芒果视频下载

福(fu)泉(quan)城(cheng)墻在貴州省(sheng)福(fu)泉(quan)市(shi)城(cheng)廂鎮(zhen)。原(yuan)為(wei)平越衛城(cheng)，元代(dai)曾在此(ci)設(she)平月(yue)長(chang)官(guan)司。明洪武(wu)十四(si)(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)（1381年(nian)(nian)(nian)）置(zhi)平越千戶所，十五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)（1382年(nian)(nian)(nian)）改置(zhi)平越衛。據（光緒）《平越直隸州志》卷九及卷三(san)十四(si)(si)(si)記(ji)載，洪武(wu)二(er)十四(si)(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)（1391年(nian)(nian)(nian)）指揮李福(fu)“創(chuang)建土城(cheng)”，“三(san)十四(si)(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)改甃(zhou)以石，周一千四(si)(si)(si)百丈，高(gao)二(er)丈二(er)尺(chi)，廣一丈五(wu)尺(chi)，門四(si)(si)(si)、月(yue)城(cheng)三(san)、城(cheng)樓四(si)(si)(si)、警(jing)鋪(pu)四(si)(si)(si)十五(wu)。”因城(cheng)內無水，至(zhi)正(zheng)統(tong)末(mo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)，苗族農民(min)起義(yi)軍圍城(cheng)，人馬渴死。

概述

“成化間(jian)，指(zhi)揮張(zhang)能(neng)建水城(cheng)于(yu)西(xi)隅，另開一門(men)曰小西(xi)門(men)。”萬(wan)歷二(er)十(shi)(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1601年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）置平越(yue)軍(jun)民府(fu)，府(fu)衛同城(cheng)。萬(wan)歷三十(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1603年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）知(zhi)府(fu)楊可陶、指(zhi)揮奚國(guo)柱于(yu)水城(cheng)外增建外城(cheng)“五(wu)十(shi)(shi)五(wu)丈，使(shi)水經城(cheng)內，汲者便之。”“崇禎十(shi)(shi)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1642年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），知(zhi)府(fu)陳紹(shao)英于(yu)城(cheng)北(bei)隅建臺，上(shang)有樓(lou)，名雄鎮，復周城(cheng)造(zao)望樓(lou)十(shi)(shi)二(er)。”清(qing)順治十(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1661年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）守(shou)道徐宏業、知(zhi)府(fu)喻全昱先后(hou)增修(xiu)。咸豐、同治間(jian)，為苗(miao)族起義軍(jun)攻破，城(cheng)垣“頗有殘毀(hui)”。同治十(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1872年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）州(zhou)牧王繼先請款(kuan)營修(xiu)。后(hou)東(dong)城(cheng)及小西(xi)門(men)城(cheng)墻多處坍塌，至光(guang)緒(xu)(xu)初年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，州(zhou)牧鄧在鏞等先后(hou)補修(xiu)。光(guang)緒(xu)(xu)二(er)十(shi)(shi)六、二(er)十(shi)(shi)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1900～1901年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），州(zhou)牧瞿(ju)鴻錫(xi)又先后(hou)重修(xiu)北(bei)門(men)及東(dong)門(men)兩(liang)城(cheng)樓(lou)，“于(yu)是崇閎雄麗，稱此金湯，論貴東(dong)城(cheng)郭，固不能(neng)不以平越(yue)為冠(guan)也。”

