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基本介紹

泉(quan)(quan)水(shui)灣(wan)(wan)濕(shi)地(di)公(gong)園位(wei)(wei)于(yu)阜陽(yang)市潁泉(quan)(quan)區，地(di)處沃(wo)野千里的淮北(bei)(bei)平原腹地(di)，介于(yu)東經115°33′～115°55′、北(bei)(bei)緯32°54′～33°07′之間。泉(quan)(quan)水(shui)灣(wan)(wan)位(wei)(wei)于(yu)泉(quan)(quan)河(he)北(bei)(bei)畔(pan)，南臨泉(quan)(quan)河(he)，東起泉(quan)(quan)穎閘，西起坎河(he)溜(liu)閘，位(wei)(wei)于(yu)老泉(quan)(quan)河(he)河(he)道上，全(quan)長(chang)15千米，規劃總面(mian)積(ji)(ji)452公(gong)頃(qing)，其中濕(shi)地(di)總面(mian)積(ji)(ji)為288.47公(gong)頃(qing)，占濕(shi)地(di)公(gong)園土(tu)地(di)總面(mian)積(ji)(ji)的63.82%。

根據《全(quan)國濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)調查技(ji)術規程(cheng)（試行）》的(de)(de)分類系(xi)統，參照(zhao)安徽省第二次濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)調查結果(guo)，濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)公(gong)園內濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)主(zhu)要(yao)為自然河流濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)（水面及河灘地(di)(di)(di)(di)），還有(you)一小部分的(de)(de)庫(ku)塘濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)。

地理環境

水文氣候

潁泉(quan)泉(quan)水(shui)灣(wan)濕(shi)(shi)地公園地處亞熱帶(dai)和暖(nuan)溫(wen)帶(dai)的過渡(du)區域，屬暖(nuan)溫(wen)帶(dai)半濕(shi)(shi)潤(run)季(ji)風氣(qi)候，四季(ji)分明，關照充足，雨量(liang)(liang)充沛，氣(qi)候溫(wen)和。年(nian)(nian)(nian)均氣(qi)溫(wen)14.9℃，無(wu)霜(shuang)(shuang)期220天，年(nian)(nian)(nian)均降水(shui)910毫(hao)米左右。年(nian)(nian)(nian)均氣(qi)溫(wen)14.5℃~15.0℃，1月(yue)(yue)(yue)平均氣(qi)溫(wen)1.0℃~1.2℃，7月(yue)(yue)(yue)平均氣(qi)溫(wen)28℃；常年(nian)(nian)(nian)月(yue)(yue)(yue)氣(qi)溫(wen)波動幅度以(yi)(yi)2月(yue)(yue)(yue)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)，可達9℃，以(yi)(yi)9月(yue)(yue)(yue)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小，一(yi)般(ban)在3.5℃；極端最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)高氣(qi)溫(wen)平均值(zhi)接近37℃，極端最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)低溫(wen)度平均值(zhi)在—12℃左右；年(nian)(nian)(nian)平均無(wu)霜(shuang)(shuang)期221天。年(nian)(nian)(nian)平均降水(shui)量(liang)(liang)950mm左右，最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)降水(shui)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)1722mm，最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小降水(shui)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)389.6mm。地區年(nian)(nian)(nian)蒸發(fa)(fa)量(liang)(liang)1600~1930mm，隨季(ji)節(jie)變化而不等，以(yi)(yi)夏季(ji)蒸發(fa)(fa)量(liang)(liang)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)，冬季(ji)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小，春季(ji)大(da)(da)(da)于秋季(ji)。一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)之(zhi)中，6月(yue)(yue)(yue)份蒸發(fa)(fa)量(liang)(liang)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)，1月(yue)(yue)(yue)份蒸發(fa)(fa)量(liang)(liang)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小。泉(quan)水(shui)灣(wan)濕(shi)(shi)地公園位于半濕(shi)(shi)潤(run)區域，相(xiang)(xiang)對濕(shi)(shi)度穩定。3~6月(yue)(yue)(yue)相(xiang)(xiang)對濕(shi)(shi)度較(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)，在82％以(yi)(yi)上；10月(yue)(yue)(yue)至翌年(nian)(nian)(nian)1月(yue)(yue)(yue)較(jiao)小，在78％以(yi)(yi)下；全年(nian)(nian)(nian)平均相(xiang)(xiang)對濕(shi)(shi)度為(wei)(wei)80％。

