漢(han)魏洛陽城遺址,是絲綢之路申(shen)遺東(dong)端的遺址。作為1-6世紀的都(dou)城,整座都(dou)城遺址都(dou)成為了世界文化(hua)遺產(chan)。
2014年6月22日(ri),中國(guo)與吉(ji)爾吉(ji)斯(si)斯(si)坦、哈薩克(ke)斯(si)坦三國(guo)跨國(guo)聯合(he)申報的”絲(si)綢之路:起始段(duan)-天山廊道的路網”項目通過(guo)第38屆世(shi)界遺(yi)產委(wei)員會審(shen)議,漢魏(wei)洛陽(yang)遺(yi)址作為絲(si)綢之路起點(dian)的重要遺(yi)址點(dian)正式列(lie)入《世(shi)界遺(yi)產名錄》。這(zhe)是(shi)我國(guo)第33項世(shi)界文(wen)化遺(yi)產。
漢魏(wei)洛(luo)陽城遺址是中(zhong)國境內(nei)的(de)22個遺址點的(de)都城遺址。
今存遺址(zhi)內城東(dong)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)殘(can)長(chang)3895米(mi)(mi),西垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)殘(can)長(chang)4290米(mi)(mi),北垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)長(chang)3700米(mi)(mi),南垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)已(yi)為(wei)(wei)洛(luo)河所淹(yan),殘(can)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)一般(ban)高(gao)(gao)出地(di)(di)面1~2米(mi)(mi),北垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)東(dong)段高(gao)(gao)出地(di)(di)面5~7米(mi)(mi)。城墻皆(jie)夯土板筑(zhu)而成,周長(chang)約14公里。城內主要建筑(zhu)為(wei)(wei)宮(gong)(gong)城、宮(gong)(gong)殿、衙(ya)署、苑囿等。北魏宮(gong)(gong)城為(wei)(wei)長(chang)方(fang)形(xing),南北長(chang)約1400米(mi)(mi),東(dong)西寬約660米(mi)(mi)。太(tai)(tai)極(ji)殿為(wei)(wei)宮(gong)(gong)中正殿。東(dong)漢太(tai)(tai)學遺址(zhi)在內城南郊(jiao),今偃師市太(tai)(tai)學村附(fu)近。
現(xian)存(cun)平面(mian)為長方形,南(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)因洛(luo)河北移(yi)被(bei)水沖毀。北、東(dong)、西3面(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)保存(cun)較好。部分地(di)段(duan)(duan)(duan)高出地(di)面(mian)5~7米(mi)左右。包(bao)括(kuo)西北隅(yu)金墉城(cheng)(cheng)在內(nei),北墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)全長約(yue)3700 米(mi),寬約(yue)25~30米(mi);西城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)殘長約(yue)4290米(mi),寬約(yue)20米(mi);東(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)殘長約(yue)3895米(mi),寬14米(mi)。全城(cheng)(cheng)周長14公里。城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)夯土(tu)版(ban)筑(zhu),版(ban)筑(zhu)夾(jia)棍眼的(de)痕跡尤存(cun)。在部分城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)上還發現(xian)有向城(cheng)(cheng)外突出的(de)墩臺,西墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)北段(duan)(duan)(duan)有4座,北墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)東(dong)段(duan)(duan)(duan)有3座。墩臺間距為110~120米(mi),類似(si)后世(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)所筑(zhu)的(de)“馬面(mian)”。在城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)外側(ce)均發現(xian)有護城(cheng)(cheng)河遺跡。北魏外郭城(cheng)(cheng)破壞(huai)殆盡(jin),現(xian)存(cun)南(nan)郭城(cheng)(cheng)少(shao)量夯土(tu)垣墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)殘段(duan)(duan)(duan)。
西(xi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻探出5座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),除(chu)北(bei)(bei)起第(di)二門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)二洞(dong)外,皆(jie)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)一(yi)(yi)洞(dong)。