內容

1967年(nian)前后，古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)被拆毀，現(xian)僅存外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及小西門旁的(de)一段(duan)殘垣(yuan)。五座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門除西門已傾圮外(wai)，其余(yu)四門的(de)劵洞尚存，但城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓已毀。小西門水(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)由(you)(you)內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、水(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)三道(dao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻構成一座甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蜿蜒于(yu)山腰，水(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)筑于(yu)山麓之(zhi)河畔；外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)橫臥沙河之(zhi)上(shang)，用兩層石拱橋(qiao)相連接(jie)，圍河水(shui)(shui)于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)，又稱(cheng)橋(qiao)上(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。橋(qiao)下皆設鐵欄(lan)閘門，切斷水(shui)(shui)上(shang)通道(dao)，以防外(wai)部由(you)(you)水(shui)(shui)道(dao)襲城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，這是該城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)最大的(de)特點。而(er)水(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)兩側皆依(yi)坡而(er)筑，巍然聳立，并有上(shang)百(bai)級石階可登上(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)頭，使(shi)內(nei)外(wai)三城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相連，上(shang)下貫通，氣勢雄偉。該城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是古(gu)代軍事戰爭防御與(yu)進攻的(de)產物，是智慧的(de)結(jie)晶(jing)，具(ju)有很(hen)高(gao)的(de)歷史、藝(yi)術和科研價(jia)值。

歷史

明代是貴(gui)州(zhou)開發的(de)一(yi)個重(zhong)要(yao)時期，興(xing)起(qi)(qi)(qi)了(le)數千座衛城(cheng)(cheng)和府、州(zhou)、縣城(cheng)(cheng)，還建(jian)起(qi)(qi)(qi)數以千計的(de)屯(tun)堡(bao)。城(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)聳立在(zai)(zai)(zai)萬山叢中，巍然峨然。由于軍(jun)事防御的(de)需(xu)要(yao)，城(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)多(duo)建(jian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)勢險要(yao)、易守(shou)難攻的(de)地(di)方，或負山面水(shui)，或夾河而(er)建(jian)，講究山川形勝。貴(gui)州(zhou)喀(ka)斯特(te)地(di)貌(mao)發育，石(shi)料極其(qi)豐富(fu)，城(cheng)(cheng)垣大(da)(da)都(dou)用石(shi)頭構筑(zhu)，與平原(yuan)、丘陵地(di)區的(de)土筑(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)、磚筑(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)大(da)(da)不相(xiang)同，有鮮(xian)明的(de)地(di)域特(te)征。城(cheng)(cheng)垣是一(yi)個龐大(da)(da)的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)群，包(bao)括高大(da)(da)的(de)墻體、城(cheng)(cheng)門、城(cheng)(cheng)樓、串樓、垛口、窩鋪，還有月(yue)城(cheng)(cheng)、護城(cheng)(cheng)河、水(shui)關(guan)等(deng)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)群山中修建(jian)眾多(duo)的(de)石(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)，需(xu)要(yao)開山鑿(zao)石(shi)，比其(qi)他地(di)方要(yao)艱(jian)難得多(duo)。倘若把貴(gui)州(zhou)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)小小的(de)石(shi)頭城(cheng)(cheng)、石(shi)頭堡(bao)連接起(qi)(qi)(qi)來(lai)，工程的(de)艱(jian)巨，恐怕不亞(ya)于萬里長城(cheng)(cheng)。隨著(zhu)時間的(de)推移，在(zai)(zai)(zai)現代化的(de)浪潮中，古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)、古(gu)(gu)堡(bao)大(da)(da)都(dou)消失，僥幸保(bao)存下來(lai)的(de)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)墻已(yi)是寥若星辰。而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)被譽為“磷都(dou)”的(de)福泉(quan)市(shi)，至(zhi)今還保(bao)留(liu)著(zhu)一(yi)段(duan)別具一(yi)格的(de)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)墻，的(de)確難能(neng)可貴(gui)。

