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長江天鵝洲白鱀豚自然保護區
0 票數:0 #自然地理景觀#
長江天鵝洲白鰭豚國家級自然保護區位于湖北省石首市北部,長江中游北岸,東經112o31'36"~112o36'90",北緯29o46'71"~29o51'45"。總面積6865.72公頃,水域面積1896.64公頃,洲灘、邊灘2088公頃(包括沙灘子大堤以南的長江邊灘474.13公頃),耕地及宅基地約2881.07公頃。天鵝洲俗名“天鵝抱蛋”,地形地貌獨特,南依九曲回腸的下荊江河段,北靠一馬平川的江漢平原,外圍是長達約40公里的外圍邊灘,內環20公里的長江故道,中心為約2萬多畝的天鵝島,構成了淤積洲灘和牛軛湖相互交融的典型的泛洪平原濕地景觀。
  • 所在地/隸屬: 湖北(bei)省(sheng)石首市(shi)
  • 自然保護區等級: 國家級(1990年建區(qu))
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概況

長江天鵝(e)洲白鰭(qi)豚(tun)國(guo)家(jia)級(ji)(ji)自然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)有(you)(you)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)238種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),隸屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)64科(ke)168屬(shu)。共有(you)(you)高(gao)等(deng)陸生(sheng)脊(ji)(ji)(ji)椎(zhui)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)231種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其(qi)中,鳥類(lei)(lei)14目(mu)33科(ke)201種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中包(bao)括中國(guo)國(guo)家(jia)一級(ji)(ji)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)鳥類(lei)(lei)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),二級(ji)(ji)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)鳥類(lei)(lei)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);獸類(lei)(lei)6目(mu)8科(ke)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),包(bao)括國(guo)家(jia)一級(ji)(ji)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)白暨豚(tun)和麋鹿(lu),二級(ji)(ji)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)長江江豚(tun);兩棲類(lei)(lei)1目(mu)3科(ke)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),爬行類(lei)(lei)2目(mu)6科(ke)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);魚類(lei)(lei)調查(cha)的(de)最高(gao)記錄曾(ceng)達到77種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),分屬(shu)18科(ke),其(qi)中鯉(li)形目(mu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)占(zhan)67.5%,是“四大家(jia)魚”的(de)天然種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)庫。故道水(shui)體共有(you)(you)浮游(you)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)155種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),浮游(you)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)111種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),底棲動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)29種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 根據(ju)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)相(xiang)對(dui)豐(feng)度(du)的(de)定義——相(xiang)對(dui)豐(feng)度(du)是指(zhi)該區(qu)域(yu)的(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數量占(zhan)所(suo)屬(shu)行政省區(qu)的(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數量的(de)比例。湖北省約(yue)有(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)3700種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左右;陸生(sheng)脊(ji)(ji)(ji)椎(zhui)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)562種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左右,魚類(lei)(lei)76種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),脊(ji)(ji)(ji)椎(zhui)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)共計738種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。據(ju)此可以粗略的(de)估(gu)算(suan)出天鵝(e)洲動(dong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)的(de)相(xiang)對(dui)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)豐(feng)度(du)。高(gao)等(deng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)相(xiang)對(dui)豐(feng)度(du)比較低(di),僅約(yue)占(zhan)全省植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的(de)6.4%,按標準規定屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)“相(xiang)對(dui)較低(di)”的(de)水(shui)平(ping)(ping);動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)約(yue)占(zhan)全省脊(ji)(ji)(ji)椎(zhui)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)41.7%,屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)“相(xiang)對(dui)較高(gao)”的(de)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)。

