林家(jia)(jia)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)全國重點(dian)文(wen)(wen)物保護(hu)單位(wei)。位(wei)于甘(gan)肅(su)省臨夏(xia)回族自治(zhi)(zhi)州東鄉(xiang)(xiang)族自治(zhi)(zhi)縣(xian)城鎖(suo)南壩(ba)西12公里東塬(yuan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)林家(jia)(jia)村(cun)北(bei)(bei),大(da)(da)(da)夏(xia)河(he)南岸臺(tai)(tai)地(di)(di)(di)上(shang)。1976年發現(xian)(xian)(xian),1977-1978年發掘(jue)秋梁(liang)地(di)(di)(di)、破四格(ge)(ge)、陰洼坡子(zi)三處(chu)(chu),前(qian)(qian)(qian)兩處(chu)(chu)地(di)(di)(di)埂上(shang)發現(xian)(xian)(xian)大(da)(da)(da)量彩(cai)陶(tao)(tao)片和殘石(shi)器(qi)。陰洼坡子(zi)崖邊地(di)(di)(di)表1米(mi)以下有(you)(you)1-2米(mi)厚(hou)的(de)灰(hui)層(ceng),內(nei)有(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)量彩(cai)陶(tao)(tao)片、殘石(shi)、骨(gu)(gu)器(qi)。彩(cai)陶(tao)(tao)片復原(yuan)有(you)(you)缽、盆、罐(guan)、壺、瓶等(deng)(deng)器(qi)形(xing)(xing),施黑(hei)彩(cai),花紋(wen)(wen)有(you)(you)平(ping)行線(xian)夾圓點(dian)紋(wen)(wen)、勾葉(xie)紋(wen)(wen)、網(wang)格(ge)(ge)紋(wen)(wen)等(deng)(deng)。陶(tao)(tao)質(zhi)細膩,陶(tao)(tao)色橙黃,器(qi)表打磨光滑。曾發現(xian)(xian)(xian)房(fang)址(zhi)(zhi)幾十(shi)座,窯址(zhi)(zhi)五(wu)處(chu)(chu)及(ji)窖穴(xue)(xue)多處(chu)(chu)。出土大(da)(da)(da)量彩(cai)陶(tao)(tao)、石(shi)器(qi)、骨(gu)(gu)器(qi)及(ji)炭粟、麻籽等(deng)(deng)農作物。還(huan)出土銅刀一把(長(chang)12.7厘米(mi),寬2.5厘米(mi))。林家(jia)(jia)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)屬5000年前(qian)(qian)(qian)新石(shi)器(qi)時代馬家(jia)(jia)窯文(wen)(wen)化(hua)馬家(jia)(jia)窯類型(xing)(xing)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)(yi)存。 遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)于甘(gan)肅(su)省東鄉(xiang)(xiang)縣(xian)東塬(yuan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)林家(jia)(jia)村(cun)北(bei)(bei)、大(da)(da)(da)夏(xia)河(he)東岸臺(tai)(tai)地(di)(di)(di)。該(gai)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)勢平(ping)坦,高出河(he)床約(yue) 30 米(mi),隔(ge)河(he)與臨夏(xia)市上(shang)莊遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)望。總面積(ji)約(yue)6.6 萬平(ping)方米(mi)。其(qi)主體遺(yi)(yi)存為馬家(jia)(jia)窯類型(xing)(xing),臺(tai)(tai)地(di)(di)(di)東緣有(you)(you)少量的(de)齊家(jia)(jia)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)(yi)存。發現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)馬家(jia)(jia)窯類型(xing)(xing)房(fang)址(zhi)(zhi)中的(de)早(zao)期房(fang)屋(wu)均為凸字形(xing)(xing)半地(di)(di)(di)穴(xue)(xue)建筑(zhu),門向(xiang)大(da)(da)(da)夏(xia)河(he)。中期房(fang)址(zhi)(zhi)的(de)房(fang)基經平(ping)整夯筑(zhu),半地(di)(di)(di)下淺(qian)穴(xue)(xue),僅有(you)(you)一個淺(qian)坑低圈灶址(zhi)(zhi)。晚(wan)期出現(xian)(xian)(xian)平(ping)地(di)(di)(di)筑(zhu)墻(qiang)建房(fang)或室(shi)(shi)內(nei)分隔(ge)小(xiao)間,室(shi)(shi)外續(xu)建前(qian)(qian)(qian)后相(xiang)連小(xiao)屋(wu)的(de)建筑(zhu)形(xing)(xing)式。灰(hui)坑多為袋(dai)狀窖穴(xue)(xue)。發掘(jue)的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)具和生(sheng)活用具有(you)(you)2000 余件,陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)有(you)(you)缽、碗、罐(guan)、壺、瓶等(deng)(deng),其(qi)中的(de)泥質(zhi)紅(hong)陶(tao)(tao)大(da)(da)(da)多為彩(cai)陶(tao)(tao),均為黑(hei)彩(cai),飾有(you)(you)平(ping)行線(xian)紋(wen)(wen)、圓點(dian)紋(wen)(wen)、網(wang)格(ge)(ge)紋(wen)(wen)、葉(xie)網(wang)紋(wen)(wen)。