泉(quan)水(shui)灣(wan)(wan)濕地(di)(di)公(gong)園位(wei)于阜陽市潁泉(quan)區,地(di)(di)處沃(wo)野千(qian)(qian)里的(de)淮北平原腹地(di)(di),介于東(dong)經115°33′~115°55′、北緯(wei)32°54′~33°07′之間。泉(quan)水(shui)灣(wan)(wan)位(wei)于泉(quan)河(he)北畔,南(nan)臨泉(quan)河(he),東(dong)起(qi)泉(quan)穎閘(zha),西(xi)起(qi)坎河(he)溜閘(zha),位(wei)于老泉(quan)河(he)河(he)道上,全長(chang)15千(qian)(qian)米,規劃總(zong)面積(ji)452公(gong)頃,其中濕地(di)(di)總(zong)面積(ji)為288.47公(gong)頃,占濕地(di)(di)公(gong)園土地(di)(di)總(zong)面積(ji)的(de)63.82%。
根據《全國濕(shi)地(di)資源調(diao)查技術規程(cheng)(試行)》的分類系統(tong),參照安(an)徽省第二次濕(shi)地(di)資源調(diao)查結果,濕(shi)地(di)公園內(nei)濕(shi)地(di)主要為自然河流濕(shi)地(di)(水面及河灘地(di)),還(huan)有一小部(bu)分的庫塘濕(shi)地(di)。
潁泉泉水(shui)(shui)(shui)灣濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)公園地(di)處亞熱(re)帶(dai)和暖(nuan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)帶(dai)的(de)過渡(du)區(qu)域,屬暖(nuan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)帶(dai)半濕(shi)(shi)(shi)潤(run)季(ji)風(feng)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou),四季(ji)分明,關照充足,雨(yu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)充沛(pei),氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)和。年(nian)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)14.9℃,無霜期(qi)220天,年(nian)均(jun)(jun)降水(shui)(shui)(shui)910毫(hao)米左右。年(nian)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)14.5℃~15.0℃,1月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)1.0℃~1.2℃,7月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)28℃;常年(nian)月(yue)(yue)(yue)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)波(bo)動幅度(du)以(yi)2月(yue)(yue)(yue)最(zui)大(da),可達9℃,以(yi)9月(yue)(yue)(yue)最(zui)小(xiao)(xiao),一(yi)般在3.5℃;極(ji)端最(zui)高氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)值(zhi)接近(jin)37℃,極(ji)端最(zui)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)值(zhi)在—12℃左右;年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)無霜期(qi)221天。年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)降水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)950mm左右,最(zui)大(da)降水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)1722mm,最(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)降水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)389.6mm。地(di)區(qu)年(nian)蒸發(fa)(fa)(fa)量(liang)(liang)(liang)1600~1930mm,隨季(ji)節變化而不(bu)等,以(yi)夏(xia)季(ji)蒸發(fa)(fa)(fa)量(liang)(liang)(liang)最(zui)大(da),冬季(ji)最(zui)小(xiao)(xiao),春季(ji)大(da)于(yu)秋季(ji)。一(yi)年(nian)之(zhi)中,6月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)蒸發(fa)(fa)(fa)量(liang)(liang)(liang)最(zui)大(da),1月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)蒸發(fa)(fa)(fa)量(liang)(liang)(liang)最(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)。泉水(shui)(shui)(shui)灣濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)公園位(wei)于(yu)半濕(shi)(shi)(shi)潤(run)區(qu)域,相(xiang)對(dui)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)穩定。3~6月(yue)(yue)(yue)相(xiang)對(dui)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)較大(da),在82%以(yi)上;10月(yue)(yue)(yue)至翌年(nian)1月(yue)(yue)(yue)較小(xiao)(xiao),在78%以(yi)下;全年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)相(xiang)對(dui)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)為(wei)(wei)80%。
經(jing)本次調查初步統(tong)計潁泉區泉水灣(wan)濕地公園共有(you)維(wei)管植物(wu)(wu)46科(ke)90屬(shu)102種(含種下分類(lei)單(dan)位,下同),其中(zhong)蕨類(lei)植物(wu)(wu)有(you)3科(ke)3屬(shu)3種,裸子植物(wu)(wu)2科(ke)2屬(shu)2種,被子植物(wu)(wu)41科(ke)85屬(shu)97種。在被子植物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)雙(shuang)子葉(xie)植物(wu)(wu)34科(ke)69屬(shu)78種;單(dan)子葉(xie)植物(wu)(wu)7科(ke)16屬(shu)19種。