地形與地貌

天(tian)鵝(e)洲(zhou)白鰭豚國家級自(zi)然保護區位(wei)于(yu)江(jiang)漢(han)平(ping)原南緣,由于(yu)地勢(shi)低(di)平(ping),水流的(de)擺動和(he)沖刷,長江(jiang)在荊江(jiang)河道形(xing)成(cheng)“九曲回腸”的(de)獨(du)特(te)景觀(guan),后(hou)經自(zi)然或人工裁彎(wan)取直(zhi)留下了眾(zhong)多(duo)的(de)故(gu)(gu)道(牛軛湖)。天(tian)鵝(e)洲(zhou)故(gu)(gu)道是1972年自(zi)然截彎(wan)取直(zhi)而成(cheng)。故(gu)(gu)道呈新月形(xing),環繞天(tian)鵝(e)島(dao),天(tian)鵝(e)島(dao)呈橢圓(yuan)形(xing),東南側在枯水期(qi)與小河鎮(zhen)相(xiang)連,呈半島(dao)型;汛期(qi)則完全被故(gu)(gu)道包圍。1998年大(da)洪水后(hou),為(wei)了保護故(gu)(gu)道區人民的(de)生命(ming)財產安全,在漁(yu)政(zheng)站、春(chun)風閘(zha)一帶(dai)修筑(zhu)了平(ping)均高(gao)度(du)達38.5米(mi)的(de)圍堤,之后(hou)又在此基礎上加高(gao)1米(mi),即(ji)現在的(de)沙灘子大(da)堤,僅有下口閘(zha)在汛期(qi)通過人為(wei)調控與長江(jiang)相(xiang)連。 天(tian)鵝(e)洲(zhou)濕地以故(gu)(gu)道水面為(wei)最低(di),山故(gu)(gu)道淺灘逐漸向(xiang)江(jiang)岸增高(gao)。平(ping)均海(hai)拔(ba)一般(ban)35米(mi)左右,最高(gao)點為(wei)38.44米(mi),最低(di)點32.91米(mi),相(xiang)對(dui)高(gao)差不大(da)。一年一度(du)的(de)江(jiang)水泛濫,加上洞(dong)庭湖的(de)頂托,流速降低(di),泥沙淤積,形(xing)成(cheng)大(da)片(pian)的(de)蘆(lu)葦沼澤濕地。

氣候條件

天鵝(e)洲(zhou)白鰭豚國家(jia)級自然保(bao)護區(qu)屬于亞熱(re)帶季(ji)(ji)風(feng)氣(qi)候。保(bao)護區(qu)內的(de)年(nian)太(tai)陽輻射總量達106千卡/平方厘米,能充分(fen)滿(man)足植物光合作用的(de)需要。全年(nian)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)總時數(shu)1844小(xiao)(xiao)時左石(shi),夏季(ji)(ji)初(chu)秋日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)多(duo),月平均(jun)(jun)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)時數(shu)達215小(xiao)(xiao)時的(de)有7個月(4-10月),全年(nian)平均(jun)(jun)每天日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)5小(xiao)(xiao)時以上。最(zui)(zui)多(duo)“月日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)”出(chu)現在(zai)7月,為318.8小(xiao)(xiao)時,最(zui)(zui)少“月日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)”出(chu)現在(zai)12月,為25.7小(xiao)(xiao)時,年(nian)平均(jun)(jun)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)百分(fen)率為42%。 保(bao)護區(qu)年(nian)平均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)16.5℃左右,最(zui)(zui)熱(re)月7月份(fen)平均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)28.5℃左右,極(ji)端(duan)(duan)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)氣(qi)溫(wen)38.6℃左右;最(zui)(zui)冷(leng)月l月份(fen)平均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)3.5℃左右,極(ji)端(duan)(duan)最(zui)(zui)低氣(qi)溫(wen)-14.9℃,0℃以上活動積溫(wen)達6000℃。每年(nian)的(de)無霜(shuang)期長達261天,超過石(shi)首市258天的(de)平均(jun)(jun)數(shu)。冬季(ji)(ji)受(shou)強大的(de)蒙古冷(leng)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)控制和影響(xiang),多(duo)偏(pian)北風(feng),天氣(qi)寒冷(leng)、干燥(zao);夏季(ji)(ji)受(shou)太(tai)平洋副熱(re)帶高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)、印度洋熱(re)低壓(ya)(ya)影響(xiang)和控制,多(duo)偏(pian)南(nan)風(feng),天氣(qi)炎熱(re);春季(ji)(ji)、初(chu)夏、晚秋,南(nan)北冷(leng)熱(re)空(kong)氣(qi)經常在(zai)長江中下游一帶匯(hui)合交鋒,造成(cheng)較多(duo)降水,常出(chu)現春雨、梅雨和秋雨。