石(shi)制(zhi)工(gong)具有(you)(you)刀、斧(fu)、鏟、鎮、鑿、錐(zhui)、紡(fang)輪(lun)、網(wang)垂(chui)等(deng)(deng)10 余種(zhong),且磨刃鋒利。骨(gu)(gu)制(zhi)工(gong)具有(you)(you)骨(gu)(gu)錐(zhui)、骨(gu)(gu)針、骨(gu)(gu)竿和特(te)色的(de)骨(gu)(gu)柄石(shi)刃器(qi),精細實用。這(zhe)里出土的(de)一件銅刀,由錫青銅模鑄而成,刀身薄厚(hou)均勻,短(duan)柄長(chang)刃,長(chang)12.5厘米(mi),是(shi)我國目(mu)前(qian)(qian)(qian)發現(xian)(xian)(xian)早(zao)的(de)銅器(qi),距今約(yue)五(wu)千年,它的(de)發現(xian)(xian)(xian)把我國使(shi)用青銅器(qi)的(de)歷(li)史提早(zao)了一千年。
1977年(nian)至1978年(nian),甘肅省博物(wu)館文物(wu)工作(zuo)隊(dui)、臨夏州文化(hua)局、東鄉(xiang)縣(xian)文化(hua)館共同(tong)對(dui)林(lin)家遺(yi)址進(jin)行了發掘。
1978年夏天(tian),考古(gu)文(wen)物(wu)工(gong)作(zuo)隊(dui)(dui)又(you)到(dao)林家(jia),舉辦(ban)了(le)第二期學(xue)習班(ban),人員擴大(da)到(dao)40人。我們在考古(gu)隊(dui)(dui)老(lao)師的(de)帶領(ling)下,遺址(zhi)發掘(jue)又(you)開(kai)始了(le)。探方(fang)(fang)五米見方(fang)(fang),每(mei)五至六人一(yi)組。白(bai)天(tian)發掘(jue)探方(fang)(fang),清理、繪圖(tu)、拍片(pian)、記(ji)(ji)錄、采集陶片(pian)等遺物(wu)。晚上(shang)整理采集物(wu)、洗照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)片(pian)、抄送(song)記(ji)(ji)錄等。照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)片(pian)是用海鷗(ou)像機照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de),原保存有一(yi)些現場照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)片(pian),找不著了(le)。特別是日(ri)記(ji)(ji)本(ben),每(mei)天(tian)的(de)日(ri)記(ji)(ji)記(ji)(ji)得很細,探方(fang)(fang)編號、開(kai)挖時(shi)間、出土器物(wu)等都有記(ji)(ji)錄。因(yin)搬了(le)一(yi)次家(jia),丟了(le)個(ge)干凈(jing)。
陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)是當時人們主(zhu)(zhu)要的(de)(de)生活(huo)(huo)用具(ju)。東鄉縣林家(jia)遺址發現(xian)的(de)(de)馬家(jia)窯(yao)類型(xing)(xing)橫穴式(shi)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)窯(yao),窯(yao)室(shi)為圓形(xing),直徑(jing)1.3米(mi),窯(yao)箅周圍有(you)火(huo)孔,頂部(bu)(bu)與窯(yao)室(shi)間(jian)隔一(yi)(yi)層夯土,火(huo)膛(tang)呈長方(fang)形(xing)。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)制作普(pu)遍(bian)采用泥條盤(pan)筑法,出土的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)分泥質、夾砂二類。早期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)數量少,有(you)瓶(ping)、罐(guan)、盆、缽等。瓶(ping)多喇叭口,罐(guan)為敞(chang)口,盆的(de)(de)口沿(yan)外卷(juan),缽為圓唇。紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)以旋紋(wen)為主(zhu)(zhu),線(xian)條流暢古拙(zhuo)。中期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)瓶(ping),口沿(yan)向外翻轉(zhuan),頸部(bu)(bu)變(bian)長,罐(guan)的(de)(de)頸部(bu)(bu)變(bian)短,紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)以弧形(xing)并列(lie)條紋(wen)為主(zhu)(zhu),線(xian)條均勻細密(mi),活(huo)(huo)潑流暢。晚期(qi)(qi)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)數量多,陶(tao)(tao)(tao)質較前者略粗,主(zhu)(zhu)要器(qi)(qi)形(xing)有(you)盆、碗、壺(hu)、瓶(ping)、罐(guan)等,色彩(cai)也有(you)變(bian)化,在黑彩(cai)間(jian)添加了白(bai)彩(cai),白(bai)彩(cai)多為輔助裝飾(shi)(shi),黑白(bai)對比強烈,紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)簡(jian)化,線(xian)條以旋紋(wen)、平行(xing)為主(zhu)(zhu),是晚期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)特點。