長江天鵝(e)(e)洲(zhou)白鰭豚(tun)國(guo)家(jia)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)自然保護(hu)(hu)區有(you)(you)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)238種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸(li)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于64科168屬(shu)(shu)(shu)。共(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)高(gao)(gao)等(deng)陸(lu)(lu)生脊椎(zhui)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)231種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)，鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)14目(mu)(mu)33科201種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)包括中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)家(jia)一級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保護(hu)(hu)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，二級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保護(hu)(hu)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；獸類(lei)(lei)(lei)6目(mu)(mu)8科13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，包括國(guo)家(jia)一級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保護(hu)(hu)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)白暨豚(tun)和(he)麋鹿，二級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保護(hu)(hu)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)長江江豚(tun)；兩(liang)棲類(lei)(lei)(lei)1目(mu)(mu)3科5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬行類(lei)(lei)(lei)2目(mu)(mu)6科12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)調查的(de)(de)最高(gao)(gao)記錄(lu)曾達到77種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，分屬(shu)(shu)(shu)18科，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)鯉形目(mu)(mu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)占(zhan)(zhan)67.5%，是“四大家(jia)魚(yu)”的(de)(de)天然種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)資(zi)源庫。故道水(shui)體(ti)共(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)浮(fu)游植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)155種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，浮(fu)游動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)111種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，底棲動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)29種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 根據(ju)(ju)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)相對豐(feng)度的(de)(de)定(ding)義——相對豐(feng)度是指該區域的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數量占(zhan)(zhan)所屬(shu)(shu)(shu)行政省區的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數量的(de)(de)比例(li)。湖(hu)北省約有(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)3700種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左右(you)；陸(lu)(lu)生脊椎(zhui)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)562種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左右(you)，魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)76種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，脊椎(zhui)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)共(gong)(gong)計738種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。據(ju)(ju)此可以(yi)粗略的(de)(de)估算出天鵝(e)(e)洲(zhou)動植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)資(zi)源的(de)(de)相對物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)豐(feng)度。高(gao)(gao)等(deng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)相對豐(feng)度比較(jiao)低，僅約占(zhan)(zhan)全省植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)6.4%，按標準(zhun)規(gui)定(ding)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于“相對較(jiao)低”的(de)(de)水(shui)平；動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)約占(zhan)(zhan)全省脊椎(zhui)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)41.7%，屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于“相對較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)”的(de)(de)水(shui)平。