保(bao)護區的(de)年(nian)降水(shui)量達1200毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米以上,其中6月(yue)最多,達191毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米左(zuo)右,1月(yue)最少,只有(you)30毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米左(zuo)右。年(nian)平均絕對濕度(du)大17.4毫(hao)(hao)(hao)巴,年(nian)平均相對濕度(du)為80%左(zuo)右。歷年(nian)3-8月(yue)均雨量都大于100毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米,4-10月(yue)的(de)總雨量高達859.7毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米,占全年(nian)總雨量的(de)74.5%。

保護(hu)(hu)區(qu)所在的(de)(de)石(shi)首市的(de)(de)災(zai)害天氣有(you):陣陰雨、寒潮、低(di)溫(wen)、大風(feng)、降雪(xue)、積雪(xue)、雹(bao)、雷(lei)、霧、霜、霜凍等13種,其中(zhong)值得(de)引起保護(hu)(hu)區(qu)足夠重視的(de)(de)主要有(you)旱、澇、風(feng)、凍等4種。

土壤條件

天鵝洲長江故道濕(shi)地(di)(di)自然保護區屬(shu)典型(xing)的(de)近(jin)代(dai)河(he)(he)流(liu)相沖(chong)積(ji)(ji)(ji)、洪積(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)堆積(ji)(ji)(ji)而成(cheng)的(de)洲灘平原,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)形成(cheng)的(de)歷(li)史不長,成(cheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)母質以砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)質粘土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),發(fa)育的(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)為(wei)(wei)草甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類(lei)(lei)。根據80年代(dai)中(zhong)國第(di)二(er)次土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)普查(cha)的(de)分(fen)類(lei)(lei)方(fang)案(an),該地(di)(di)區只有一個土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類(lei)(lei)(草甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)),一個來(lai)(lai)類(lei)(lei)(淺色(se)草甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)),一個土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)屬(shu)(河(he)(he)灘草甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu))。再根據沉積(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)泥(ni)含(han)量比例的(de)不同,續分(fen)為(wei)(wei)蘆葦(wei)河(he)(he)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)泥(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、荒(huang)地(di)(di)河(he)(he)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、荒(huang)地(di)(di)河(he)(he)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)泥(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)等土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)種(zhong),其中(zhong)又以生長草甸(dian)植被為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)荒(huang)地(di)(di)河(he)(he)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)泥(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)要土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)種(zhong)。從土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)普查(cha)家化(hua)樣分(fen)析結果來(lai)(lai)看,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)的(de)理化(hua)性狀較(jiao)好,如荒(huang)地(di)(di)河(he)(he)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)泥(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和荒(huang)地(di)(di)河(he)(he)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),質地(di)(di)適中(zhong)(中(zhong)壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)),層(ceng)次明顯,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)體構型(xing)為(wei)(wei)A—B—C型(xing),全剖面具有強(qiang)石灰(hui)反(fan)應,PH值(zhi)8.0左右(you),上下(xia)層(ceng)差異不大(da),原因在于成(cheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)母質為(wei)(wei)富含(han)碳酸鈣的(de)沉積(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)。這種(zhong)沉積(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)在地(di)(di)勢低平,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)淋溶(rong)作用(yong)弱(ruo)的(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)所形成(cheng)的(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)都具有石灰(hui)反(fan)應強(qiang)烈的(de)物(wu)性。根據家化(hua)樣分(fen)析,表(biao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(A層(ceng),厚度16cm左右(you))有機質含(han)量1.62%—3.35%,全氮0.12%—0.19%,堿解氮56—132PPM,速效磷5.36—6.27PPM,速效鉀(jia)127—147PPM,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)容量1.4g/cm3,代(dai)換量20—30me/100g土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)。