2005年,在修(xiu)林家(jia)至河灘鄉間(jian)公路時,出土了很多陶(tao)(tao)(tao)片,有(you)群(qun)眾把好(hao)看的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)片拿到了臨夏市(shi)(shi)舊(jiu)花(hua)市(shi)(shi)出售。9月初的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)天,我從市(shi)(shi)場上(shang)拍(pai)到了兩塊(kuai)精美(mei)的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)片,一(yi)(yi)塊(kuai)是鴨子紋(wen),一(yi)(yi)塊(kuai)是蝌蚪紋(wen)。若(ruo)是完整(zheng)器(qi)(qi),那將是馬家(jia)窯(yao)類型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)美(mei)輪美(mei)奐(huan)的(de)(de)彩(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)大(da)盆和(he)大(da)罐(guan),應(ying)屬當時居民的(de)(de)祭祀(si)用器(qi)(qi)。
重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)遺(yi)址20號房(fang)(fang)(fang)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北(bei)(bei)壁下(xia)出土(tu)了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)(ba)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),還在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)54號灰(hui)坑(keng)中出土(tu)了(le)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)渣。考古工(gong)作者(zhe)龐耀先是(shi)林(lin)家(jia)遺(yi)址青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現者(zhe),他(ta)說(shuo):編號F20的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)房(fang)(fang)(fang)屋結(jie)構是(shi)比較完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),它們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)房(fang)(fang)(fang)屋門(men)道大都(dou)向著大夏河的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)邊,屋基皆在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)土(tu)層(ceng)中,是(shi)半地穴式(shi)房(fang)(fang)(fang)屋,我們(men)看得出來,單間(jian)房(fang)(fang)(fang)屋各自(zi)獨(du)立,布(bu)局(ju)分散,他(ta)們(men)比較講究生(sheng)(sheng)活,好(hao)多房(fang)(fang)(fang)屋遺(yi)址中都(dou)出現了(le)兩個灶。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)現場(chang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)僅有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)(ba)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),還出土(tu)了(le)大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)器(qi)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)前,我還發(fa)(fa)(fa)現了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)(ba)骨(gu)(gu)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)匕(bi)首(shou)。匕(bi)首(shou)非(fei)常精致,兩面(mian)(mian)(mian)有(you)刃(ren),使用打(da)磨成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細石(shi)器(qi)做的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)把(ba)(ba)(ba),用動(dong)(dong)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肢骨(gu)(gu)做成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)刃(ren),刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)把(ba)(ba)(ba)則是(shi)用不(bu)知名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)膠粘合(he)上去的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。