天鵝洲白鰭豚國家級(ji)自(zi)(zi)然保護區(qu)位于江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)漢(han)平原南緣，由于地勢低(di)平，水流的(de)(de)(de)擺動(dong)和沖刷，長江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)在(zai)(zai)荊(jing)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)河(he)(he)道(dao)形(xing)(xing)成“九(jiu)曲(qu)回(hui)腸(chang)”的(de)(de)(de)獨特景觀，后經自(zi)(zi)然或人工(gong)裁彎取(qu)直留下了眾多的(de)(de)(de)故(gu)道(dao)(牛軛湖)。天鵝洲故(gu)道(dao)是(shi)1972年自(zi)(zi)然截彎取(qu)直而(er)成。故(gu)道(dao)呈新月形(xing)(xing)，環繞天鵝島，天鵝島呈橢圓形(xing)(xing)，東(dong)南側在(zai)(zai)枯水期(qi)(qi)與(yu)小(xiao)河(he)(he)鎮相連(lian)，呈半島型；汛期(qi)(qi)則完(wan)全被故(gu)道(dao)包圍(wei)。1998年大洪水后，為(wei)了保護故(gu)道(dao)區(qu)人民的(de)(de)(de)生命財產(chan)安全，在(zai)(zai)漁政(zheng)站、春風閘(zha)一帶修筑了平均高(gao)度達(da)38.5米的(de)(de)(de)圍(wei)堤，之后又在(zai)(zai)此(ci)基礎上加高(gao)1米，即現在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)沙灘(tan)子大堤，僅有下口閘(zha)在(zai)(zai)汛期(qi)(qi)通過人為(wei)調控與(yu)長江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)相連(lian)。 天鵝洲濕(shi)地以故(gu)道(dao)水面為(wei)最(zui)低(di)，山故(gu)道(dao)淺灘(tan)逐(zhu)漸向江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)岸增高(gao)。平均海拔一般35米左右，最(zui)高(gao)點為(wei)38.44米，最(zui)低(di)點32.91米，相對高(gao)差不大。一年一度的(de)(de)(de)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水泛(fan)濫，加上洞庭湖的(de)(de)(de)頂托，流速降低(di)，泥沙淤積，形(xing)(xing)成大片的(de)(de)(de)蘆葦(wei)沼(zhao)澤(ze)濕(shi)地。
天(tian)(tian)(tian)鵝洲白鰭豚國家(jia)級(ji)自然保護(hu)區(qu)屬于(yu)亞(ya)熱(re)帶季(ji)風氣候。保護(hu)區(qu)內(nei)的(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)太陽輻射總量達106千卡/平(ping)方厘米，能(neng)充分(fen)滿足植物光合(he)作用的(de)需(xu)要。全(quan)(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)日(ri)(ri)照總時數(shu)1844小時左(zuo)石(shi)，夏(xia)(xia)季(ji)初(chu)秋日(ri)(ri)照多(duo)(duo)，月(yue)平(ping)均日(ri)(ri)照時數(shu)達215小時的(de)有7個月(yue)（4-10月(yue)），全(quan)(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均每天(tian)(tian)(tian)日(ri)(ri)照5小時以(yi)上。最(zui)(zui)(zui)多(duo)(duo)“月(yue)日(ri)(ri)照”出現在7月(yue)，為(wei)318.8小時，最(zui)(zui)(zui)少“月(yue)日(ri)(ri)照”出現在12月(yue)，為(wei)25.7小時，年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均日(ri)(ri)照百分(fen)率為(wei)42%。 保護(hu)區(qu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均氣溫(wen)(wen)(wen)16.5℃左(zuo)右(you)(you)，最(zui)(zui)(zui)熱(re)月(yue)7月(yue)份平(ping)均氣溫(wen)(wen)(wen)28.5℃左(zuo)右(you)(you)，極端最(zui)(zui)(zui)高氣溫(wen)(wen)(wen)38.6℃左(zuo)右(you)(you)；最(zui)(zui)(zui)冷(leng)月(yue)l月(yue)份平(ping)均氣溫(wen)(wen)(wen)3.5℃左(zuo)右(you)(you)，極端最(zui)(zui)(zui)低(di)氣溫(wen)(wen)(wen)-14.9℃，0℃以(yi)上活動積(ji)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)達6000℃。每年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)無霜(shuang)期長達261天(tian)(tian)(tian)，超過石(shi)首市258天(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)平(ping)均數(shu)。冬季(ji)受強大的(de)蒙古(gu)冷(leng)高壓控制和影響(xiang)，多(duo)(duo)偏北風，天(tian)(tian)(tian)氣寒冷(leng)、干燥；夏(xia)(xia)季(ji)受太平(ping)洋(yang)副熱(re)帶高壓、印度洋(yang)熱(re)低(di)壓影響(xiang)和控制，多(duo)(duo)偏南(nan)風，天(tian)(tian)(tian)氣炎熱(re)；春(chun)季(ji)、初(chu)夏(xia)(xia)、晚秋，南(nan)北冷(leng)熱(re)空(kong)氣經常在長江中下游一帶匯合(he)交(jiao)鋒，造成較多(duo)(duo)降水(shui)，常出現春(chun)雨、梅雨和秋雨。
