1998年1月(yue)經湖南(nan)省人民政府批建為(wei)省級(ji)自然保護區(qu);
2002年1月(yue)被(bei)列入國際重要濕地(di)名錄;
2011年西洞庭湖自然(ran)保(bao)護區(qu)管(guan)理局(ju)著手保(bao)護區(qu)升國(guo)家(jia)級(ji)工作(zuo),對區(qu)內濕地資(zi)源進行科學考察,完善了(le)(le)國(guo)家(jia)級(ji)自然(ran)保(bao)護區(qu)總體(ti)規劃,夯實了(le)(le)保(bao)護區(qu)升國(guo)家(jia)級(ji)工作(zuo)基礎;
2014年(nian)1月常德漢壽西(xi)洞庭(ting)湖(hu)自然(ran)保(bao)護區獲批(pi)國家級自然(ran)保(bao)護區。?
東經(jing)111°57ˊ~112°17ˊ,北緯28°47ˊ~29°07ˊ,屬濕地生態(tai)系統類型自然保護區。
洞(dong)庭(ting)湖(hu)胚(pei)胎(tai)發育于湖(hu)南西(xi)洞(dong)庭(ting)湖(hu)國家(jia)級自然保(bao)護區全新(xin)世早期的(de)(de)平原(yuan)水系和星(xing)散湖(hu)沼(zhao)。全新(xin)世初期,本區仍為河(he)網切(qie)割的(de)(de)平原(yuan)地貌景觀。由(you)于地勢的(de)(de)波狀(zhuang)起伏,在河(he)間(jian)的(de)(de)碟形洼地內,分布(bu)著一些星(xing)散的(de)(de)小型(xing)湖(hu)泊和沼(zhao)澤。現(xian)今(jin)的(de)(de)西(xi)洞(dong)庭(ting)湖(hu)就是在這一地質地貌背景下,由(you)這些星(xing)散的(de)(de)小型(xing)湖(hu)沼(zhao)逐(zhu)漸發展演(yan)變(bian)而來的(de)(de)。
洞(dong)庭(ting)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)位于湖(hu)(hu)(hu)南省北部(bu),長江中游(you)南岸,有湘、資、沅、澧(li)四水(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)入。西洞(dong)庭(ting)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(目平湖(hu)(hu)(hu))地處沅、澧(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)尾閭(lv),通江達海,它不僅承接沅、澧(li)二(er)水(shui)(shui)(shui),而且(qie)吞吐長江松(song)滋、太平二(er)口(kou)洪(hong)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu),漢(han)壽縣(xian)南部(bu)低山丘陵區為(wei)雪峰山余脈,其間滄(cang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、浪水(shui)(shui)(shui)、龍池河、煙包(bao)山河等8條河流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)也由(you)南向北流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)入西洞(dong)庭(ting)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)。常(chang)德德山以(yi)下(xia)的(de)(de)沅水(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)入西洞(dong)庭(ting)湖(hu)(hu)(hu),流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)入位置為(wei)坡(po)頭南堤(di)。沅水(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)常(chang)德境內長104km,流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)面積5609.2km。澧(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)在花園咀以(yi)下(xia)的(de)(de)部(bu)分流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)入西洞(dong)庭(ting)湖(hu)(hu)(hu),當沅水(shui)(shui)(shui)較低時(shi)其部(bu)分與安鄉流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)來的(de)(de)松(song)滋、虎渡河等合流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)入湖(hu)(hu)(hu)。澧(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)經常(chang)德180 km,流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)面積8146km。
本區(qu)屬中亞(ya)熱(re)帶季(ji)風(feng)(feng)氣(qi)候區(qu),由(you)于受(shou)東亞(ya)季(ji)風(feng)(feng)和(he)(長)江(洞庭(ting))湖(hu)龐大水體的(de)影(ying)響,具有濕潤的(de)大陸(lu)亞(ya)熱(re)帶季(ji)風(feng)(feng)氣(qi)候的(de)溫和(he)濕潤、光熱(re)充足、多風(feng)(feng)多雨、四(si)季(ji)分明的(de)氣(qi)候特征。?