長15厘米左右,刃(ren)面(mian)(mian)(mian)非(fei)常銳(rui)利,用手(shou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)摸有(you)點(dian)被(bei)刺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感(gan)覺,就是(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)樣精美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)(ba)骨(gu)(gu)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)拿到(dao)手(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)瞬間(jian)就散了(le)架,刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)把(ba)(ba)(ba)與(yu)骨(gu)(gu)刃(ren)分離了(le)。那把(ba)(ba)(ba)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)是(shi)放在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)房(fang)(fang)(fang)屋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角落里,角落正好(hao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)我們(men)探方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橫梁下(xia)面(mian)(mian)(mian),刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)渾身(shen)布(bu)滿銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)銹,它一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)是(shi)被(bei)主人遺(yi)忘了(le),才得以(yi)幸(xing)存下(xia)來。”銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)由兩塊范澆鑄(zhu)而成(cheng),表面(mian)(mian)(mian)平整,有(you)較厚(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深灰(hui)色(se)綠色(se)銹,短柄長刃(ren),刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)尖(jian)圓鈍(dun),微上翹(qiao),弧(hu)背,薄(bo)厚(hou)(hou)均勻,柄端有(you)明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安裝木把(ba)(ba)(ba)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)痕(hen)跡,刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)長12.5厘米。1981年經北(bei)(bei)京鋼鐵(tie)學(xue)院(yuan)冶(ye)(ye)金(jin)研究所檢(jian)驗,為(wei)含錫(xi)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。它是(shi)迄今為(wei)止發(fa)(fa)(fa)現時(shi)代(dai)早(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi),其年代(dai)距今約5000年左右。此刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)被(bei)譽為(wei)“中華(hua)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”,現藏中國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)博(bo)物館 。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)渣分別用巖相(xiang)(xiang)鑒定(ding)和中子(zi)活化(hua)法分析(xi),證(zheng)明(ming)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)渣不(bu)是(shi)天然礦石(shi),也(ye)非(fei)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)殘渣,而是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)塊經冶(ye)(ye)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)但已經分化(hua)成(cheng)碎塊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鐵(tie)金(jin)屬長期(qi)銹蝕的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)物,這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)渣在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)林(lin)家(jia)遺(yi)址中發(fa)(fa)(fa)現了(le)三四快,都(dou)因為(wei)分化(hua)而成(cheng)為(wei)碎塊,這(zhe)(zhe)證(zheng)明(ming)當地以(yi)能(neng)進行冶(ye)(ye)鑄(zhu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)產。