保護區的(de)(de)年(nian)降水量(liang)達(da)(da)1200毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)以上，其中6月最多(duo)，達(da)(da)191毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)左右(you)(you)，1月最少，只有30毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)左右(you)(you)。年(nian)平均絕對(dui)濕度(du)大(da)17.4毫(hao)(hao)巴，年(nian)平均相對(dui)濕度(du)為80%左右(you)(you)。歷年(nian)3-8月均雨量(liang)都大(da)于100毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，4-10月的(de)(de)總(zong)雨量(liang)高達(da)(da)859.7毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，占全年(nian)總(zong)雨量(liang)的(de)(de)74.5%。
保護(hu)區所在的石首市的災(zai)害天氣(qi)有(you)：陣陰(yin)雨、寒潮、低溫、大風(feng)、降(jiang)雪、積雪、雹、雷、霧、霜、霜凍等13種(zhong)，其中值得(de)引起(qi)保護(hu)區足夠(gou)重視的主要有(you)旱、澇(lao)、風(feng)、凍等4種(zhong)。
天鵝洲長(chang)江(jiang)故道濕地(di)(di)自(zi)然保護區(qu)屬(shu)典型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)近代(dai)河流相沖(chong)積(ji)、洪(hong)積(ji)物(wu)堆積(ji)而成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)洲灘平原(yuan)，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史不(bu)(bu)長(chang)，成(cheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)母質(zhi)(zhi)以砂(sha)質(zhi)(zhi)粘土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)為主，發育的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)為草(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類(lei)(lei)。根(gen)據(ju)80年代(dai)中(zhong)國第二次(ci)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)普查(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分類(lei)(lei)方案，該(gai)地(di)(di)區(qu)只有(you)(you)一個(ge)(ge)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類(lei)(lei)（草(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)），一個(ge)(ge)來(lai)類(lei)(lei)（淺色草(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)），一個(ge)(ge)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)屬(shu)（河灘草(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)）。再根(gen)據(ju)沉(chen)積(ji)物(wu)砂(sha)泥(ni)(ni)含(han)量(liang)(liang)比(bi)例的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同，續分為蘆葦河砂(sha)泥(ni)(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、荒(huang)地(di)(di)河砂(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、荒(huang)地(di)(di)河砂(sha)泥(ni)(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)等土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)種，其中(zhong)又(you)以生長(chang)草(cao)甸(dian)植被為主的(de)(de)(de)(de)荒(huang)地(di)(di)河砂(sha)泥(ni)(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)為主要土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)種。從(cong)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)普查(cha)家化樣(yang)分析結果來(lai)看，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)理化性(xing)狀(zhuang)較好，如荒(huang)地(di)(di)河砂(sha)泥(ni)(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和荒(huang)地(di)(di)河砂(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)，質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)適中(zhong)（中(zhong)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)），層次(ci)明(ming)顯，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)體構型(xing)為A—B—C型(xing)，全剖面具(ju)有(you)(you)強(qiang)石(shi)灰反(fan)應(ying)，PH值8.0左右，上下(xia)層差異不(bu)(bu)大(da)，原(yuan)因在于(yu)成(cheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)母質(zhi)(zhi)為富含(han)碳酸(suan)鈣的(de)(de)(de)(de)沉(chen)積(ji)物(wu)。這(zhe)種沉(chen)積(ji)物(wu)在地(di)(di)勢低平，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)淋溶作(zuo)用弱的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia)所形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)都具(ju)有(you)(you)石(shi)灰反(fan)應(ying)強(qiang)烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)性(xing)。根(gen)據(ju)家化樣(yang)分析，表(biao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層（A層，厚度16cm左右）有(you)(you)機質(zhi)(zhi)含(han)量(liang)(liang)1.62%—3.35%，全氮(dan)0.12%—0.19%，堿解(jie)氮(dan)56—132PPM，速效(xiao)(xiao)磷(lin)5.36—6.27PPM，速效(xiao)(xiao)鉀127—147PPM，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)容量(liang)(liang)1.4g/cm3，代(dai)換量(liang)(liang)20—30me/100g土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)。