福泉(quan)，古稱平(ping)(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)(yue)。這里原是(shi)少數民族聚居區，屬于播州宣(xuan)慰(wei)司(si)管轄。洪武十五(wu)年(nian)(nian)（1382年(nian)(nian)），在(zai)此設平(ping)(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)(yue)衛(wei)(wei)，把衛(wei)(wei)所(suo)插入土司(si)地(di)區。萬歷三(san)十九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)（1611年(nian)(nian)）廢除播州楊(yang)氏土司(si)，以(yi)其地(di)分設遵義、平(ping)(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)(yue)二軍民府(fu)，平(ping)(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)(yue)府(fu)與(yu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)(yue)衛(wei)(wei)同城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。平(ping)(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)(yue)戰略地(di)位重(zhong)要，控扼湘廣通往(wang)貴(gui)州、云南(nan)的大(da)驛道，將黔(qian)東八府(fu)與(yu)省會及貴(gui)州宣(xuan)慰(wei)司(si)連接起來，又可溝通川、黔(qian)兩省，故設衛(wei)(wei)后(hou)便建(jian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池。平(ping)(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)(yue)衛(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)坐落在(zai)群山環抱之中(zhong)(zhong)，“馬(ma)鬃嶺扼其喉襟，羊腸河(he)設其險阻”，實為沖要之地(di)。初建(jian)時(shi)為土城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，洪武三(san)十四(si)年(nian)(nian)（1401年(nian)(nian)）改筑石(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周長一(yi)千四(si)百丈，折合4666米(mi)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)高一(yi)丈二尺，寬一(yi)丈五(wu)尺，呈(cheng)正方形，有(you)東、南(nan)、西(xi)、北四(si)門，上有(you)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓4座，串樓1540間，垛(duo)口840個。因城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)無水(shui)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)被圍時(shi)，人馬(ma)常被渴死(si)。成化年(nian)(nian)間，平(ping)(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)(yue)衛(wei)(wei)指揮張能認為無水(shui)不利(li)于防守(shou)，便在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)增設小(xiao)西(xi)門，將城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)延伸至河(he)邊，筑堰引水(shui)入城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。萬歷三(san)十一(yi)年(nian)(nian)（1603年(nian)(nian)），總兵安大(da)朝、指揮奚國柱、知府(fu)楊(yang)右陶(tao)等計議，在(zai)其外增筑一(yi)段(duan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)，將河(he)段(duan)包(bao)入城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，形成內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的格局。在(zai)此，平(ping)(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)(yue)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“崇閎雄(xiong)麗，固若(ruo)金湯，為貴(gui)東之首”。

平(ping)越(yue)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，在(zai)(zai)上(shang)世紀60年代(dai)大(da)都拆毀，只剩下(xia)幾座券(quan)孔(kong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門和一些斷(duan)垣(yuan)殘壁，訴說歷(li)史的(de)(de)滄桑。唯有(you)小西(xi)門外(wai)(wai)，內(nei)(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、水(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)至今猶存(cun)。站在(zai)(zai)高(gao)山(shan)之巔俯瞰，內(nei)(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)聳立(li)在(zai)(zai)山(shan)間平(ping)地，水(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)筑(zhu)(zhu)于(yu)(yu)山(shan)麓河(he)畔，而(er)外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)則跨過(guo)河(he)流、田野，里(li)外(wai)(wai)三層構(gou)成(cheng)一座甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)依山(shan)而(er)筑(zhu)(zhu)，蜿蜒山(shan)間，氣勢雄偉，有(you)百級石階可登上(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)頭。這座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)最大(da)的(de)(de)特(te)點，就是將河(he)流的(de)(de)一段包(bao)入(ru)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，居民(min)可到(dao)水(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)汲水(shui)(shui)。為(wei)防(fang)備發生戰(zhan)事時(shi)水(shui)(shui)源被(bei)(bei)截斷(duan)，在(zai)(zai)水(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)(wai)修建了一道長五(wu)十(shi)五(wu)丈的(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)。外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)在(zai)(zai)兩(liang)處跨過(guo)河(he)流，墻(qiang)(qiang)建在(zai)(zai)兩(liang)座三孔(kong)石橋(qiao)之上(shang)，故被(bei)(bei)稱為(wei)“橋(qiao)上(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”。為(wei)了讓(rang)水(shui)(shui)能夠(gou)流動(dong)，又便于(yu)(yu)防(fang)守(shou)，便在(zai)(zai)橋(qiao)下(xia)設(she)有(you)鐵柵閘門，實為(wei)兩(liang)座水(shui)(shui)關。出小西(xi)門，有(you)道路(lu)(lu)通往水(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，因道路(lu)(lu)要(yao)穿過(guo)河(he)道，在(zai)(zai)路(lu)(lu)下(xia)建有(you)五(wu)個泄水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)橋(qiao)涵，側邊建有(you)吱啞作聲的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)碾，頗有(you)“小橋(qiao)流水(shui)(shui)人家”的(de)(de)風韻。這種城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)結構(gou)，是古代(dai)軍事防(fang)御體系的(de)(de)杰(jie)作，凝(ning)結著(zhu)中(zhong)國(guo)古代(dai)科技與建筑(zhu)(zhu)藝(yi)術，在(zai)(zai)國(guo)內(nei)(nei)其(qi)他(ta)地方不曾見(jian)過(guo)，其(qi)別具一格，令古建筑(zhu)(zhu)專家嘆為(wei)觀(guan)止。2001年經(jing)國(guo)務院(yuan)批(pi)準，福泉古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)被(bei)(bei)列(lie)為(wei)全國(guo)重(zhong)點文(wen)物(wu)保護單位。