北(bei)(bei)一(yi)(yi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)是(shi)(shi)北(bei)(bei)魏的(de)(de)(de)(de)承明(ming)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),向南是(shi)(shi)北(bei)(bei)魏的(de)(de)(de)(de)闔閭門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),即(ji)(ji)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)上西(xi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),再(zai)南是(shi)(shi)北(bei)(bei)魏的(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)陽(yang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),再(zai)南是(shi)(shi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雍門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),北(bei)(bei)魏時廢,南是(shi)(shi)北(bei)(bei)魏的(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)明(ming)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),即(ji)(ji)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)廣陽(yang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。北(bei)(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻探出2座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),西(xi)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)三(san)洞(dong),是(shi)(shi)北(bei)(bei)魏的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)夏(xia)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),即(ji)(ji)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)夏(xia)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)洞(dong)已(yi)破壞,有一(yi)(yi)條路土(tu)通過,應(ying)是(shi)(shi)北(bei)(bei)魏的(de)(de)(de)(de)廣莫門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),即(ji)(ji)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)谷門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻探出3座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),皆(jie)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)一(yi)(yi)洞(dong)。北(bei)(bei)起第(di)一(yi)(yi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)是(shi)(shi)北(bei)(bei)魏的(de)(de)(de)(de)建春門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),即(ji)(ji)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)上東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),與(yu)闔閭門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)。第(di)二門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)是(shi)(shi)北(bei)(bei)魏的(de)(de)(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)陽(yang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)即(ji)(ji)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),與(yu)西(xi)陽(yang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)。第(di)三(san)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)是(shi)(shi)北(bei)(bei)魏的(de)(de)(de)(de)青陽(yang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),即(ji)(ji)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)旄門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(又(you)稱望京門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)),與(yu)西(xi)明(ming)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)。文獻中所載南城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻的(de)(de)(de)(de)4座(zuo)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),自西(xi)向東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)為(wei)北(bei)(bei)魏時的(de)(de)(de)(de)津陽(yang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)津門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men))、宜陽(yang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)小苑門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men))、平昌門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)平城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men))、開陽(yang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)同名),沒于洛(luo)水已(yi)無跡(ji)可(ke)尋。