長江天鵝洲白(bai)暨豚國家級自然(ran)保護區動(dong)物多(duo)樣性(xing)
長江天鵝洲(zhou)白暨豚國家(jia)級自然(ran)保護區(qu)(qu)得天獨(du)厚的(de)地理氣候(hou)條件為(wei)各種(zhong)(zhong)陸(lu)生、水(shui)(shui)生及水(shui)(shui)陸(lu)兩棲動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)提供了很好的(de)棲息(xi)地。據(ju)統計，該(gai)區(qu)(qu)共有(you)231種(zhong)(zhong)陸(lu)生脊椎動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)。其(qi)中(zhong)觀察到的(de)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)14目33科(ke)201種(zhong)(zhong)，獸類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)6目8科(ke)13種(zhong)(zhong)，兩棲類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)1目3科(ke)5種(zhong)(zhong)，爬行(xing)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)3目6科(ke)12種(zhong)(zhong)；魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)7目11科(ke)50種(zhong)(zhong)；底(di)棲動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)26種(zhong)(zhong)；浮游動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)54種(zhong)(zhong)。 1997年，湖(hu)北省水(shui)(shui)產科(ke)學研究所根(gen)據(ju)天鵝洲(zhou)的(de)馬蹄形，以洲(zhou)為(wei)軸(zhou)，設立了五個采(cai)(cai)樣點，分(fen)別于5月(yue)、8月(yue)、12月(yue)三次采(cai)(cai)樣。浮游動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)通過(guo)三次采(cai)(cai)樣，共檢出浮游動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)54種(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)中(zhong)原(yuan)生動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)和數量(liang)最多，達到22種(zhong)(zhong)，輪(lun)(lun)(lun)蟲18種(zhong)(zhong)，橈(rao)足(zu)(zu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)5種(zhong)(zhong)，枝角(jiao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)9種(zhong)(zhong)，所占(zhan)比例分(fen)別為(wei)40%、33.3%、9.3%、16.7%。原(yuan)生動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)以沙殼蟲屬為(wei)主，輪(lun)(lun)(lun)蟲以多肢輪(lun)(lun)(lun)蟲、臂(bei)尾輪(lun)(lun)(lun)蟲較多，枝角(jiao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)以秀體蚤較多，橈(rao)足(zu)(zu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)劍水(shui)(shui)蚤、猛水(shui)(shui)蚤、膘水(shui)(shui)蚤均有(you)。
底棲(qi)動物經(jing)三次采集(ji)，共采集(ji)到底棲(qi)生物26種，其中寡毛類8種，水(shui)生昆蟲4種，軟體動物12種，其他動物1種。
魚類(lei)(lei)1997年經調查(cha)統計(ji)，長江天鵝洲白暨(ji)豚(tun)國(guo)家級自然(ran)保護區1-9月的(de)漁(yu)獲(huo)量為87.4kg，分屬7目11科(ke)(ke)(ke)50種(zhong)，其(qi)中鯉科(ke)(ke)(ke)魚類(lei)(lei)占(zhan)30種(zhong)，其(qi)中鰍(qiu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)3種(zhong)，攀鱸科(ke)(ke)(ke)4種(zhong)，銀魚科(ke)(ke)(ke)、鮠科(ke)(ke)(ke)、鱧科(ke)(ke)(ke)各占(zhan)2種(zhong)，鯡科(ke)(ke)(ke)、鯰科(ke)(ke)(ke)、科(ke)(ke)(ke)、合鰓科(ke)(ke)(ke)各占(zhan)1種(zhong)
兩(liang)(liang)棲(qi)類(lei)天鵝(e)洲故(gu)道濕(shi)地(di)自然(ran)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)的(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)棲(qi)類(lei)共有(you)1目(mu)(mu)(mu)、3科(ke)5種(zhong)。