它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于:把(ba)(ba)(ba)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)冶(ye)(ye)金(jin)史,向前推進了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)大步,與(yu)早(zao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)明(ming)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)冶(ye)(ye)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中亞(ya)、西(xi)亞(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)大致相(xiang)(xiang)同,這(zhe)(zhe)說(shuo)明(ming)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)是(shi)世界上率先發(fa)(fa)(fa)明(ming)和使用冶(ye)(ye)金(jin)技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi);同時(shi)也(ye)證(zheng)明(ming)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)早(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)冶(ye)(ye)金(jin)技(ji)術發(fa)(fa)(fa)源地在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)甘肅(su)。用金(jin)屬代(dai)替石(shi)器(qi)作為(wei)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)工(gong)具,是(shi)人類發(fa)(fa)(fa)展史上極(ji)為(wei)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變革,青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)早(zao)出現,有(you)其劃時(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義(yi)。到(dao)了(le)龍山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)、齊家(jia)文(wen)化(hua)時(shi)期(qi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制造(zao)較為(wei)普遍。據考古資(zi)料(liao)得知,整個黃河流域從東到(dao)西(xi)都(dou)有(you)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)出土(tu),其中有(you)紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。
林家(jia)遺址出(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、骨(gu)(gu)器(qi)(qi)有(you)2000余件(jian)。有(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)錛312件(jian),石(shi)(shi)(shi)斧211件(jian),石(shi)(shi)(shi)刀(dao)209件(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)鑿(zao)189件(jian),石(shi)(shi)(shi)紡輪49個(ge),還有(you)敲(qiao)砸器(qi)(qi)、研磨器(qi)(qi)、磨臼、石(shi)(shi)(shi)杵、磨石(shi)(shi)(shi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)鉆、石(shi)(shi)(shi)鏃等;次為骨(gu)(gu)器(qi)(qi),骨(gu)(gu)錐358個(ge)、骨(gu)(gu)針(zhen)236個(ge)、骨(gu)(gu)鏃44個(ge)、骨(gu)(gu)刀(dao)15個(ge);石(shi)(shi)(shi)刃(ren)骨(gu)(gu)柄(bing)(bing)刀(dao)12件(jian)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)刃(ren)骨(gu)(gu)柄(bing)(bing)匕首6件(jian)。林家(jia)遺址F21晚期陶(tao)罐內盛(sheng)有(you)稷(ji)(ji)(ji)、粟和(he)大麻(ma)籽。H19灰坑底(di)部(bu)(bu)有(you)大量炭化稷(ji)(ji)(ji)、部(bu)(bu)分(fen)穗頭、稷(ji)(ji)(ji)粒、枝干等,穗頭上(shang)帶有(you)較(jiao)長的(de)(de)細枝,捆成小把,整齊放(fang)在坑底(di),厚達(da)40厘米(mi),計可(ke)達(da)2立(li)方米(mi)。這(zhe)說明(ming),林家(jia)已有(you)較(jiao)發達(da)的(de)(de)原始農業(ye),兼事狩獵和(he)采集。其(qi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)錛、石(shi)(shi)(shi)斧、石(shi)(shi)(shi)刀(dao)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)鑿(zao)為農業(ye)生產中的(de)(de)主要使用(yong)工具;另外三處窯穴也(ye)有(you)炭化稷(ji)(ji)(ji)粒,大量稷(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)發現,從帶穗的(de)(de)細枝割斷(duan)痕跡,是(shi)用(yong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、陶(tao)刀(dao)割下來的(de)(de);磨臼、石(shi)(shi)(shi)杵是(shi)大量谷物加工,說明(ming)粟是(shi)當時居民的(de)(de)主要糧食之一。