)式(shi)屋頂,屋面系黃色琉璃瓦(wa)覆(fu)蓋(gai),正脊飾(shi)以飛(fei)龍,中間(jian)(jian)置寶(bao)頂。殿內有(you)孔子、四配、十(shi)(shi)二哲塑像和(he)祭(ji)(ji)孔祭(ji)(ji)器(qi)、禮(li)器(qi)、樂(le)(le)器(qi)陳列(lie),有(you)燭(zhu)臺(tai)、爵、鐙、籩、簋(gui)、豆(dou)、硎等祭(ji)(ji)器(qi)、禮(li)器(qi),牛、羊、豕三(san)(san)牲俎,以及(ji)祭(ji)(ji)孔時演奏中和(he)韶(shao)樂(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)編(bian)鐘、搏鐘、編(bian)磬(qing)、特(te)磬(qing)、琴(qin)、瑟、簫、笛、塤、鼓、祝(起樂(le)(le)之(zhi)器(qi))、敵(終樂(le)(le)之(zhi)器(qi))等樂(le)(le)器(qi)及(ji)指揮樂(le)(le)舞(wu)場(chang)面的(de)(de)(de)麾、節(jie)等。殿前有(you)寬闊的(de)(de)(de)拜(bai)臺(tai),可觀賞場(chang)面盛大(da)、古(gu)(gu)樸典雅(ya)的(de)(de)(de)仿(fang)古(gu)(gu)祭(ji)(ji)孔樂(le)(le)舞(wu)。清(qing)代(dai)以來,大(da)型祭(ji)(ji)孔活動,每(mei)年(nian)(nian)兩次,時間(jian)(jian)為每(mei)年(nian)(nian)仲(zhong)春(chun)上旬(xun)丁日(ri)和(he)仲(zhong)秋上旬(xun)丁日(ri)。1990年(nian)(nian)以后(hou),德陽文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)按照清(qing)代(dai)格局和(he)禮(li)制恢復了(le)祭(ji)(ji)孔樂(le)(le)舞(wu)表(biao)演。
德陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)以其(qi)宏大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)模,完(wan)(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群,嚴謹的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)布局(ju),成為(wei)(wei)(wei)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)西部(bu)地(di)(di)區文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代表性(xing)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。古建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)專家梁思成先(xian)生在(zai)考察了(le)德陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)后指出(chu):“德陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)具(ju)有濃(nong)郁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方特(te)色。”古建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)專家羅哲文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)先(xian)生認為(wei)(wei)(wei):“德陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)規(gui)模大,保(bao)存完(wan)(wan)整,特(te)點非常突出(chu),這在(zai)全國(guo)(guo)也(ye)不多見。”德陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)在(zai)全國(guo)(guo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)中(zhong)占(zhan)有重(zhong)要地(di)(di)位(wei)。四(si)個禮樂(le)亭(ting)位(wei)于大成門與大成殿之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)軸線兩側(ce),排列在(zai)一(yi)(yi)條線上,內側(ce)兩座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)雙(shuang)檐六(liu)角亭(ting),外側(ce)兩座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)雙(shuang)檐四(si)方六(liu)角亭(ting),造型(xing)各異,別(bie)具(ju)一(yi)(yi)格(ge)。1949年冬月,賀龍元帥(shuai)在(zai)德陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)參(can)加德陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)解放儀式(shi)(shi)后,指著(zhu)禮樂(le)亭(ting)說:“這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)禮樂(le)亭(ting)在(zai)全國(guo)(guo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)中(zhong)實屬少見,要好好地(di)(di)保(bao)護”。萬仞宮(gong)墻(照壁(bi))長30米,高11.64米,比北(bei)京孔廟(miao)照壁(bi)高大,屬國(guo)(guo)內地(di)(di)縣(xian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)中(zhong)高大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)萬仞宮(gong)墻。欞星門為(wei)(wei)(wei)八柱(zhu)(zhu)五(wu)間(jian)五(wu)樓沖(chong)天柱(zhu)(zhu)式(shi)(shi)石牌(pai)坊,造型(xing)別(bie)致,雕刻精美,是南方文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)石刻欞星門中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精品。泮池中(zhong)置三座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)單跨石拱(gong)(gong)橋,橋為(wei)(wei)(wei)梯步(bu)拱(gong)(gong)面形,中(zhong)間(jian)橋跨度為(wei)(wei)(wei)14.9米,左右兩邊橋跨度為(wei)(wei)(wei)13.8米,為(wei)(wei)(wei)其(qi)他孔廟(miao)所少見。“德配天地(di)(di)”、“道冠古今”坊為(wei)(wei)(wei)磚式(shi)(shi)重(zhong)檐枋,具(ju)有南方建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)風格(ge),這與國(guo)(guo)內地(di)(di)縣(xian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)中(zhong)普通的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)木坊比較(jiao),獨具(ju)地(di)(di)方特(te)色。文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)后花園保(bao)存完(wan)(wan)好,這在(zai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)中(zhong)極為(wei)(wei)(wei)罕見。