河北省易縣(xian)龍(long)興觀內的道德(de)經(jing)(jing)幢是在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)現存的4個道德(de)經(jing)(jing)幢中(zhong)形體大、年代較(jiao)早,保存也較(jiao)好。
易(yi)縣(xian)(xian)龍興(xing)觀道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)經(jing)幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)建于縣(xian)(xian)城唐開(kai)元(yuan)二十(shi)六年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)728年(nian)(nian)),起初(chu)立在易(yi)縣(xian)(xian)城西開(kai)元(yuan)觀,后又遷(qian)到縣(xian)(xian)城內(nei)。道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)經(jing)幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)八角柱體,幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)高6米,分幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)身、幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)頂三部(bu)分。除幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)頂為(wei)(wei)(wei)青石(shi)屋(wu)頂,其余(yu)皆為(wei)(wei)(wei)漢白玉石(shi)。幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一仰蓮石(shi)雕(diao),座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)下的方形平(ping)(ping)臺為(wei)(wei)(wei)后世補砌。幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)身由上下兩塊漢白玉雕(diao)刻而成(cheng),通(tong)高4?29米,直(zhi)徑90厘米,平(ping)(ping)面為(wei)(wei)(wei)八角柱體,每面寬(kuan)40到42厘米不等。幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)身書有(you)“太(tai)上玄元(yuan)皇帝道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)經(jing)”的字樣,各(ge)面鐫(juan)刻老(lao)子(zi)《道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)經(jing)》5000言,字體工整(zheng)秀麗,剛勁飄逸,筆法流暢,是唐代書法的佳作。
《史記(ji)·老子韓非(fei)列傳》:老子,姓李,名耳(er),字聃。公元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)571年農歷2月15日(ri)誕生,誕辰:庚辰二月十(shi)五日(ri)卯時。於陳?苦(ku)縣厲鄉(xiang)曲(qu)仁(ren)里,既(ji)現址(zhi)太清(qing)宮鎮。著書《道(dao)(dao)德經(jing)》上下篇五千余(yu)(yu)言八十(shi)一(yi)章(zhang)。修道(dao)(dao)而長壽,大概活了百六十(shi)余(yu)(yu)歲?或說二百余(yu)(yu)歲。與孔(kong)(kong)子(前(qian)551-前(qian)479)同時,長孔(kong)(kong)子20余(yu)(yu)歲。公元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)535年?527年?515年?501年?486年,孔(kong)(kong)子數次求教天道(dao)(dao)問老子,言老子“猶龍(long)”。
唐朝李(li)姓皇室(shi),尊老(lao)子李(li)耳(er)為其始(shi)祖(zu),以(yi)此來(lai)神化李(li)姓皇族,并借助老(lao)子思想以(yi)治(zhi)民。唐玄(xuan)(xuan)宗(zong)李(li)隆基崇(chong)道(dao)教。據《資治(zhi)通鑒》記(ji)載,在(zai)(zai)(zai)唐玄(xuan)(xuan)宗(zong)當政時的開元二十(shi)(shi)五(wu)年(公元737年)春季正月,朝廷置(zhi)(zhi)玄(xuan)(xuan)學(xue)博(bo)士,每年都(dou)像科(ke)舉中的明經科(ke)一樣考試,推崇(chong)包括老(lao)子《道(dao)德經》在(zai)(zai)(zai)內的道(dao)家學(xue)說(shuo)。就(jiu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)唐開元二十(shi)(shi)五(wu)年“初置(zhi)(zhi)玄(xuan)(xuan)學(xue)博(bo)士”的第二年,在(zai)(zai)(zai)今河北省易縣“奉敕”豎立了(le)石刻(ke)道(dao)德經幢。
據(ju)《天下輿地(di)碑記》載,易縣(xian)道德經幢(chuang)于唐開元(yuan)二十六年(公元(yuan)738年)豎立(li)在易縣(xian)城西開元(yuan)觀(guan)(現其地(di)望(wang)已不可考),到了(le)南(nan)(nan)宋(song)乾道五年(公元(yuan)1169年)由知府張孝祥移于府治,后又遷至城內西南(nan)(nan)隅的(de)龍興觀(guan)今址(zhi)。龍興觀(guan)建于唐景龍二年(公元(yuan)708年),是我國北方(fang)一(yi)處道教活動場所。
易縣(xian)龍興觀道(dao)德(de)經幢,一直受到國家(jia)文(wen)物(wu)部門的(de)高度重(zhong)視,先是被(bei)(bei)列為(wei)河(he)北省(sheng)省(sheng)級(ji)文(wen)物(wu)保護單(dan)位(wei),1996年(nian)又被(bei)(bei)國務列為(wei)全國重(zhong)點文(wen)物(wu)保護單(dan)位(wei)。
經(jing)(jing)(jing)幢(chuang)(chuang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)約6米(mi),分為(wei)(wei)(wei)幢(chuang)(chuang)座、幢(chuang)(chuang)身、幢(chuang)(chuang)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)三(san)(san)部分。除幢(chuang)(chuang)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)為(wei)(wei)(wei)青石(shi)(shi)外(wai),其余皆(jie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)漢白(bai)玉制成。幢(chuang)(chuang)座為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)石(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)須彌座,高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)0.25米(mi),直徑(jing)1.1米(mi),座下(xia)有方形平(ping)臺,系(xi)后世(shi)補砌(qi)。