榮譽及其他

濕地植物

經本(ben)次(ci)調查初步統計潁泉(quan)(quan)區泉(quan)(quan)水灣濕(shi)地公(gong)園共有(you)維管植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物46科(ke)(ke)(ke)90屬(shu)(shu)(shu)102種(zhong)(zhong)（含種(zhong)(zhong)下分類單(dan)位，下同），其中(zhong)蕨類植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物有(you)3科(ke)(ke)(ke)3屬(shu)(shu)(shu)3種(zhong)(zhong)，裸(luo)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物2科(ke)(ke)(ke)2屬(shu)(shu)(shu)2種(zhong)(zhong)，被子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物41科(ke)(ke)(ke)85屬(shu)(shu)(shu)97種(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)被子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物中(zhong)雙子葉植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物34科(ke)(ke)(ke)69屬(shu)(shu)(shu)78種(zhong)(zhong)；單(dan)子葉植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物7科(ke)(ke)(ke)16屬(shu)(shu)(shu)19種(zhong)(zhong)。

阜陽潁泉(quan)區泉(quan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)灣濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)公園的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)維管(guan)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)在皖(wan)北(bei)還算是比較豐富(fu)的(de)(de)，共有19科34屬(shu)40種。由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)在濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)生(sheng)(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用與水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)基(ji)(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)、大(da)氣、光(guang)照(zhao)及其形態結構密(mi)切相關，因(yin)此濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活型可(ke)以分為(wei)以下(xia)5種：A.挺(ting)水(shui)(shui)(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)：根系(xi)著生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)基(ji)(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)，植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)大(da)部分挺(ting)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)接受(shou)光(guang)照(zhao)，缺水(shui)(shui)(shui)時可(ke)耐潮(chao)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)性陸生(sheng)(sheng)；B.浮葉(xie)(xie)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)：根系(xi)懸生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)，葉(xie)(xie)浮于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)接受(shou)光(guang)照(zhao)，葉(xie)(xie)柄長(chang)，或因(yin)變態莖上(shang)的(de)(de)葉(xie)(xie)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)期不同而葉(xie)(xie)片浮于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)，植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)不耐干(gan)旱；C.濕(shi)(shi)(shi)沼(zhao)生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)：根系(xi)著生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)潮(chao)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)或水(shui)(shui)(shui)環境(jing)基(ji)(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)，植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)在水(shui)(shui)(shui)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)或沼(zhao)澤環境(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)完成生(sheng)(sheng)活周期，花序挺(ting)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)，風(feng)媒(mei)或蟲媒(mei)；D.沉水(shui)(shui)(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)：根系(xi)著生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)基(ji)(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)，植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)沉入水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)，花序或花各部簡化，花期露(lu)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)或于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)媒(mei)或自花傳粉；E.耐濕(shi)(shi)(shi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)：近水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)，生(sheng)(sheng)活周期能(neng)適應階(jie)段性水(shui)(shui)(shui)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)與干(gan)旱，往往花果期處于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)后種生(sheng)(sheng)境(jing)，為(wei)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)生(sheng)(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)重要(yao)一員。

按上述不(bu)同生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)型劃(hua)分濕(shi)地(di)公園內水生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)有挺水植(zhi)物(wu)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，浮葉植(zhi)物(wu)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，濕(shi)沼生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)19種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，沉(chen)水植(zhi)物(wu)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，耐濕(shi)植(zhi)物(wu)9種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)皖北濕(shi)地(di)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態系統中多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)性明顯，但(dan)以濕(shi)沼生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)與(yu)耐濕(shi)植(zhi)物(wu)較多(duo)(duo)。從(cong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)境(jing)(jing)條(tiao)件來看，此兩類生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)型分布于水域生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)境(jing)(jing)與(yu)中生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)環境(jing)(jing)間的過(guo)渡帶。

根據1984年(nian)(nian)國(guo)務院環(huan)境(jing)保(bao)(bao)護委員會(hui)公(gong)(gong)布《中國(guo)珍(zhen)稀瀕危保(bao)(bao)護植(zhi)物名錄》和1999年(nian)(nian)國(guo)務院批準公(gong)(gong)布的《國(guo)家(jia)重點保(bao)(bao)護野生(sheng)植(zhi)物名錄(第一批)》，濕地公(gong)(gong)園內現有國(guo)家(jia)I級保(bao)(bao)護的有1種，即(ji)銀杏(xing)，屬(shu)銀杏(xing)科、銀杏(xing)屬(shu)，單屬(shu)單種落葉大喬木。屬(shu)國(guo)家(jia)Ⅱ級保(bao)(bao)護的一種，即(ji)蓮。

