人物生平
清河世子
孝靜帝元(yuan)善見(jian),是北魏孝文帝元(yuan)宏曾孫,清(qing)河文獻王元(yuan)懌之(zhi)孫,清(qing)河文宣王元(yuan)亶(dan)之(zhi)世(shi)子(zi),母親為清(qing)河王妃胡氏(shi)(靈太(tai)后的堂侄女)。永熙三(san)年(nian)(534年(nian)),元(yuan)善見(jian)官(guan)拜通(tong)直散騎侍郎(lang)。同(tong)(tong)年(nian)八月,為驃騎大將軍、開(kai)府儀同(tong)(tong)三(san)司。
北(bei)(bei)魏末年(nian),高(gao)歡(huan)操(cao)控了(le)生殺予奪大權。永熙三(san)年(nian)(534年(nian)),孝武帝元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)修與高(gao)歡(huan)決裂,于(yu)是逃(tao)離洛陽(yang),投(tou)奔了(le)宇文泰。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)修走后,高(gao)歡(huan)任(ren)命清河王元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)亶為(wei)(wei)大司馬,全權處理國(guo)家(jia)政務。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)亶還沒即(ji)位(wei)(wei),就“出(chu)(chu)入已稱(cheng)警(jing)蹕”,而且剛(gang)愎自用(yong),惟(wei)我(wo)獨尊,不把高(gao)歡(huan)放在(zai)眼(yan)里。鑒(jian)于(yu)此(ci),高(gao)歡(huan)把元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)亶趕(gan)下(xia)臺,另立元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)亶的世子(zi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)善(shan)見(jian)為(wei)(wei)帝,時年(nian)十一歲。同(tong)年(nian)十月十七日(ri),元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)善(shan)見(jian)在(zai)洛陽(yang)城東北(bei)(bei)即(ji)皇帝位(wei)(wei),大赦天下(xia),改(gai)年(nian)號為(wei)(wei)天平。這樣以來,北(bei)(bei)魏同(tong)時出(chu)(chu)現了(le)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)善(shan)見(jian)和(he)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)修兩位(wei)(wei)皇帝,從(cong)而分(fen)裂為(wei)(wei)兩部分(fen)。
傀儡皇帝
東(dong)魏初期,時局動蕩,烽煙四(si)起。東(dong)面兗州、青州的(de)(de)(de)(de)起兵,西(xi)面西(xi)魏的(de)(de)(de)(de)宼掠,南面蕭(xiao)梁的(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)攻,這種(zhong)復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)局勢,是(shi)(shi)(shi)十一(yi)(yi)歲的(de)(de)(de)(de)孝靜帝所無力應付的(de)(de)(de)(de)。再者(zhe),其父元亶的(de)(de)(de)(de)廢立遭遇(yu)也讓他(ta)學會(hui)了(le)隱忍(ren),一(yi)(yi)切(qie)惟高(gao)歡(huan)之命是(shi)(shi)(shi)從。不(bu)久,東(dong)魏都城從洛(luo)陽遷(qian)到了(le)鄴(ye)(ye)城(今(jin)河北臨漳)。當時,鄴(ye)(ye)城出現了(le)一(yi)(yi)首童(tong)謠:“可憐青雀(que)子(zi),飛來(lai)鄴(ye)(ye)城里(li)。羽翮垂欲成(cheng),化作鸚鵡(wu)子(zi)。”青雀(que),暗指孝靜帝;鸚鵡(wu),暗指高(gao)歡(huan)。這首童(tong)謠,形象地道(dao)出了(le)北魏皇權的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)敗涂地和少年(nian)天子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)艱險(xian)處境。高(gao)歡(huan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)野心很大,但他(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)靠討伐叛逆(ni)、復辟君位(wei)起家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de),所以不(bu)敢輕易篡位(wei)稱(cheng)君。孝靜帝元善見自(zi)幼聰(cong)明,幾年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傀儡生涯使他(ta)更懂(dong)得人情世故。
為了拉近與高歡(huan)(huan)一族的(de)距離,天平四(si)年(nian)(538年(nian)),孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)帝(di)主動提出立高歡(huan)(huan)的(de)二女兒為皇后。對此,高歡(huan)(huan)起初固然推(tui)辭,孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)帝(di)元(yuan)善見堅持(chi)己見,直到(dao)興和元(yuan)年(nian)(539年(nian))五月,孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)帝(di)才如愿以償(chang)地成(cheng)為高歡(huan)(huan)的(de)女婿。此后,高歡(huan)(huan)表(biao)面上對孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)帝(di)還算恭謙,孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)帝(di)也成(cheng)長得(de)有(you)膽有(you)謀,文武雙(shuang)全。
屈從高澄