福泉古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)墻為貴州(zhou)(zhou)首創，顯示出貴州(zhou)(zhou)人民的(de)(de)智慧與創造精神(shen)。來到(dao)這里(li)，可(ke)以(yi)感受到(dao)城(cheng)(cheng)市的(de)(de)大變(bian)遷，平(ping)越古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)由軍事據(ju)點演變(bian)為地(di)方(fang)行政中(zhong)心(xin)，如(ru)今變(bian)成了一(yi)個(ge)以(yi)磷化(hua)工(gong)為主的(de)(de)工(gong)業城(cheng)(cheng)市。在(zai)福泉城(cheng)(cheng)內，有(you)一(yi)座稱為“大夫第”的(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)建筑，它是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)古(gu)(gu)(gu)老的(de)(de)四(si)合院，占地(di)400平(ping)方(fang)米，現(xian)辟為貴州(zhou)(zhou)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)博物(wu)館(guan)。這里(li)陳列著(zhu)兩百多(duo)幅照片(pian)，濃縮了貴州(zhou)(zhou)自(zi)明(ming)以(yi)來的(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)、古(gu)(gu)(gu)堡(bao)(bao)(bao)、營盤(pan)(pan)、碉(diao)樓、戰(zhan)壕(hao)、關隘(ai)、烽(feng)火臺。貴州(zhou)(zhou)現(xian)存的(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)還(huan)有(you)許多(duo)，如(ru)貴陽的(de)(de)東門(men)城(cheng)(cheng)墻和(he)武勝門(men)，明(ming)代的(de)(de)真安(an)州(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)、赤水古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)、鎮寧州(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)，鎮遠有(you)府城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)和(he)衛(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)，還(huan)有(you)畢節(jie)層臺衛(wei)、盤(pan)(pan)縣(xian)普安(an)衛(wei)、晴隆安(an)南衛(wei)等城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)。土司城(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)(bao)(bao)，最典型的(de)(de)是(shi)遵義(yi)海(hai)龍屯(tun)和(he)大方(fang)“九層衙門(men)”遺址，此外(wai)有(you)黃平(ping)巖門(men)司城(cheng)(cheng)和(he)德江水特(te)姜司城(cheng)(cheng)。營盤(pan)(pan)以(yi)松桃存留最多(duo)，清代在(zai)此設有(you)48個(ge)營汛，構(gou)筑營盤(pan)(pan)、屯(tun)堡(bao)(bao)(bao)、炮樓、碉(diao)卡逾千座，形成了一(yi)條條斷(duan)斷(duan)續(xu)續(xu)的(de)(de)“邊墻”，現(xian)存480公里(li)，規模較大的(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)堡(bao)(bao)(bao)有(you)正大營和(he)盤(pan)(pan)石營。關隘(ai)頗多(duo)，著(zhu)名(ming)的(de)(de)如(ru)黔北的(de)(de)婁山關，黔中(zhong)的(de)(de)圖云關、雅關，晴隆的(de)(de)海(hai)馬關等。由此可(ke)窺貴州(zhou)(zhou)明(ming)清時期的(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)風貌，反映貴州(zhou)(zhou)六(liu)百年(nian)的(de)(de)滄桑。