動物資源

長江天鵝洲白暨(ji)豚國家級(ji)自然保護區動(dong)物多(duo)樣性

長江天(tian)鵝洲(zhou)白暨豚國(guo)家級自然保(bao)護區(qu)得天(tian)獨厚的(de)地理(li)氣(qi)候條件為各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)陸生(sheng)(sheng)、水(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)及水(shui)(shui)陸兩棲(qi)動物(wu)提供了(le)很好(hao)的(de)棲(qi)息地。據統計,該(gai)區(qu)共有231種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)陸生(sheng)(sheng)脊椎(zhui)動物(wu)。其中觀察(cha)到的(de)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)有14目(mu)(mu)33科(ke)201種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),獸(shou)類(lei)(lei)(lei)6目(mu)(mu)8科(ke)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),兩棲(qi)類(lei)(lei)(lei)1目(mu)(mu)3科(ke)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),爬(pa)行類(lei)(lei)(lei)3目(mu)(mu)6科(ke)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)7目(mu)(mu)11科(ke)50種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);底棲(qi)動物(wu)26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);浮游動物(wu)54種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 1997年,湖北省水(shui)(shui)產科(ke)學(xue)研究所根據天(tian)鵝洲(zhou)的(de)馬蹄形,以洲(zhou)為軸,設立了(le)五個(ge)采樣(yang)點(dian),分別于(yu)5月(yue)、8月(yue)、12月(yue)三(san)次(ci)(ci)采樣(yang)。浮游動物(wu)通(tong)過三(san)次(ci)(ci)采樣(yang),共檢出浮游動物(wu)54種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中原生(sheng)(sheng)動物(wu)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)和數量(liang)最多(duo),達到22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),輪(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),橈足類(lei)(lei)(lei)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),枝角類(lei)(lei)(lei)9種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),所占比例(li)分別為40%、33.3%、9.3%、16.7%。原生(sheng)(sheng)動物(wu)以沙殼蟲(chong)屬為主,輪(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)以多(duo)肢輪(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)、臂(bei)尾輪(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)較多(duo),枝角類(lei)(lei)(lei)以秀體蚤(zao)較多(duo),橈足類(lei)(lei)(lei)劍水(shui)(shui)蚤(zao)、猛水(shui)(shui)蚤(zao)、膘(biao)水(shui)(shui)蚤(zao)均(jun)有。

底(di)棲動物(wu)(wu)經三次(ci)采集(ji),共采集(ji)到底(di)棲生物(wu)(wu)26種(zhong)(zhong),其中寡毛(mao)類8種(zhong)(zhong),水生昆蟲(chong)4種(zhong)(zhong),軟體動物(wu)(wu)12種(zhong)(zhong),其他動物(wu)(wu)1種(zhong)(zhong)。

魚類1997年(nian)經調查統計,長江天(tian)鵝洲白(bai)暨豚國家(jia)級(ji)自(zi)然保護區1-9月的漁獲(huo)量(liang)為87.4kg,分屬7目11科50種(zhong),其中鯉科魚類占30種(zhong),其中鰍(qiu)科3種(zhong),攀(pan)鱸科4種(zhong),銀(yin)魚科、鮠科、鱧科各占2種(zhong),鯡科、鯰科、科、合鰓(sai)科各占1種(zhong)