濕地動物

泉水灣濕(shi)地(di)擁有十分豐富的(de)動物資源，共記錄到野生脊(ji)椎(zhui)動物198種，隸屬于29目(mu)55科。

泉(quan)(quan)水灣濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)屬(shu)(shu)淮河水系，淡水魚類資源豐富。經本次初(chu)步調查，在泉(quan)(quan)水灣濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)共發現(xian)有41種(zhong)(zhong)魚類分(fen)布，以鯉形(xing)目(mu)(mu)為(wei)主(zhu)。其中，鯉形(xing)目(mu)(mu)2科(ke)(ke)34種(zhong)(zhong)，非鯉形(xing)目(mu)(mu)7科(ke)(ke)7種(zhong)(zhong)；泉(quan)(quan)水灣濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)分(fen)布有兩棲(qi)動物1目(mu)(mu)3科(ke)(ke)7種(zhong)(zhong)，分(fen)布有爬行(xing)動物6種(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬(shu)(shu)于3目(mu)(mu)3科(ke)(ke)。泉(quan)(quan)水灣濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)內的哺乳類已知(zhi)有5目(mu)(mu)7科(ke)(ke)14種(zhong)(zhong)，從種(zhong)(zhong)數看，以嚙齒目(mu)(mu)2科(ke)(ke)8種(zhong)(zhong)，食肉目(mu)(mu)2科(ke)(ke)2種(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)主(zhu)（見(jian)表(biao)5），具(ju)有明顯(xian)的農田水域獸類特征。

調查發現，泉(quan)水(shui)灣(wan)濕地(di)共(gong)分(fen)布(bu)有(you)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)130種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬(shu)于15目(mu)33科。在130種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)中(zhong)，雀(que)形(xing)目(mu)計有(you)58種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)濕地(di)公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內分(fen)布(bu)的鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數的44.6%，其(qi)中(zhong)僅(jin)鹟科就有(you)19種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，是種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)多的一科；另有(you)非雀(que)形(xing)目(mu)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)72種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，共(gong)占(zhan)濕地(di)公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數的55.4%。從鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)生態類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)型上看(kan)，泉(quan)水(shui)灣(wan)濕地(di)公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)分(fen)布(bu)有(you)游(you)禽(qin)(qin)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、涉(she)禽(qin)(qin)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、陸禽(qin)(qin)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、攀禽(qin)(qin)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、猛禽(qin)(qin)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、鳴禽(qin)(qin)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)等。在130種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)中(zhong)，留鳥36種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)部種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的27.7%，夏候鳥24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)部種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的18.5%，冬(dong)候鳥38種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)部種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的29.2%，旅鳥32種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)部種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的

泉(quan)水灣濕(shi)地內分布著多種(zhong)國家級(ji)重點保(bao)護野(ye)生動物(wu)，這些國家級(ji)保(bao)護動物(wu)全部為鳥類，包括白(bai)琵(pi)鷺(lu)、白(bai)額雁、小天(tian)鵝、黑鳶、雀(que)鷹、普通鵟、白(bai)尾(wei)鷂(yao)、鵲鷂(yao)、紅隼、燕隼、阿穆爾隼、褐(he)翅(chi)鴉鵑、鷹鸮、短(duan)耳鸮等共計14種(zhong)，占(zhan)該濕(shi)地脊椎動物(wu)總數（198種(zhong)）的7.1％。

在泉水灣濕地內還(huan)分布有38種安(an)(an)徽省(sheng)省(sheng)級重點(dian)保(bao)護(hu)野生(sheng)脊椎動物(wu)。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，兩(liang)棲類中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)線(xian)蛙、黑斑蛙、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)蟾(chan)蜍(chu)、花背(bei)蟾(chan)蜍(chu)等4種為(wei)(wei)安(an)(an)徽省(sheng)級重點(dian)保(bao)護(hu)野生(sheng)動物(wu)。爬行類中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)鱉、烏梢蛇(she)2種被列(lie)為(wei)(wei)安(an)(an)徽省(sheng)重點(dian)保(bao)護(hu)野生(sheng)動物(wu)。獸(shou)類中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，有2種省(sheng)級重點(dian)保(bao)護(hu)野生(sheng)動物(wu)，即豹貓和黃鼬。鳥類中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，含30種被列(lie)為(wei)(wei)省(sheng)級重點(dian)保(bao)護(hu)的野生(sheng)動物(wu)，如綠頭鴨(ya)、花臉鴨(ya)、鴻雁(yan)、豆雁(yan)、大杜鵑、灰(hui)頭綠啄木鳥、金(jin)腰(yao)燕、棕背(bei)伯勞、黑枕黃鸝、灰(hui)喜鵲、環頸雉等。