阜(fu)陽潁泉(quan)區泉(quan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)灣濕(shi)(shi)地公(gong)園(yuan)的水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生維管植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)在(zai)皖(wan)北還算(suan)是比(bi)較豐富的,共有19科34屬40種。由于(yu)(yu)濕(shi)(shi)地植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)在(zai)濕(shi)(shi)地生態(tai)(tai)系(xi)統中(zhong)的作用(yong)與(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體基(ji)質(zhi)、大(da)氣、光(guang)(guang)照及其形態(tai)(tai)結構密切相(xiang)關,因此濕(shi)(shi)地植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)的生活型可(ke)以(yi)(yi)分(fen)為以(yi)(yi)下(xia)5種:A.挺(ting)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu):根(gen)系(xi)著生于(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體基(ji)質(zhi),植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)大(da)部分(fen)挺(ting)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian)接(jie)受(shou)光(guang)(guang)照,缺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)時可(ke)耐潮濕(shi)(shi)性陸生;B.浮葉(xie)(xie)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu):根(gen)系(xi)懸生于(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體,葉(xie)(xie)浮于(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian)接(jie)受(shou)光(guang)(guang)照,葉(xie)(xie)柄長,或(huo)(huo)因變態(tai)(tai)莖上的葉(xie)(xie)生長期不同而(er)葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)浮于(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian),植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)不耐干旱;C.濕(shi)(shi)沼(zhao)生植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu):根(gen)系(xi)著生于(yu)(yu)潮濕(shi)(shi)或(huo)(huo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環(huan)境基(ji)質(zhi),植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)濕(shi)(shi)或(huo)(huo)沼(zhao)澤環(huan)境中(zhong)完成生活周期,花(hua)(hua)序(xu)挺(ting)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian),風(feng)媒或(huo)(huo)蟲(chong)媒;D.沉(chen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu):根(gen)系(xi)著生于(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體基(ji)質(zhi),植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)沉(chen)入水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體,花(hua)(hua)序(xu)或(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)各部簡化(hua),花(hua)(hua)期露出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian)或(huo)(huo)于(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)媒或(huo)(huo)自花(hua)(hua)傳粉;E.耐濕(shi)(shi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu):近水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體生長的中(zhong)生植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu),生活周期能適應階段性水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)濕(shi)(shi)與(yu)干旱,往往花(hua)(hua)果(guo)期處于(yu)(yu)后種生境,為濕(shi)(shi)地生態(tai)(tai)系(xi)統中(zhong)的重要(yao)一員。
按上述(shu)不同生活型劃分濕(shi)(shi)地公園內水(shui)(shui)生植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有挺水(shui)(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)6種(zhong)(zhong),浮(fu)葉(xie)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)3種(zhong)(zhong),濕(shi)(shi)沼生植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)19種(zhong)(zhong),沉水(shui)(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)3種(zhong)(zhong),耐濕(shi)(shi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)9種(zhong)(zhong)。在皖北(bei)濕(shi)(shi)地生態系統(tong)中多樣(yang)性明(ming)顯,但以濕(shi)(shi)沼生與(yu)耐濕(shi)(shi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)較多。從(cong)生境(jing)條件來看,此兩類(lei)生活型分布于水(shui)(shui)域生境(jing)與(yu)中生環(huan)境(jing)間(jian)的過(guo)渡(du)帶。
根據1984年(nian)國(guo)務院環(huan)境(jing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)委(wei)員會公布《中(zhong)國(guo)珍(zhen)稀(xi)瀕(bin)危保(bao)(bao)護(hu)植(zhi)物(wu)名錄》和(he)1999年(nian)國(guo)務院批準公布的(de)(de)《國(guo)家(jia)重點(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)野生(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)名錄(第(di)一批)》,濕地公園內現有國(guo)家(jia)I級(ji)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)有1種,即(ji)銀杏(xing),屬銀杏(xing)科、銀杏(xing)屬,單(dan)屬單(dan)種落葉大喬木。屬國(guo)家(jia)Ⅱ級(ji)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)一種,即(ji)蓮。
泉水灣(wan)濕(shi)地擁有(you)十(shi)分豐(feng)富的動物資(zi)源,共(gong)記錄到野生(sheng)脊椎動物198種,隸(li)屬于29目55科。