兩棲類天(tian)鵝洲故(gu)道濕(shi)地自然保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)兩棲類共(gong)有(you)1目(mu)(mu)、3科(ke)5種。在保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)內發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)5種兩棲動(dong)物(wu)可以劃分(fen):二個生態類群,其(qi)(qi)中金線蛙(wa)(wa)和(he)(he)黑(hei)斑蛙(wa)(wa)以及(ji)澤(ze)陸(lu)蛙(wa)(wa)屬于靜水(shui)棲息型,其(qi)(qi)中后兩種的(de)(de)(de)數量(liang)很(hen)多,在保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)內長(chang)滿(man)蒿草的(de)(de)(de)淺(qian)(qian)水(shui)地帶(非故(gu)道)中,不斷地可以聽到它們的(de)(de)(de)鳴聲和(he)(he)岸上跳(tiao)下(xia)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)聲音;第二種生態類群是屬于陸(lu)棲型的(de)(de)(de)中華大瞻蜍、澤(ze)陸(lu)蛙(wa)(wa)和(he)(he)飾紋姬(ji)蛙(wa)(wa)。在保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)內地勢稍高(gao)而長(chang)滿(man)蘆葦的(de)(de)(de)地帶中,可以發現(xian)很(hen)多的(de)(de)(de)澤(ze)陸(lu)蛙(wa)(wa),在長(chang)滿(man)蒿草的(de)(de)(de)淺(qian)(qian)水(shui)地帶的(de)(de)(de)陸(lu)上及(ji)居民點(dian)周圍,幾乎走幾步就(jiu)會發現(xian)一只瞻蜍,其(qi)(qi)密度很(hen)高(gao)。 爬(pa)行(xing)類天(tian)鵝濕(shi)故(gu)道濕(shi)地保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)爬(pa)行(xing)動(dong)物(wu)有(you)3目(mu)(mu)、6科(ke)、12種。3目(mu)(mu)分(fen)別(bie)為(wei):龜鱉(bie)目(mu)(mu)、蜥蜴目(mu)(mu)、蛇(she)(she)(she)目(mu)(mu);6科(ke)別(bie)為(wei):龜鱉(bie)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)淡水(shui)龜科(ke)(烏龜)和(he)(he)鱉(bie)科(ke)(鱉(bie))、蜥蜴目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)石龍子科(ke)(蝘(yan)蜓)和(he)(he)壁(bi)(bi)虎(hu)科(ke)(多疣壁(bi)(bi)虎(hu))、蛇(she)(she)(she)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)游蛇(she)(she)(she)科(ke)(赤練蛇(she)(she)(she)、王錦(jin)蛇(she)(she)(she)、紅點(dian)錦(jin)蛇(she)(she)(she)、黑(hei)眉錦(jin)蛇(she)(she)(she)、虎(hu)斑游蛇(she)(she)(she)、滑鼠蛇(she)(she)(she)、烏梢蛇(she)(she)(she))和(he)(he)蝰科(ke)(蝮(fu)蛇(she)(she)(she))。

獸(shou)(shou)類天鵝(e)洲濕(shi)地麋(mi)(mi)鹿自然保(bao)護(hu)區有獸(shou)(shou)類6目(mu)8科(ke)13種(zhong),國家(jia)一級保(bao)護(hu)動(dong)物白鱀豚和麋(mi)(mi)鹿,二級保(bao)護(hu)動(dong)物長江江豚。

鳥(niao)類(lei)天鵝洲濕地麋鹿自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區有(you)鳥(niao)類(lei)14目33科201種,其中包(bao)括國家(jia)一級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)類(lei)6種,二級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)類(lei)17種。

植物資源

長江(jiang)天鵝洲白暨(ji)豚國家級自然(ran)保(bao)護區植(zhi)物(wu)多樣(yang)性 浮游(you)植(zhi)物(wu)

1997年,湖北(bei)省(sheng)水(shui)產(chan)科(ke)學(xue)研究所根(gen)據天(tian)鵝洲的(de)(de)(de)馬蹄形,以洲為(wei)(wei)軸,設立了五個采樣(yang)點(dian),分別于5月(yue)(yue)、8月(yue)(yue)、12月(yue)(yue)三(san)次采樣(yang)。經5月(yue)(yue)、8月(yue)(yue)、11月(yue)(yue)三(san)次對保(bao)護區水(shui)域內的(de)(de)(de)浮游(you)植物進行監測,從(cong)采集中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)樣(yang)共檢(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)浮游(you)植物7門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)106種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),檢(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類以8月(yue)(yue)份(fen)最(zui)多,達84種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。各月(yue)(yue)份(fen)的(de)(de)(de)優勢門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)類:5月(yue)(yue)份(fen)為(wei)(wei)綠(lv)(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、硅(gui)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men);8月(yue)(yue)份(fen)為(wei)(wei)綠(lv)(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、藍(lan)(lan)(lan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men);11月(yue)(yue)份(fen)為(wei)(wei)硅(gui)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。從(cong)鏡檢(jian)(jian)結果看,綠(lv)(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、藍(lan)(lan)(lan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類的(de)(de)(de)比例(li)最(zui)高,甲(jia)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類的(de)(de)(de)比例(li)最(zui)低,若(ruo)把各門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)類從(cong)少到多排(pai)列(lie),其順序為(wei)(wei)甲(jia)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<金(jin)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<黃藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<裸(luo)(luo)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<硅(gui)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<藍(lan)(lan)(lan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<綠(lv)(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。其中(zhong)(zhong)甲(jia)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)2.8%;金(jin)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)4.7%;黃藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)6.6%;裸(luo)(luo)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)10.4%;硅(gui)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)16.1%;藍(lan)(lan)(lan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)29.2%;綠(lv)(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)32種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)30.2%。