武定五年(547年),高(gao)(gao)(gao)歡(huan)去世,其長子高(gao)(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)承襲父職,繼(ji)續把持東魏朝政。在高(gao)(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)看來(lai),東魏是高(gao)(gao)(gao)家打下來(lai)的,皇(huang)帝也應該姓高(gao)(gao)(gao)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)的目的,就是要取(qu)而代之,自己當皇(huang)帝。為了控(kong)制孝靜(jing)帝,高(gao)(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)提拔心腹(fu)崔季(ji)舒當黃(huang)門侍郎,監視孝靜(jing)帝的一舉(ju)一動,并(bing)隨時匯報(bao)。此后,孝靜(jing)帝處(chu)處(chu)受高(gao)(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)掣肘。
武定(ding)七年(549年)四月,高(gao)(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)趁(chen)“侯景之(zhi)亂”,攻(gong)陷了(le)(le)蕭梁(liang)不少城(cheng)池,孝(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)被(bei)迫封(feng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)相(xiang)國(guo),封(feng)齊(qi)王,贊拜不名(ming),入朝不趨,劍履上殿。此后高(gao)(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的篡逆之(zhi)心更加膨(peng)脹,對孝(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)的欺辱也變得肆無忌憚。孝(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)曾經在(zai)鄴東狩(shou)獵,乘快馬(ma)追趕獵物,監衛都(dou)督從后面大喊:“皇上千萬不要從馬(ma)上掉下來,大將軍在(zai)看著(zhu)(zhu)呢!” 高(gao)(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)曾經一次(ci)在(zai)孝(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)身邊飲酒,舉起大觴(shang)對著(zhu)(zhu)孝(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)說:“臣(chen)高(gao)(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勸陛下喝(he)酒。”孝(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)非常(chang)氣(qi)憤,說:“自(zi)(zi)(zi)古以(yi)(yi)來沒(mei)有(you)(you)不亡(wang)國(guo)的,朕此生(sheng)(sheng)也沒(mei)有(you)(you)什(shen)么(me)辦(ban)法!”高(gao)(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)生(sheng)(sheng)氣(qi)地(di)說:“朕,朕,狗腳朕!”派崔季舒(shu)打了(le)(le)孝(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)三拳,然(ran)后拂袖而出。但是(shi)(shi),孝(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)絕不是(shi)(shi)懦夫。盡(jin)管他身為(wei)傀儡皇帝(di)(di)(di),但秉(bing)持著(zhu)(zhu)寧肯亡(wang)國(guo),也不接受小(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)擺布(bu)的決心和(he)勇氣(qi)。此時(shi)此境,孝(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)詠頌謝靈運詩:“韓亡(wang)子房奮(fen),秦帝(di)(di)(di)魯連(lian)恥。本自(zi)(zi)(zi)江海(hai)人(ren)(ren)(ren),忠義感(gan)君(jun)子。”侍講大臣(chen)荀(xun)濟聽(ting)出了(le)(le)孝(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)的心聲,于是(shi)(shi)與(yu)(yu)元瑾、劉思逸等(deng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)密謀討伐(fa)高(gao)(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),以(yi)(yi)解皇帝(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)危(wei)。由于朝中(zhong)盡(jin)是(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的耳目,他們便選(xuan)擇了(le)(le)“地(di)道戰術”,即在(zai)皇宮日夜(ye)挖掘通往城(cheng)外的秘密通道,計劃與(yu)(yu)孝(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)逃出皇宮后,組織天下兵(bing)馬(ma),與(yu)(yu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)決一死戰。可是(shi)(shi),當地(di)道挖到(dao)城(cheng)門附近時(shi),守門軍官聽(ting)到(dao)地(di)下有(you)(you)響聲,便上報了(le)(le)高(gao)(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),荀(xun)濟等(deng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)被(bei)抓。之(zhi)后高(gao)(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)帶(dai)兵(bing)入宮逼問孝(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)。“我(wo)們父子兩代為(wei)國(guo)家(jia)忠心耿耿,有(you)(you)什(shen)么(me)地(di)方(fang)對不起陛下呢?這一定(ding)是(shi)(shi)你(ni)(ni)(ni)身邊的侍衛和(he)嬪(pin)妃慫恿你(ni)(ni)(ni)這么(me)干的!”高(gao)(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)說罷,便示意(yi)左右捕殺胡夫人(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)李嬪(pin)。