在保護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)內(nei)發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)5種(zhong)兩(liang)(liang)棲(qi)動(dong)物可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)劃分：二個(ge)生態類(lei)群(qun)，其中(zhong)(zhong)金線蛙和(he)黑斑蛙以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及澤(ze)陸(lu)(lu)蛙屬于靜水棲(qi)息型，其中(zhong)(zhong)后兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)的(de)(de)數量很(hen)多，在保護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)內(nei)長滿(man)蒿草(cao)的(de)(de)淺水地(di)帶(dai)(非故(gu)道)中(zhong)(zhong)，不斷地(di)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)聽到它(ta)們的(de)(de)鳴聲和(he)岸上跳下水的(de)(de)聲音；第(di)二種(zhong)生態類(lei)群(qun)是屬于陸(lu)(lu)棲(qi)型的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)華大瞻蜍、澤(ze)陸(lu)(lu)蛙和(he)飾紋姬蛙。在保護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)內(nei)地(di)勢稍高而長滿(man)蘆葦的(de)(de)地(di)帶(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)發(fa)現(xian)很(hen)多的(de)(de)澤(ze)陸(lu)(lu)蛙，在長滿(man)蒿草(cao)的(de)(de)淺水地(di)帶(dai)的(de)(de)陸(lu)(lu)上及居(ju)民點周圍(wei)，幾(ji)乎走幾(ji)步(bu)就會發(fa)現(xian)一(yi)只瞻蜍，其密(mi)度很(hen)高。 爬(pa)行(xing)類(lei)天鵝(e)濕(shi)故(gu)道濕(shi)地(di)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)的(de)(de)爬(pa)行(xing)動(dong)物有(you)3目(mu)(mu)(mu)、6科(ke)、12種(zhong)。3目(mu)(mu)(mu)分別為：龜鱉(bie)目(mu)(mu)(mu)、蜥蜴(yi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)、蛇(she)(she)(she)目(mu)(mu)(mu)；6科(ke)別為：龜鱉(bie)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)淡水龜科(ke)（烏龜）和(he)鱉(bie)科(ke)（鱉(bie)）、蜥蜴(yi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)石龍子科(ke)（蝘蜓(ting)）和(he)壁虎科(ke)（多疣(you)壁虎）、蛇(she)(she)(she)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)游蛇(she)(she)(she)科(ke)（赤練蛇(she)(she)(she)、王錦(jin)蛇(she)(she)(she)、紅點錦(jin)蛇(she)(she)(she)、黑眉錦(jin)蛇(she)(she)(she)、虎斑游蛇(she)(she)(she)、滑鼠(shu)蛇(she)(she)(she)、烏梢蛇(she)(she)(she)）和(he)蝰科(ke)（蝮(fu)蛇(she)(she)(she)）。
獸類天鵝洲濕地麋鹿自然保護(hu)區(qu)有獸類6目8科13種，國家一級保護(hu)動(dong)物白鱀豚和麋鹿，二級保護(hu)動(dong)物長(chang)江江豚。
鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)天鵝洲濕地麋鹿自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區有鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)14目(mu)33科(ke)201種，其中包括國家一(yi)級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)6種，二級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)17種。
長(chang)江(jiang)天鵝洲白暨豚國家級(ji)自(zi)然保護區(qu)植(zhi)物多(duo)樣性 浮游(you)植(zhi)物
1997年，湖(hu)北省(sheng)水產科學研究所根據天鵝洲(zhou)的(de)馬蹄形(xing)，以(yi)(yi)洲(zhou)為軸，設(she)立了(le)五個采(cai)樣點(dian)，分別(bie)于5月(yue)(yue)、8月(yue)(yue)、12月(yue)(yue)三次(ci)采(cai)樣。經5月(yue)(yue)、8月(yue)(yue)、11月(yue)(yue)三次(ci)對保護區水域(yu)內的(de)浮游植(zhi)(zhi)物進行監測，從采(cai)集中的(de)水樣共檢(jian)(jian)出(chu)浮游植(zhi)(zhi)物7門(men)(men)(men)(men)106種(zhong)，檢(jian)(jian)出(chu)種(zhong)類以(yi)(yi)8月(yue)(yue)份(fen)最多，達84種(zhong)。各(ge)月(yue)(yue)份(fen)的(de)優勢門(men)(men)(men)(men)類：5月(yue)(yue)份(fen)為綠(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)、硅藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)；8月(yue)(yue)份(fen)為綠(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)、藍(lan)(lan)(lan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)；11月(yue)(yue)份(fen)為硅藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)。從鏡檢(jian)(jian)結果(guo)看，綠(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)、藍(lan)(lan)(lan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)種(zhong)類的(de)比(bi)例(li)最高(gao)，甲(jia)(jia)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)種(zhong)類的(de)比(bi)例(li)最低，若把各(ge)門(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)類從少到多排列，其順序為甲(jia)(jia)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)<金藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)<黃藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)<裸藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)<硅藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)<藍(lan)(lan)(lan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)<綠(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)。