閶闔門
閶闔門(men)(men)是(shi)北(bei)魏(wei)宮城的正(zheng)門(men)(men),其北(bei)面正(zheng)對宮城正(zheng)殿(dian)太極殿(dian);南面為御道銅駝街(jie),并直通內城正(zheng)門(men)(men)宣陽門(men)(men)。閶闔門(men)(men)始建于曹魏(wei)明(ming)帝(di)時期,西晉(jin)、北(bei)魏(wei)時沿用。
閶(chang)闔(he)門北(bei)面正(zheng)(zheng)對宮城(cheng)正(zheng)(zheng)殿太極殿;南面為御道銅駝大街(jie),并直通內城(cheng)正(zheng)(zheng)門宣陽(yang)門。作為象(xiang)征(zheng)帝(di)王(wang)威儀的(de)(de)禮儀性建筑,閶(chang)闔(he)門是舉(ju)行(xing)帝(di)王(wang)登基、接見四(si)方朝貢者(zhe)等重大活動的(de)(de)地(di)方,極少用于通行(xing)。洛陽(yang)市閶(chang)闔(he)門遺址是為止(zhi)考古(gu)發掘(jue)出(chu)的(de)(de)年代(dai)早的(de)(de)都城(cheng)宮城(cheng)正(zheng)(zheng)門,閶(chang)闔(he)門的(de)(de)左右雙闕也是迄今為止(zhi)發掘(jue)所見早的(de)(de)宮城(cheng)門闕。
東(dong)漢時(shi)期,城(cheng)內(nei)主要宮殿為南(nan)宮和(he)北(bei)宮。曹魏、西晉變化不大。北(bei)魏時(shi)建立(li)了單獨的宮城(cheng)。北(bei)魏的宮城(cheng)位(wei)于城(cheng)內(nei)北(bei)中部,南(nan)北(bei)長1398米,東(dong)西寬660米,占(zhan)全城(cheng)總(zong)面積十分之(zhi)一左(zuo)右,是重要的中心建筑區(qu)。宮城(cheng)的南(nan)、
東、西(xi)三面城門(men)已找到,南(nan)門(men)也(ye)稱閶闔門(men),門(men)洞闕口(kou)寬約(yue)46米(mi),門(men)兩(liang)側有(you)厚大的夯筑土(tu)(tu)闕,形制雄偉;東門(men)云龍(long)門(men)與西(xi)門(men)神(shen)虎門(men)相對。宮(gong)(gong)城內(nei)西(xi)部有(you)一座大型夯土(tu)(tu)臺基,東西(xi)長(chang)100米(mi),南(nan)北寬60米(mi),高出地(di)面4米(mi)左(zuo)右,應是北魏(wei)太(tai)極殿遺(yi)址(zhi)。在宮(gong)(gong)城其(qi)他(ta)地(di)方還發現夯土(tu)(tu)臺基20余處,亦為宮(gong)(gong)殿遺(yi)存。
城(cheng)的西北(bei)(bei)隅有(you)曹魏時期修建的金(jin)墉(yong)城(cheng),由3個南(nan)北(bei)(bei)相連的小城(cheng)組(zu)成(cheng),平面呈(cheng)“目”字形,南(nan)北(bei)(bei)長約1048米(mi)(mi),東(dong)西寬為(wei)255米(mi)(mi)。3城(cheng)之間(jian)有(you)門道相通(tong),城(cheng)墻寬約 12~13米(mi)(mi),殘(can)高(gao)6米(mi)(mi)左右(you)。城(cheng)內也發現(xian)有(you)20多處(chu)夯土(tu)臺基。金(jin)墉(yong)城(cheng)北(bei)(bei)靠邙(mang)山,可俯瞰洛(luo)陽(yang)全(quan)城(cheng),是(shi)進(jin)攻和防(fang)守的制(zhi)高(gao)點,在城(cheng)墻的外(wai)壁(bi)上(shang),每隔60~70米(mi)(mi)也有(you)一(yi)座向外(wai)突(tu)出的墩臺,可見這里(li)應是(shi)一(yi)座軍事要塞。
太極殿
太極(ji)殿(dian)(dian)是我國(guo)古代的宮殿(dian)(dian)名(ming)稱。自三國(guo)時(shi)期,魏明帝(di)始建太極(ji)殿(dian)(dian)后,直(zhi)至唐朝歷代皇(huang)宮正殿(dian)(dian)(類(lei)似于(yu)北京(jing)(jing)故宮的太和殿(dian)(dian))皆為太極(ji)殿(dian)(dian),之后北宋(song)西京(jing)(jing)洛陽(yang)的大內正殿(dian)(dian)亦(yi)為太極(ji)殿(dian)(dian),清(qing)代北京(jing)(jing)紫閶闔門、太極(ji)殿(dian)(dian)遺址禁城亦(yi)有(you)太極(ji)殿(dian)(dian)。
太極(ji)殿(dian)的(de)(de)建(jian)造,確(que)定了漢(han)魏洛(luo)陽城的(de)(de)建(jian)筑布局中心(xin),而以太極(ji)殿(dian)為(wei)中心(xin)的(de)(de)宮(gong)城布局形態,標志著(zhu)中國古代都城布局進(jin)入(ru)一個新的(de)(de)歷史時期。
永寧寺塔為(wei)北魏永寧寺佛(fo)塔,建于(yu)北魏熙平元年(516),在北魏國都洛陽城內,現已(yi)不存,遺址在今洛陽市白馬寺東,310國道與隴海鐵路交(jiao)叉口處。
據(ju)楊玄之(zhi)《洛陽伽藍(lan)記》追述,永(yong)寧寺塔(ta)(ta)為(wei)(wei)木結構,高九層,一百(bai)里(li)外都可(ke)看見。據(ju)其他記載,塔(ta)(ta)高四(si)(si)(si)十九丈或四(si)(si)(si)十余(yu)丈,合(he)今(jin)136.71米(mi)左右,加(jia)上(shang)塔(ta)(ta)剎通(tong)高約為(wei)(wei)147米(mi),是古代偉大的佛塔(ta)(ta)。永(yong)寧寺塔(ta)(ta)平(ping)面正方,每面各層都有三門六窗。塔(ta)(ta)剎上(shang)有相輪(lun)30重(一說為(wei)(wei)13重之(zhi)誤),周(zhou)圍(wei)垂(chui)金(jin)(jin)鈴,再上(shang)為(wei)(wei)金(jin)(jin)寶瓶(ping)。寶瓶(ping)下有鐵索四(si)(si)(si)道,引向塔(ta)(ta)之(zhi)四(si)(si)(si)角,索上(shang)也(ye)懸(xuan)掛金(jin)(jin)鈴。晚上(shang)和(he)風吹動,十余(yu)里(li)外都可(ke)聽(ting)見。塔(ta)(ta)的裝(zhuang)飾十分華麗,柱子圍(wei)以錦繡,門窗涂紅漆,門扉上(shang)有五行金(jin)(jin)釘(ding),并有金(jin)(jin)環鋪首(shou)。