濕地維管束植物

1997~1998年對長江(jiang)故道天(tian)鵝(e)洲(zhou)白暨豚自然保護(hu)區水生和濕(shi)(shi)生植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)資源和植(zhi)被概況進(jin)行調查(cha),調查(cha)范圍主(zhu)要(yao)為水域及岸邊(bian)季節性淹水濕(shi)(shi)地。采集植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)標本經(jing)分類(lei)鑒定,并參考(kao)有關文獻(xian)材料,整理出自然保護(hu)區植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)名錄。計(ji)有高等植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)30科(ke)(ke),59屬69種,其中苔蘚植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)1科(ke)(ke),1屬種,蕨類(lei)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)1科(ke)(ke),1屬1種。被子植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)28科(ke)(ke),57屬67種。

根據各科(ke)所(suo)含(han)(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)統計:種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物含(han)(han)(han)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)有13個,占(zhan)所(suo)有種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物科(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)46%,含(han)(han)(han)2-4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)有11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)所(suo)有種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物科(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)29.3%,含(han)(han)(han)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以上的(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)有4個,占(zhan)總(zong)(zong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)14.3%。最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)為菊科(ke),含(han)(han)(han)有8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其次有禾(he)本科(ke),含(han)(han)(han)有7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其占(zhan)全(quan)部種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)21.7%。從屬的(de)(de)(de)(de)統計看:含(han)(han)(han)有1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)屬有53個,占(zhan)全(quan)部屬的(de)(de)(de)(de)91.2%,毛莨屬含(han)(han)(han)有種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)最多:4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其次為眼子(zi)菜(cai)屬含(han)(han)(han)有3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),它們分別為濕生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物和(he)水生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屬,其種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)占(zhan)總(zong)(zong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)11.95%。