其中甲(jia)(jia)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)出(chu)3種(zhong)，占(zhan)2.8%；金藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)出(chu)5種(zhong)，占(zhan)4.7%；黃藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)出(chu)7種(zhong)，占(zhan)6.6%；裸藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)出(chu)11種(zhong)，占(zhan)10.4%；硅藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)出(chu)17種(zhong)，占(zhan)16.1%；藍(lan)(lan)(lan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)出(chu)31種(zhong)，占(zhan)29.2%；綠(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)出(chu)32種(zhong)，占(zhan)30.2%。
濕地維管束植物
1997～1998年對長江故道天鵝(e)洲白(bai)暨(ji)豚(tun)自然保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)水(shui)生和(he)(he)濕生植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)資源和(he)(he)植(zhi)(zhi)被概況進行調查，調查范圍主要為(wei)水(shui)域及岸邊(bian)季節(jie)性淹水(shui)濕地。采集植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)標本經分類鑒定，并參考(kao)有關文(wen)獻材料，整理出自然保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)名錄。計有高(gao)等植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)30科(ke)(ke)(ke)，59屬69種，其中苔蘚(xian)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)1科(ke)(ke)(ke)，1屬種，蕨類植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)1科(ke)(ke)(ke)，1屬1種。被子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)28科(ke)(ke)(ke)，57屬67種。
根據各科(ke)所(suo)含的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)統計(ji)：種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植物(wu)含1種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)有(you)13個(ge)(ge)，占(zhan)(zhan)所(suo)有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植物(wu)科(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)46%，含2-4種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)有(you)11種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)(zhan)所(suo)有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植物(wu)科(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)29.3%，含5種(zhong)(zhong)以上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)有(you)4個(ge)(ge)，占(zhan)(zhan)總數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)14.3%。最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)為(wei)(wei)菊(ju)科(ke)，含有(you)8種(zhong)(zhong)，其次有(you)禾本科(ke)，含有(you)7種(zhong)(zhong)，其占(zhan)(zhan)全部(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)21.7%。從屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統計(ji)看(kan)：含有(you)1種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)屬(shu)有(you)53個(ge)(ge)，占(zhan)(zhan)全部(bu)屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)91.2%，毛莨屬(shu)含有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)最(zui)多：4種(zhong)(zhong)，其次為(wei)(wei)眼子(zi)菜屬(shu)含有(you)3種(zhong)(zhong)，它們分(fen)別(bie)為(wei)(wei)濕生(sheng)植物(wu)和水生(sheng)植物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢種(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)，其種(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)占(zhan)(zhan)總數(shu)11.95%。
