永昌鐘(zhong)鼓樓(lou)(lou)又名聲(sheng)教(jiao)樓(lou)(lou),位于永昌縣(xian)城中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)四(si)(si)街交匯之處。建于1587年(明神宗萬歷十五年)。東(dong)西寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)22米(mi),南(nan)北(bei)長(chang)23米(mi)。分樓(lou)(lou)閣(ge)和(he)樓(lou)(lou)臺(tai)(tai)兩部分。臺(tai)(tai)基邊寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)22米(mi),高7.2米(mi),通高24.5米(mi);樓(lou)(lou)閣(ge)重檐(yan)(yan)廡(wu)殿(dian)頂共二層(ceng)(ceng)三(san)(san)檐(yan)(yan),下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)面(mian)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)三(san)(san)間,進深三(san)(san)間,四(si)(si)面(mian)置(zhi)格扇門(men),門(men)左右置(zhi)楹窗,斗(dou)拱(gong)為雙(shuang)翹無(wu)昂(ang),共五踩,卷(juan)剎弧線。上(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)屋檐(yan)(yan)及(ji)檐(yan)(yan)柱向內(nei)緊(jin)收,面(mian)闊仍同下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)。最上(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)為屋頂,上(shang)置(zhi)寶頂。樓(lou)(lou)臺(tai)(tai)以夯土板筑,四(si)(si)周包磚,兩道拱(gong)門(men)縱橫其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),通達四(si)(si)街。樓(lou)(lou)體四(si)(si)面(mian)各(ge)懸巨(ju)匾三(san)(san)塊,匾文(wen)為“麗日摩云”,“民淳俗美(mei)”,“金(jin)闕迎恩(en)”,(東(dong)上(shang)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、下(xia));“文(wen)運天(tian)開”,“魁壁聯輝”,“云錦天(tian)香”(南(nan)上(shang)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、下(xia));“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)天(tian)一(yi)柱”,“懷(huai)柔西域(yu)”,“玉(yu)關通道”(西上(shang)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、下(xia));“聲(sheng)聞四(si)(si)達”,“保障金(jin)川”,“威宣沙(sha)漠”,(北(bei)上(shang)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、下(xia))。臺(tai)(tai)基拱(gong)門(men)上(shang)鐫(juan)有(you):東(dong)“大(da)觀”,南(nan)“迎熏”,西“寧(ning)遠(yuan)”,北(bei)“鎮朔(shuo)”。一(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)樓(lou)(lou)臺(tai)(tai)上(shang)置(zhi)大(da)鐵鐘(zhong)一(yi)口,內(nei)置(zhi)大(da)鼓一(yi)面(mian)。整個建筑結構謹嚴,造藝精湛,高聳(song)挺拔,雄偉壯觀。2006年被國務院公布為第六(liu)批國保單(dan)位。
鐘鼓樓(lou)曾多次維修(xiu)。清順治時參將鄭續善補修(xiu)。1767年(nian)(乾隆三十二年(nian))知(zhi)縣白鐘麟動員鄉(xiang)里大(da)(da)事修(xiu)繕。此后經歷(li)了多次地(di)震。1927年(nian)(民國十六年(nian))大(da)(da)地(di)震后,樓(lou)體傾斜下陷,部分構件(jian)斷裂脫卯(mao),樓(lou)頂層層滲(shen)漏,有(you)倒塌危(wei)險。中(zhong)華人民共(gong)和(he)國成(cheng)立后,曾經幾次維修(xiu),1981年(nian)省人民政府公(gong)布為省級文物(wu)保護單位。
1984年(nian),中共(gong)永昌(chang)縣委(wei),縣人民政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)報經省、市(shi)人民政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)批準,對(dui)鐘(zhong)鼓(gu)(gu)樓進(jin)行(xing)了(le)(le)(le)落(luo)架(jia)重(zhong)修,1984年(nian)6月(yue)24日動工(gong),1986年(nian)6月(yue)底竣(jun)工(gong),7月(yue)28日由(you)省、市(shi)文化部們參加(jia)剪彩驗收。維修堅持修舊如舊,保(bao)持原樣(yang)。通天(tian)柱選用優質紅松(song),椽材精(jing)選祁連云杉,飛(fei)頭斗拱多取原件。用南山石(shi)制(zhi)礎,以鋼筋混凝土固基。由(you)北京琉璃(li)制(zhi)品廠(chang)重(zhong)造琉璃(li)瓦獸八(ba)卦式寶頂。請國內(nei)各地(di)知名(ming)書法家依原文重(zhong)書匾額。由(you)咸(xian)陽古(gu)建筑維修隊彩繪(hui)。由(you)縣離合(he)器(qi)廠(chang)新鑄高(gao)1.35米(mi)(mi)(mi),口(kou)徑(jing)1.1米(mi)(mi)(mi),重(zhong)1噸鐵鐘(zhong)。由(you)縣木(mu)器(qi)社等單位新制(zhi)面直徑(jing)1.6米(mi)(mi)(mi)大鼓(gu)(gu)一(yi)面。對(dui)損壞的風(feng)鈴等原件,均恢復(fu)原樣(yang)。這(zhe)次維修,共(gong)用經費53萬(wan)元。其中群眾集資1萬(wan)元。總(zong)用工(gong)2.6萬(wan)個。1994年(nian),縣政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)撥款(kuan)5萬(wan)元,對(dui)永昌(chang)鐘(zhong)鼓(gu)(gu)樓一(yi)層木(mu)件重(zhong)新油(you)漆彩繪(hui); 2000年(nian),縣政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)撥款(kuan)對(dui)鐘(zhong)鼓(gu)(gu)樓一(yi)樓地(di)面進(jin)行(xing)了(le)(le)(le)防滲水(shui)技(ji)術(shu)處理;2002年(nian),縣政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)撥款(kuan)對(dui)鐘(zhong)鼓(gu)(gu)樓四面門洞加(jia)固了(le)(le)(le)不銹鋼金屬圍(wei)欄,有(you)效地(di)保(bao)護了(le)(le)(le)鐘(zhong)鼓(gu)(gu)樓的外(wai)圍(wei)安全。