孝(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)說:“自(zi)(zi)(zi)古以(yi)(yi)來,只聽(ting)說臣(chen)子反叛(pan)君(jun)王,沒(mei)聽(ting)說君(jun)王反叛(pan)臣(chen)子。你(ni)(ni)(ni)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己要謀反,又何必指責我(wo)呢!殺了(le)(le)你(ni)(ni)(ni),社(she)稷(ji)就會安定(ding)!不殺,國(guo)家(jia)就會滅亡(wang)。我(wo)已將生(sheng)(sheng)死置(zhi)之(zhi)度(du)外,何況是(shi)(shi)嬪(pin)妃!想弒君(jun)叛(pan)逆,看你(ni)(ni)(ni)的時(shi)間!”高(gao)(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)被(bei)孝(xiao)(xiao)靜(jing)(jing)帝(di)(di)(di)駁斥得啞口無言(yan),連(lian)忙磕(ke)頭,大哭有(you)(you)罪(zui),并連(lian)夜(ye)擺酒謝罪(zui)。
孝靜(jing)帝(di)(di)的(de)話雖然很(hen)經典,卻無法阻(zu)擋高(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)的(de)篡位(wei)步(bu)伐(fa)。三天(tian)后,高(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)把(ba)孝靜(jing)帝(di)(di)囚禁在(zai)(zai)含章堂,烹殺(sha)(sha)荀濟(ji)等人于市(shi)。然而,在(zai)(zai)準(zhun)備殺(sha)(sha)死孝靜(jing)帝(di)(di)時,武定七(qi)年(549年)九(jiu)月,高(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)被廚師蘭京刺死。得知高(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)被殺(sha)(sha),孝靜(jing)帝(di)(di)高(gao)(gao)興的(de)對左右(you)說:“高(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)之死真是天(tian)意(yi),是朕(zhen)該掌權(quan)的(de)時候了。”然而,高(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)弟(di)高(gao)(gao)洋立(li)馬出來繼(ji)承了高(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng)的(de)權(quan)勢。比起(qi)高(gao)(gao)澄(cheng)(cheng),高(gao)(gao)洋更加兇殘,更難對付(fu)。
禪位高洋
武定(ding)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(550年(nian)(nian))五月,在十萬(wan)精兵的逼迫下,孝(xiao)靜(jing)帝被迫禪位(wei)于高洋。高洋即位(wei)之(zhi)初,對孝(xiao)靜(jing)帝還算優待,封(feng)他為(wei)中山王,食(shi)邑一(yi)萬(wan)戶。在封(feng)地(di),孝(xiao)靜(jing)帝可以(yi)懸掛天(tian)子(zi)旌旗,用天(tian)子(zi)年(nian)(nian)號(hao),文(wen)書可以(yi)不稱臣(chen),三(san)個兒子(zi)也都封(feng)官食(shi)邑。孝(xiao)靜(jing)帝沒事可干(gan),整日(ri)和妻子(zi)飲酒、賦詩,聊以(yi)解愁,日(ri)子(zi)倒也安定(ding)。然而,這一(yi)切只是暫(zan)時的,都是高洋為(wei)贏得支(zhi)持而做的政治(zhi)文(wen)章。一(yi)年(nian)(nian)后,北齊政權(quan)的根(gen)基已(yi)經相當牢固(gu),孝(xiao)靜(jing)帝自(zi)然也就變成了毫無必要的累贅。
中毒身亡
天保二(er)年(551年)十二(er)月初十日(552年1月21日),高(gao)(gao)洋設宴款待孝(xiao)靜(jing)帝(di)(di)時,偷偷在杯中下了毒,孝(xiao)靜(jing)帝(di)(di)沒(mei)有防備,結果中毒而死。齊追謚曰孝(xiao)靜(jing)皇帝(di)(di)。 隨后,他的三個兒子也被高(gao)(gao)洋殺害。
為政舉措
天(tian)平(ping)初(chu)年(nian)(nian)(nian),考慮(lv)到(dao)各地移民尚未建立起(qi)家業(ye),孝(xiao)靜帝詔令政府(fu)支付一(yi)百(bai)三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)萬石的粟加以救助。天(tian)平(ping)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(537年(nian)(nian)(nian))秋,并(bing)、肆、汾、建、晉(jin)、泰(tai)、陜(shan)、東雍、南(nan)汾等州遇到(dao)旱(han)災,饑(ji)民開始逃(tao)荒(huang),直到(dao)天(tian)平(ping)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(538年(nian)(nian)(nian))才下詔救濟(ji),死(si)于饑(ji)荒(huang)者(zhe)眾多。孝(xiao)靜帝時期,政府(fu)在沿海地區設置煮鹽灶,滄州有(you)(you)灶一(yi)千四百(bai)八(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四,瀛州有(you)(you)四百(bai)五十(shi)(shi)(shi)二灶,幽(you)州有(you)(you)一(yi)百(bai)八(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)灶,青(qing)州有(you)(you)五百(bai)四十(shi)(shi)(shi)六灶,邯鄲有(you)(you)四個灶。每年(nian)(nian)(nian)可產鹽二十(shi)(shi)(shi)萬九(jiu)千七百(bai)二斛四升,國家從中得益不少。
歷史評價
《魏(wei)書》:“帝好文(wen)學,美容(rong)儀。力能(neng)挾石(shi)師子以逾(yu)墻,射(she)無不中。嘉辰宴會,多命郡臣賦詩,從容(rong)沉雅(ya),有孝文(wen)風。”
《北(bei)史》:①“帝好文,美容儀(yi)。力能挾石師子以逾(yu)墻,射無不中。嘉辰宴(yan)會,多(duo)命群臣賦詩。從容沉雅,有(you)孝文風。”;②“靜、恭運終(zhong)天(tian)祿,高(gao)蹈唐、虞,各得其時也。”
史籍記載
《魏書·卷十二(er)(er)·帝紀第(di)十二(er)(er)》
《北史·卷(juan)五(wu)·魏本紀第五(wu)》