(1)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)杉林(lin)(lin)人工栽培(pei)(pei)林(lin)(lin)，有于(yu)固(gu)堤(di)(di)，主要分(fen)布于(yu)天(tian)鵝(e)村段(duan)堤(di)(di)邊，面(mian)積(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)大(da)，呈(cheng)條分(fen)布，喜濕潤(run)生境，與(yu)池杉林(lin)(lin)相互交(jiao)錯(cuo)。(2)意楊(yang)林(lin)(lin)人工栽培(pei)(pei)林(lin)(lin)，在(zai)保護區(qu)(qu)內(nei)為主要的護堤(di)(di)林(lin)(lin)，在(zai)上口(kou)(kou)(kou)至中(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)段(duan)的右岸(保護區(qu)(qu)管(guan)理)(3)旱(han)柳(liu)林(lin)(lin)人工栽培(pei)(pei)林(lin)(lin)，栽種于(yu)近(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)緣處，帶(dai)(dai)狀連(lian)續分(fen)布于(yu)目上河(he)(he)口(kou)(kou)(kou)村段(duan)堤(di)(di)壩，長度曾達(da)4km，極耐水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)淹。(4)池杉林(lin)(lin)人工栽培(pei)(pei)林(lin)(lin)，條狀間(jian)(jian)斷(duan)分(fen)布于(yu)兩岸近(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)緣處，與(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)杉林(lin)(lin)鑲嵌分(fen)布，面(mian)積(ji)較(jiao)小，亦(yi)耐水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)淹。草本濕地(di)植(zhi)(zhi)被沉水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu) (1)竹葉(xie)眼(yan)子菜(cai)(cai)群(qun)(qun)落(luo)為本區(qu)(qu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生植(zhi)(zhi)被絕對(dui)優勢種，帶(dai)(dai)狀連(lian)續分(fen)布于(yu)河(he)(he)訂離岸線約(yue)(yue)5-10m處，帶(dai)(dai)寬5-10m不等。并在(zai)上口(kou)(kou)(kou)岸河(he)(he)口(kou)(kou)(kou)村淺(qian)灘處大(da)面(mian)積(ji)分(fen)布，枯水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)期覆蓋(gai)整個水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)。群(qun)(qun)落(luo)組成較(jiao)單(dan)一，有穗花狐藻、黑(hei)(hei)藻間(jian)(jian)雜其間(jian)(jian)。竹葉(xie)眼(yan)子菜(cai)(cai)難成本區(qu)(qu)的絕對(dui)優勢種與(yu)天(tian)鵝(e)洲長江故道(dao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質清澈(che)，營養貧乏，基底較(jiao)硬(ying)有關。(2)穗花狐尾藻群(qun)(qun)落(luo)帶(dai)(dai)關分(fen)布于(yu)竹葉(xie)眼(yan)子菜(cai)(cai)帶(dai)(dai)之處，帶(dai)(dai)寬可(ke)達(da)15-20m，植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)扎(zha)根較(jiao)深(shen)，約(yue)(yue)3-4m，但主要占(zhan)領(ling)上半層(ceng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體，層(ceng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體由苦草和金魚藻占(zhan)領(ling)。(3)黑(hei)(hei)藻+菹草群(qun)(qun)落(luo)帶(dai)(dai)狀分(fen)布于(yu)竹葉(xie)眼(yan)子菜(cai)(cai)內(nei)側，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)深(shen)較(jiao)淺(qian)，約(yue)(yue)1-2m經常有許(xu)多水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)綿(mian)呈(cheng)煙霧狀分(fen)布于(yu)群(qun)(qun)落(luo)中(zhong)(zhong)，影響植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)光合作用，是水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體中(zhong)(zhong)一大(da)害，應采取適當措施予以控(kong)制。(4)針藺群(qun)(qun)落(luo)廣泛分(fen)布于(yu)上口(kou)(kou)(kou)河(he)(he)口(kou)(kou)(kou)村段(duan)淺(qian)灘片，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)深(shen)約(yue)(yue)1m，枯水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)期挺出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)，伴生種有小燈心(xin)草和水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)田碎米薺。
天(tian)鵝洲白(bai)鰭豚自然(ran)(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)，天(tian)鵝洲位于荊楚(chu)大(da)(da)地，人文歷史悠(you)久，燦爛的(de)(de)楚(chu)文化和三國的(de)(de)古戰(zhan)場在荊楚(chu)大(da)(da)地留(liu)下許多名(ming)勝古跡，如荊州的(de)(de)紀(ji)南城(cheng)遺址、蒲圻的(de)(de)赤壁古戰(zhan)場等等。這里已(yi)經(jing)建有兩個中國國家級瀕危動物自然(ran)(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)，即天(tian)鵝洲白(bai)鰭豚自然(ran)(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)和麋(mi)鹿自然(ran)(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)。
天鵝(e)洲故道(dao)東南(nan)距離東洞(dong)庭湖濕地候(hou)鳥自然保護區僅幾十公(gong)里，由此(ci)向西逆(ni)江而上是全世(shi)界注目的生(sheng)態熱點三峽庫區，不遠可到(dao)達保康臘梅自然保護區和動植物寶庫神農架自然保護區。
天鵝(e)洲長江故道濕地(di)集自(zi)然地(di)理、珍稀動物(wu)以及自(zi)然濕地(di)生(sheng)態保護于(yu)一身(shen)，具有重要的科研(yan)、文化(hua)、生(sheng)態及旅游價值(zhi)。
青青子衿 