永昌(chang)縣(xian)城(cheng)地處河西(xi)走廊東(dong)部,是(shi)(shi)(shi)漢(han)、唐中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外交(jiao)通要道 “絲綢之路”上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)座古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)。從(cong)歷史上(shang)(shang)(shang)看,永昌(chang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個多(duo)民族(zu)(zu)聚(ju)居的(de)(de)地方,反(fan)映在(zai)鐘(zhong)鼓(gu)樓(lou)(lou)這一(yi)(yi)古(gu)(gu)建筑上(shang)(shang)(shang),具有蒙(meng)(meng)(meng)漢(han)黨項等多(duo)民族(zu)(zu)文化(hua)交(jiao)融一(yi)(yi)體(ti)的(de)(de)風(feng)格(ge)(ge)(ge)。其(qi)一(yi)(yi),從(cong)藝術造(zao)型上(shang)(shang)(shang)看,形體(ti)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由屋頂,木構架,臺基三(san)大要素(su)所構成,沿(yan)襲了漢(han)朝(chao)的(de)(de)做(zuo)法,是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國傳統建筑風(feng)格(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要特征之一(yi)(yi);其(qi)二從(cong)平面布局看,鐘(zhong)鼓(gu)樓(lou)(lou)設(she)在(zai)全城(cheng)正中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),掌管全城(cheng)作息和夜禁時(shi)刻,是(shi)(shi)(shi)元(yuan)朝(chao)的(de)(de)制度,也是(shi)(shi)(shi)蒙(meng)(meng)(meng)古(gu)(gu)族(zu)(zu)建筑的(de)(de)布局手法,它(ta)置鐘(zhong)鼓(gu)于一(yi)(yi)樓(lou)(lou),與(yu)宋金明(ming)清時(shi)期“鼓(gu)樓(lou)(lou)在(zai)東(dong),鐘(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)在(zai)西(xi)”的(de)(de)形制不同;三(san)、從(cong)建筑形式上(shang)(shang)(shang)看,盝頂式屋頂是(shi)(shi)(shi)元(yuan)代(dai)常見的(de)(de)造(zao)型之一(yi)(yi),明(ming)初,元(yuan)朝(chao)宮(gong)殿多(duo)被拆除(chu),唯獨永昌(chang)鐘(zhong)鼓(gu)樓(lou)(lou)上(shang)(shang)(shang)有蒙(meng)(meng)(meng)古(gu)(gu)族(zu)(zu)風(feng)格(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)寶(bao)頂,這在(zai)國風(feng)的(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)建筑中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尚無先例。永昌(chang)鐘(zhong)鼓(gu)樓(lou)(lou)還有一(yi)(yi)個特點(dian),就是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)盝頂之上(shang)(shang)(shang)加了一(yi)(yi)個八(ba)卦寶(bao)頂,突出了民間(jian)盛行(xing)的(de)(de)五行(xing)之說(shuo);其(qi)四,圍欄共分三(san)格(ge)(ge)(ge),扶手下一(yi)(yi)空(kong)格(ge)(ge)(ge),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有墊墩(dun),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)一(yi)(yi)小格(ge)(ge)(ge),用木版(ban)裝(zhuang)實,刻有卷草花紋(wen)圖案,下一(yi)(yi)大格(ge)(ge)(ge),用木版(ban)裝(zhuang)實刻有降幕云圖案,系西(xi)夏宮(gong)廷建筑風(feng)格(ge)(ge)(ge)。另外,三(san)層樓(lou)(lou)室內(nei)五片直彩的(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)(yi)到第(di)二片直彩間(jian),置一(yi)(yi)小斗(dou)(dou),系宋代(dai)建筑風(feng)格(ge)(ge)(ge)。其(qi)五,從(cong)油漆彩畫看,柱、門(men)、窗(chuang)為深(shen)朱紅色,斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)青(qing)綠(lv)間(jian)色,即蘭(lan)升斗(dou)(dou)間(jian)以綠(lv)昂(ang)拱(gong)(gong),綠(lv)升斗(dou)(dou)間(jian)以蘭(lan)昂(ang)拱(gong)(gong),分別以三(san)青(qing)三(san)綠(lv)及綠(lv)華退暈,墨線壓邊。斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)板面涂紅底,畫蘭(lan)綠(lv)火焰三(san)寶(bao)珠,均為典型的(de)(de)明(ming)代(dai)州城(cheng)彩風(feng)格(ge)(ge)(ge)——旋子彩畫。