始建(jian)于(yu)建(jian)武五年(nian)(29),在校太(tai)學生曾多(duo)達(da)3萬余人(ren)。熹(xi)平(ping)四年(nian)(175)于(yu)太(tai)學講堂(tang)前(qian)立(li)石碑(bei)46塊,史稱熹(xi)平(ping)石經(jing)。至(zhi)曹魏正始二(er)年(nian)(241),又立(li)石經(jing)28塊,史稱正始石經(jing)。
太(tai)學遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)分為東西兩大(da)部(bu)分,東部(bu)達3萬平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米以上(shang),西部(bu)也有(you)2萬平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米左右(you)。在(zai)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)有(you)大(da)面積的夯土(tu)建筑遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi),有(you)一排(pai)排(pai)的建筑房基,或為東西長方(fang)(fang)形(xing),或為南北長方(fang)(fang)形(xing),排(pai)與(yu)排(pai)之(zhi)間(jian)距離相等,排(pai)列有(you)序。太(tai)學是(shi)古代傳授儒家學說的高學府。熹(xi)平(ping)石(shi)經是(shi)我(wo)國早的官(guan)定儒學經本。東漢靈臺(tai)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)在(zai)內(nei)(nei)城(cheng)南郊,今洛陽市伊濱區崗上(shang)村與(yu)大(da)郊寨之(zhi)間(jian)。
靈臺(tai)(tai)創(chuang)建(jian)(jian)于光武帝(di)中元元年(56),是當時大的(de)國家天文(wen)臺(tai)(tai)。曹魏、西(xi)晉相(xiang)繼使用(yong),達(da)250余(yu)年之久。靈臺(tai)(tai)遺址范(fan)圍達(da)4萬多平(ping)方米(mi)(mi),中心建(jian)(jian)筑是一座(zuo)方形夯(hang)土高(gao)(gao)臺(tai)(tai),東西(xi)殘(can)(can)寬31米(mi)(mi),南北殘(can)(can)長41米(mi)(mi),殘(can)(can)高(gao)(gao)8米(mi)(mi)余(yu)。東漢科學(xue)家張衡(78~139),曾先后兩次任太史令10多年,領導、主持和(he)參與了靈臺(tai)(tai)的(de)天象觀測(ce)和(he)天文(wen)研(yan)究。
位于內城(cheng)西(xi)北(bei)角的金墉(yong)城(cheng),為曹魏明帝所筑。南北(bei)長1048米,東西(xi)寬255米,總面積26萬(wan)平(ping)方米,城(cheng)小而(er)固,魏晉時被廢(fei)帝、后多安置于此(ci)。唐初,洛陽縣治設金墉(yong)城(cheng),貞觀(guan)六年(nian)(632)移于東都毓德坊(fang),金墉(yong)城(cheng)遂廢(fei)。經勘察發現三座小城(cheng)連在(zai)一起,平(ping)面呈"目"字形。城(cheng)外有(you)(you)河(he)水環流,各城(cheng)門闕(que)皆有(you)(you)遺跡。城(cheng)內發現夯筑臺基多處,以及磚砌基址、水池等。
北(bei)(bei)魏時(shi),增修外(wai)廓城(cheng),長、寬各約10公(gong)里(li)和7公(gong)里(li)。城(cheng)內外(wai)建有佛(fo)寺(si)(si)(si)1367所(suo),而以皇家寺(si)(si)(si)院永(yong)寧(ning)寺(si)(si)(si)為(wei)豪華(hua)壯麗(li)。永(yong)寧(ning)寺(si)(si)(si)在宮城(cheng)外(wai)西南面,初創于北(bei)(bei)魏熙(xi)平元(yuan)年(nian)(516),建成16年(nian)后被(bei)雷擊焚毀。據(ju)勘(kan)測南北(bei)(bei)長305米(mi),東(dong)西寬260米(mi),中心為(wei)塔,塔基(ji)為(wei)方形(xing),上(shang)下(xia)(xia)兩層,下(xia)(xia)層位于今(jin)地(di)表(biao)之下(xia)(xia),上(shang)層基(ji)座(zuo)長寬各38.2米(mi),高(gao)2.2米(mi),四面原以青石壘(lei)砌鑲包。在發掘塔基(ji)的(de)過程中,出(chu)土(tu)一(yi)批工藝(yi)精湛的(de)泥塑造像(xiang),給研究北(bei)(bei)魏佛(fo)教藝(yi)術(shu)提供了珍(zhen)貴資料。另有石雕(diao)、瓦、瓦當等(deng)建筑(zhu)材料。平等(deng)寺(si)(si)(si)北(bei)(bei)齊造像(xiang)碑俗稱寺(si)(si)(si)里(li)碑,在漢魏故城(cheng)內城(cheng)東(dong)垣(yuan)外(wai),今(jin)偃師市寺(si)(si)(si)里(li)碑村南。計四通,下(xia)(xia)部皆深埋于地(di)下(xia)(xia),地(di)表(biao)裸露部分,高(gao)約1.5~2米(mi)不等(deng)。碑上(shang)雕(diao)有佛(fo)、菩薩、弟子像(xiang),結(jie)跏趺坐的(de)六佛(fo)圖(tu),姿(zi)態優美的(de)飛天,慢步行進(jin)的(de)大象,造型生動的(de)猛獸,以及帳幔、火焰、蓮花(hua)等(deng),內容豐富,題(ti)材多(duo)樣,為(wei)北(bei)(bei)齊所(suo)遺(yi)存下(xia)(xia)來的(de)少數佛(fo)教藝(yi)術(shu)珍(zhen)品之一(yi)。1962年(nian)開始(shi)對漢魏故城(cheng)遺(yi)址進(jin)行考古(gu)發掘,發掘工作(zuo)至今(jin)仍在進(jin)行。