幢(chuang)(chuang)身由兩塊漢白(bai)玉石(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)砌(qi)而成,高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)4.29米(mi)(上(shang)(shang)塊高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)70厘米(mi),下(xia)塊高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)3.59米(mi)),直徑(jing)90厘米(mi),平(ping)面(mian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)八(ba)(ba)角(jiao)(jiao)形柱(zhu)體,每面(mian)寬40—42厘米(mi)不等(deng)。幢(chuang)(chuang)身上(shang)(shang)塊自東面(mian)起由左向右正楷大字(zi)豎書“太上(shang)(shang)玄元(yuan)皇帝(di)道(dao)德(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)大唐(tang)開元(yuan)神武皇帝(di)注”十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)個字(zi),占三(san)(san)面(mian),下(xia)刻開元(yuan)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)年十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)月(yue)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四日唐(tang)玄宗頒發推(tui)崇《道(dao)德(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》的(de)詔書,對(dui)老(lao)子(zi)的(de)《道(dao)德(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》,要求“士庶家藏一(yi)(yi)本,勒令習讀使知(zhi)指要”。經(jing)(jing)(jing)幢(chuang)(chuang)下(xia)塊各(ge)面(mian)依次鐫刻老(lao)子(zi)《道(dao)德(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》,共計(ji)八(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)章(zhang),尾題“易州刺(ci)史兼高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽軍使賞紫金魚袋上(shang)(shang)柱(zhu)國田仁琬奉(feng)敕立”,“開元(yuan)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)六年歲(sui)次戊寅十(shi)(shi)(shi)月(yue)乙丑朔(shuo)八(ba)(ba)日壬申奉(feng)敕建(jian)”。幢(chuang)(chuang)身上(shang)(shang)端有一(yi)(yi)石(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)仰蓮寶座,其上(shang)(shang)才(cai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)幢(chuang)(chuang)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)。幢(chuang)(chuang)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)已有殘(can)破,原用(yong)一(yi)(yi)塊巨大的(de)青石(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)成,高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)38厘米(mi),為(wei)(wei)(wei)屋頂(ding)(ding)(ding)狀(zhuang)(zhuang),呈八(ba)(ba)角(jiao)(jiao)形,與幢(chuang)(chuang)身形體吻(wen)合(he),從八(ba)(ba)角(jiao)(jiao)平(ping)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)雕(diao)(diao)出八(ba)(ba)脊(ji),脊(ji)間刻瓦(wa)垅(long),再下(xia)刻有檐(yan)板、飛檐(yan)和檐(yan)椽,角(jiao)(jiao)梁(liang)之下(xia)有一(yi)(yi)“一(yi)(yi)斗(dou)三(san)(san)升式”斗(dou)拱(gong)承托。整個經(jing)(jing)(jing)幢(chuang)(chuang),亭亭玉立,造型既簡樸,又典雅美觀(guan),屋頂(ding)(ding)(ding)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)八(ba)(ba)角(jiao)(jiao)形幢(chuang)(chuang)頂(ding)(ding)(ding),為(wei)(wei)(wei)研究唐(tang)代建(jian)筑提供了實例。
易縣(xian)龍興觀道德經(jing)(jing)幢的(de)經(jing)(jing)文,是按照(zhao)唐開元(yuan)二十一年(nian)(公元(yuan)733年(nian))玄宗皇帝(di)注(zhu)本(ben)(ben)鐫刻(ke)(ke)的(de)。老子(zi)的(de)《道德經(jing)(jing)》版本(ben)(ben)眾(zhong)多,在1973年(nian)湖(hu)南(nan)長沙(sha)馬王堆三號漢墓(mu)出土帛(bo)書《老子(zi)》甲本(ben)(ben)和乙本(ben)(ben)之(zhi)前,易縣(xian)石(shi)刻(ke)(ke)道德經(jing)(jing)幢,是校譯老子(zi)《道德經(jing)(jing)》的(de)重(zhong)要實物資料。這是我國現存較好,年(nian)代較早(zao),且形體大的(de)石(shi)刻(ke)(ke)道德經(jing)(jing)幢,雖有(you)破損,仍然具有(you)極為重(zhong)要的(de)文物價值。為了便(bian)于保護,1986年(nian)省文物局撥專款,在其上建六(liu)角(jiao)亭(ting)一座,2001年(nian)上半年(nian)又(you)重(zhong)修了碑亭(ting)。
易縣道德經經幢(chuang)(chuang)的(de)經文,傳(chuan)為唐代(dai)書(shu)法(fa)家(jia)蘇(su)(su)靈(ling)(ling)芝(zhi)(zhi)書(shu)寫(xie),可(ke)是遍尋幢(chuang)(chuang)身并無蘇(su)(su)氏(shi)名款。經與(yu)易縣現存(cun)的(de)蘇(su)(su)靈(ling)(ling)芝(zhi)(zhi)書(shu)寫(xie)的(de)《易州鐵象頌碑》、《夢真容敕碑》相(xiang)對照,其(qi)字體與(yu)經幢(chuang)(chuang)如出一人(ren)手(shou)筆(bi)。由此斷定,經幢(chuang)(chuang)實(shi)乃蘇(su)(su)靈(ling)(ling)芝(zhi)(zhi)書(shu)寫(xie)。蘇(su)(su)靈(ling)(ling)芝(zhi)(zhi),唐玄(xuan)宗時任登仕郎前行(xing)易州錄(lu)事,其(qi)書(shu)法(fa)融二王(王羲之、王獻之)、虞(yu)(世南)及(ji)諸家(jia)于一體,號稱唐代(dai)寫(xie)碑手(shou)。其(qi)字體工整秀麗,筆(bi)法(fa)流暢,對研(yan)究唐代(dai)書(shu)法(fa)藝術有重要參(can)考價(jia)值。