(1)水(shui)(shui)杉(shan)林(lin)人工(gong)(gong)(gong)栽(zai)培林(lin),有于(yu)(yu)固堤(di),主要(yao)分布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)天(tian)鵝(e)村段堤(di)邊(bian),面(mian)積(ji)水(shui)(shui)大(da),呈條分布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),喜濕潤生境,與(yu)(yu)池(chi)杉(shan)林(lin)相互交錯。(2)意楊林(lin)人工(gong)(gong)(gong)栽(zai)培林(lin),在保(bao)護(hu)區內為主要(yao)的護(hu)堤(di)林(lin),在上(shang)口(kou)(kou)至中中段的右岸(an)(保(bao)護(hu)區管(guan)理)(3)旱柳林(lin)人工(gong)(gong)(gong)栽(zai)培林(lin),栽(zai)種(zhong)于(yu)(yu)近(jin)水(shui)(shui)緣(yuan)(yuan)處(chu),帶(dai)(dai)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)分布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)目上(shang)河(he)口(kou)(kou)村段堤(di)壩,長度曾達4km,極(ji)耐(nai)水(shui)(shui)淹。(4)池(chi)杉(shan)林(lin)人工(gong)(gong)(gong)栽(zai)培林(lin),條狀(zhuang)(zhuang)間斷分布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)兩岸(an)近(jin)水(shui)(shui)緣(yuan)(yuan)處(chu),與(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)杉(shan)林(lin)鑲(xiang)嵌分布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),面(mian)積(ji)較小(xiao),亦耐(nai)水(shui)(shui)淹。草(cao)本濕地植(zhi)被沉(chen)水(shui)(shui)植(zhi)物 (1)竹(zhu)(zhu)葉眼(yan)子(zi)菜群(qun)(qun)落(luo)為本區水(shui)(shui)生植(zhi)被絕(jue)對(dui)優(you)勢(shi)種(zhong),帶(dai)(dai)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)分布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)河(he)訂離岸(an)線約(yue)(yue)5-10m處(chu),帶(dai)(dai)寬(kuan)5-10m不等。并在上(shang)口(kou)(kou)岸(an)河(he)口(kou)(kou)村淺灘處(chu)大(da)面(mian)積(ji)分布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),枯水(shui)(shui)期(qi)覆蓋整個水(shui)(shui)面(mian)。群(qun)(qun)落(luo)組成(cheng)較單一,有穗花(hua)狐藻、黑藻間雜其(qi)間。竹(zhu)(zhu)葉眼(yan)子(zi)菜難成(cheng)本區的絕(jue)對(dui)優(you)勢(shi)種(zhong)與(yu)(yu)天(tian)鵝(e)洲長江故道水(shui)(shui)質清(qing)澈,營養貧乏,基底較硬有關。(2)穗花(hua)狐尾藻群(qun)(qun)落(luo)帶(dai)(dai)關分布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)竹(zhu)(zhu)葉眼(yan)子(zi)菜帶(dai)(dai)之處(chu),帶(dai)(dai)寬(kuan)可達15-20m,植(zhi)物扎根(gen)較深(shen),約(yue)(yue)3-4m,但主要(yao)占領上(shang)半層(ceng)水(shui)(shui)體,層(ceng)水(shui)(shui)體由苦(ku)草(cao)和(he)金(jin)魚藻占領。(3)黑藻+菹(zu)草(cao)群(qun)(qun)落(luo)帶(dai)(dai)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)分布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)竹(zhu)(zhu)葉眼(yan)子(zi)菜內側,水(shui)(shui)深(shen)較淺,約(yue)(yue)1-2m經常有許多水(shui)(shui)綿呈煙霧狀(zhuang)(zhuang)分布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)群(qun)(qun)落(luo)中,影響植(zhi)物光合作用,是水(shui)(shui)體中一大(da)害,應采取適當(dang)措(cuo)施予以控制。(4)針藺群(qun)(qun)落(luo)廣泛分布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)上(shang)口(kou)(kou)河(he)口(kou)(kou)村段淺灘片,水(shui)(shui)深(shen)約(yue)(yue)1m,枯水(shui)(shui)期(qi)挺出水(shui)(shui)面(mian),伴生種(zhong)有小(xiao)燈心草(cao)和(he)水(shui)(shui)田碎米(mi)薺(qi)。

人文歷史

天鵝(e)洲白鰭(qi)豚自然(ran)保護區(qu),天鵝(e)洲位于荊楚(chu)大(da)(da)地(di),人文(wen)歷史悠久,燦爛(lan)的(de)楚(chu)文(wen)化和三(san)國的(de)古(gu)(gu)戰場在荊楚(chu)大(da)(da)地(di)留下許多名勝古(gu)(gu)跡,如荊州的(de)紀(ji)南城(cheng)遺址、蒲圻的(de)赤壁古(gu)(gu)戰場等等。這里已經建有兩個中國國家級瀕危動物自然(ran)保護區(qu),即天鵝(e)洲白鰭(qi)豚自然(ran)保護區(qu)和麋(mi)鹿自然(ran)保護區(qu)。

天鵝洲故(gu)道東南距離東洞庭(ting)湖(hu)濕地候(hou)鳥(niao)自然保護(hu)區僅幾十公里,由此向西(xi)逆江而上是全世(shi)界注目(mu)的(de)生態熱點(dian)三峽(xia)庫區,不遠可到達(da)保康臘梅自然保護(hu)區和動植(zhi)物寶庫神農(nong)架自然保護(hu)區。

天鵝(e)洲長江故(gu)道濕(shi)(shi)地集自(zi)然(ran)地理、珍(zhen)稀動物以及自(zi)然(ran)濕(shi)(shi)地生態(tai)保(bao)護于一身,具(ju)有重(zhong)要的科研(yan)、文化、生態(tai)及旅游價值。

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