石(shi)(shi)(shi)紡輪、骨(gu)(gu)針(zhen)、骨(gu)(gu)錐的(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)土(tu),證(zheng)明(ming)當時的(de)(de)人們已經掌握了紡織技術(shu),取(qu)植物纖(xian)維(wei)或獸毛,用(yong)紡輪捻成線,用(yong)原始的(de)(de)織布(bu)機制成粗毛、麻(ma)布(bu),用(yong)骨(gu)(gu)針(zhen)縫(feng)制衣服。F8、F10、F11房(fang)址殘陶(tao)罐中均(jun)有(you)發現大麻(ma)籽。大麻(ma)籽可(ke)食用(yong),其(qi)纖(xian)維(wei),以紡輪捻織麻(ma)布(bu);出(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、骨(gu)(gu)鏃、石(shi)(shi)(shi)蛋是(shi)人們獵取(qu)鹿、獐、兔(tu)等野生動物的(de)(de)明(ming)證(zheng)。
主(zhu)(zhu)要采用(yong)泥(ni)條(tiao)盤筑(zhu)和捏(nie)塑(su)法制作。根(gen)據(ju)地層堆積,分早、中、晚(wan)(wan)三期(qi)。早期(qi)的(de)陶器(qi)數量較少,主(zhu)(zhu)要有瓶、罐、盆、缽(bo)等,瓶多為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)喇叭口,罐為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)敞口,盆的(de)口沿外(wai)卷,缽(bo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)圓唇。彩(cai)(cai)(cai)繪為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)黑(hei)色,漆(qi)黑(hei)發亮(liang),紋(wen)飾以旋紋(wen)和弧線(xian)紋(wen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),線(xian)條(tiao)粗健古樸(pu);中期(qi)的(de)瓶口沿向外(wai)翻轉,頸(jing)部變(bian)長,罐的(de)頸(jing)部變(bian)短,紋(wen)飾以弧形并列條(tiao)紋(wen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),線(xian)條(tiao)均勻細(xi)密(mi),活(huo)潑流暢;晚(wan)(wan)期(qi)陶器(qi)數量多,陶質較粗,主(zhu)(zhu)要器(qi)形有盆、缽(bo)、碗、壺(hu)、瓶、罐等,色彩(cai)(cai)(cai)也發生變(bian)化(hua),出(chu)現了白彩(cai)(cai)(cai),紋(wen)飾簡(jian)化(hua)、潦草,以旋紋(wen)、平行條(tiao)紋(wen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),色彩(cai)(cai)(cai)清(qing)淡,白彩(cai)(cai)(cai)多為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)輔(fu)助(zhu)裝飾,黑(hei)白分明,對比強烈,是晚(wan)(wan)期(qi)的(de)突出(chu)特點。
國(guo)務院公(gong)布的第六(liu)批全國(guo)重(zhong)點文物保護單位中牞東(dong)鄉縣新(xin)石器時(shi)代林家遺(yi)址名列其中。
林家遺(yi)址位于東(dong)鄉族自(zi)治縣大(da)夏河東(dong)岸(an)的(de)(de)黃土塬(yuan)上(shang)牞(jiu)(jiu)文(wen)化(hua)內(nei)涵以(yi)馬(ma)家窯(yao)類(lei)型(xing)為(wei)主牞(jiu)(jiu)包含(han)有馬(ma)家窯(yao)類(lei)型(xing)早、中、晚期(qi)的(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)存牞(jiu)(jiu)是馬(ma)家窯(yao)類(lei)型(xing)的(de)(de)代表性遺(yi)址。1978年牞(jiu)(jiu)甘肅省博(bo)物(wu)館文(wen)化(hua)工作隊、州文(wen)化(hua)局、東(dong)鄉縣文(wen)化(hua)館共同進(jin)行了發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)牞(jiu)(jiu)發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)面積(ji)近3000平方(fang)米。發(fa)現(xian)馬(ma)家窯(yao)時期(qi)房屋遺(yi)跡27處(chu)牞(jiu)(jiu)制陶(tao)窯(yao)址3處(chu)牞(jiu)(jiu)灰坑985個(ge)。發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)和采集各類(lei)遺(yi)物(wu)3000余件牞(jiu)(jiu)其中各類(lei)工具(ju)(ju)(ju)和生活用具(ju)(ju)(ju)2000余件牞(jiu)(jiu)包括石器(qi)、骨器(qi)、陶(tao)、蚌、角器(qi)等。其中一(yi)件青銅模(mo)鑄刀具(ju)(ju)(ju)牞(jiu)(jiu)為(wei)目前發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)時代早的(de)(de)青銅器(qi)。林家遺(yi)址的(de)(de)發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)牞(jiu)(jiu)能夠(gou)幫助人(ren)們了解馬(ma)家窯(yao)類(lei)型(xing)早、中、晚期(qi)的(de)(de)地層堆(dui)積(ji)關系牞(jiu)(jiu)為(wei)文(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)物(wu)的(de)(de)33期(qi)提(ti)供了明確(que)的(de)(de)地層關系。