泉水(shui)灣(wan)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)屬淮河水(shui)系,淡(dan)水(shui)魚類資(zi)源豐富(fu)。經本(ben)次初步(bu)調查,在泉水(shui)灣(wan)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)共(gong)發現有41種魚類分布,以鯉(li)(li)形目(mu)(mu)為主(zhu)。其中,鯉(li)(li)形目(mu)(mu)2科(ke)(ke)34種,非鯉(li)(li)形目(mu)(mu)7科(ke)(ke)7種;泉水(shui)灣(wan)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)分布有兩(liang)棲動物1目(mu)(mu)3科(ke)(ke)7種,分布有爬行動物6種,隸屬于3目(mu)(mu)3科(ke)(ke)。泉水(shui)灣(wan)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)內(nei)的(de)哺乳類已知(zhi)有5目(mu)(mu)7科(ke)(ke)14種,從種數看(kan),以嚙齒(chi)目(mu)(mu)2科(ke)(ke)8種,食肉目(mu)(mu)2科(ke)(ke)2種為主(zhu)(見表5),具有明顯(xian)的(de)農田(tian)水(shui)域獸類特征。
調查發現(xian),泉水(shui)灣濕(shi)地(di)(di)共(gong)分布(bu)有(you)(you)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)130種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),隸(li)屬于15目(mu)(mu)33科。在(zai)130種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)中(zhong),雀形目(mu)(mu)計有(you)(you)58種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占濕(shi)地(di)(di)公(gong)園內分布(bu)的鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)的44.6%,其中(zhong)僅鹟科就有(you)(you)19種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),是(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)多的一科;另有(you)(you)非雀形目(mu)(mu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)72種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),共(gong)占濕(shi)地(di)(di)公(gong)園鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)的55.4%。從鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)生態類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)型上(shang)看,泉水(shui)灣濕(shi)地(di)(di)公(gong)園分布(bu)有(you)(you)游禽(qin)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、涉禽(qin)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、陸(lu)禽(qin)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、攀禽(qin)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、猛禽(qin)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、鳴禽(qin)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)等(deng)。在(zai)130種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)中(zhong),留鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)36種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占全部種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的27.7%,夏候鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占全部種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的18.5%,冬候鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)38種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占全部種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的29.2%,旅鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)32種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占全部種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的
泉(quan)水灣(wan)濕(shi)(shi)地內分布著多種(zhong)(zhong)國家級(ji)重點保護(hu)野生動物,這些國家級(ji)保護(hu)動物全(quan)部為(wei)鳥類,包括白(bai)琵鷺、白(bai)額雁、小天鵝、黑鳶、雀鷹(ying)(ying)、普通鵟、白(bai)尾鷂、鵲鷂、紅隼(sun)、燕隼(sun)、阿(a)穆爾(er)隼(sun)、褐翅鴉鵑、鷹(ying)(ying)鸮、短(duan)耳鸮等共計14種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)該濕(shi)(shi)地脊椎動物總(zong)數(198種(zhong)(zhong))的(de)7.1%。
在(zai)泉水灣(wan)濕地內(nei)還分布(bu)有(you)38種(zhong)安徽(hui)省(sheng)省(sheng)級重點(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)野生脊椎動物。其中,兩(liang)棲類(lei)中金線蛙、黑(hei)斑蛙、中華蟾蜍、花背(bei)蟾蜍等(deng)4種(zhong)為(wei)安徽(hui)省(sheng)級重點(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)野生動物。爬行(xing)類(lei)中,中華鱉(bie)、烏(wu)梢蛇2種(zhong)被(bei)列為(wei)安徽(hui)省(sheng)重點(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)野生動物。獸類(lei)中,有(you)2種(zhong)省(sheng)級重點(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)野生動物,即(ji)豹貓和黃鼬。鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)中,含30種(zhong)被(bei)列為(wei)省(sheng)級重點(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)的野生動物,如綠頭(tou)鴨(ya)、花臉鴨(ya)、鴻雁、豆雁、大(da)杜鵑、灰頭(tou)綠啄木鳥(niao)(niao)、金腰燕(yan)、棕背(bei)伯勞、黑(hei)枕黃鸝、灰喜鵲、環頸雉等(deng)。