保護區總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)30044公(gong)頃(qing)(qing),其(qi)中核(he)心區面(mian)(mian)積(ji)9061公(gong)頃(qing)(qing),緩沖區面(mian)(mian)積(ji)6155公(gong)頃(qing)(qing),實驗(yan)區面(mian)(mian)積(ji)14818公(gong)頃(qing)(qing)。
根據實(shi)地調查結果,保護(hu)區(qu)現已記(ji)錄到維(wei)管束植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)87科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)259屬(shu)414種(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)蕨類植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)14科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)16屬(shu)19種(zhong)(zhong);裸子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)1科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)2屬(shu)2種(zhong)(zhong)(均(jun)為引種(zhong)(zhong)栽(zai)培);被子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)72科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)241屬(shu)393種(zhong)(zhong)。保護(hu)區(qu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)區(qu)系主(zhu)要以世(shi)(shi)界(jie)廣布成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)、泛(fan)熱帶(dai)(dai)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)和北溫帶(dai)(dai)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)為主(zhu),其中(zhong)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)廣布成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)尤為突出,共有(you)(you)45科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),占總科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)的61.64%;而(er)泛(fan)熱帶(dai)(dai)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)和北溫帶(dai)(dai)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)分(fen)別(bie)有(you)(you)13科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)和11科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),占總科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數的比例分(fen)別(bie)為17.81%和15.07%。這三種(zhong)(zhong)主(zhu)要成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)的科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數之和為69科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),占總科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數的比例為94.52%。其它有(you)(you)8種(zhong)(zhong)類型缺失,還有(you)(you)4種(zhong)(zhong)類型均(jun)分(fen)別(bie)只有(you)(you)1科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)。濕地植(zhi)(zhi)被在科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)的分(fen)布區(qu)類型上具有(you)(you)高度(du)的趨(qu)同性。
西洞庭湖自然保(bao)(bao)(bao)護區內(nei)記(ji)錄到底棲動(dong)物4目(mu)9科(ke)(ke)65種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)9目(mu)20科(ke)(ke)112種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),兩棲類(lei)(lei)(lei)1目(mu)5科(ke)(ke)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),爬行類(lei)(lei)(lei)3目(mu)8科(ke)(ke)20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),哺乳類(lei)(lei)(lei)7目(mu)14科(ke)(ke)26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。西洞庭湖自然保(bao)(bao)(bao)護區是極具科(ke)(ke)研(yan)、保(bao)(bao)(bao)護價值的濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)生態系統和(he)(he)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護區,區內(nei)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)多,數量(liang)大,共記(ji)錄到鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)205種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),分屬15目(mu)50科(ke)(ke)。占(zhan)全國(guo)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)總(zong)數1329種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的15.2%,占(zhan)湖南省(sheng)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)總(zong)數438種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的46.1%。其中(zhong),雀形目(mu)、鸻(heng)形目(mu)和(he)(he)雁形目(mu)無論(lun)在(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)和(he)(he)數量(liang)上都占(zhan)有絕對優勢(shi),各(ge)有84種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)27種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),分別(bie)占(zhan)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)群(qun)落組成的41.0%、15.1%和(he)(he)13.2%。在(zai)水(shui)鳥各(ge)科(ke)(ke)中(zhong),鴨(ya)科(ke)(ke)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)最多,有27種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其次是鷸科(ke)(ke)和(he)(he)鷺科(ke)(ke),都為14種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong),濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)水(shui)鳥共8目(mu)90種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)全國(guo)水(shui)鳥種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的33.1%,反(fan)應了(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護區在(zai)水(shui)鳥及其棲息地(di)(di)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護上的重要(yao)性(xing)。
1) 哺(bu)乳(ru)(ru)動物(wu)(wu)中,屬(shu)國(guo)家I級重(zhong)點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)1種(zhong),即(ji)麋鹿,屬(shu)國(guo)家II級重(zhong)點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)有(you)3種(zhong),即(ji)小靈貓(mao)、河麂、穿山甲。此外,還有(you)12種(zhong)哺(bu)乳(ru)(ru)動物(wu)(wu)屬(shu)“國(guo)家保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)有(you)益的(de)或(huo)者有(you)重(zhong)要經濟(ji)、科學研究價值的(de)陸(lu)生(sheng)野生(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)”,有(you)14種(zhong)哺(bu)乳(ru)(ru)動物(wu)(wu)屬(shu)于(yu)湖南省地方重(zhong)點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)陸(lu)生(sheng)野生(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)。
2)鳥類中,屬國(guo)家(jia)I級(ji)重(zhong)點保護的(de)有(you)4種,即白(bai)鶴、白(bai)尾(wei)海雕(diao)、黑鸛和東方白(bai)鸛;屬國(guo)家(jia)II級(ji)重(zhong)點保護的(de)有(you)21種,即小天(tian)鵝(e)、白(bai)額雁、鴛鴦、小鴉鵑、褐翅鴉鵑、白(bai)枕鶴、灰鶴、鶚、鵲鷂、白(bai)腹鷂、白(bai)尾(wei)鷂、蒼鷹、雀鷹、普(pu)通鵟(kuang)、大(da)鵟(kuang)、灰背隼(sun)(sun)、游隼(sun)(sun)、紅隼(sun)(sun)、阿穆爾(er)隼(sun)(sun)、白(bai)琵鷺和卷羽(yu)鵜(ti)鶘。
列入IUCN:近危(wei)(NT)的(de)(de)有(you)羅紋鴨(ya)、白眼潛鴨(ya)和黑尾(wei)塍鷸3種(zhong),瀕危(wei)的(de)(de)有(you)青頭潛鴨(ya)和東方白鸛2種(zhong),易危(wei)的(de)(de)有(you)花臉(lian)鴨(ya)、小白額雁、白枕鶴和卷羽鵜鶘4種(zhong),極危(wei)的(de)(de)有(you)白鶴和黑鸛2種(zhong)。
列入CITES附錄I的(de)(de)有(you):白(bai)(bai)(bai)鶴、白(bai)(bai)(bai)枕鶴、白(bai)(bai)(bai)尾海雕、東方(fang)白(bai)(bai)(bai)鸛(guan)(guan)4種(zhong);列入CITES附錄II的(de)(de)有(you):鶚、游隼、白(bai)(bai)(bai)琵鷺和黑(hei)鸛(guan)(guan)4種(zhong)。列入中國瀕危物種(zhong)紅皮書:稀有(you)的(de)(de)有(you)棉(mian)鳧、鶚和游隼3種(zhong),瀕危的(de)(de)有(you)白(bai)(bai)(bai)鶴、黑(hei)鸛(guan)(guan)和東方(fang)白(bai)(bai)(bai)鸛(guan)(guan)3種(zhong),易(yi)危的(de)(de)有(you)小(xiao)天鵝、鴛鴦、小(xiao)鴉鵑、褐(he)翅鴉鵑、白(bai)(bai)(bai)枕鶴和白(bai)(bai)(bai)琵鷺6種(zhong)。
3)爬(pa)(pa)行動(dong)物(wu)中,有20種爬(pa)(pa)行動(dong)物(wu)屬于“國家(jia)保護的(de)有益的(de)或者有重(zhong)要經濟、科學研究(jiu)價值的(de)陸(lu)生野生動(dong)物(wu)”,同時有20種爬(pa)(pa)行動(dong)物(wu)為湖南省地方(fang)重(zhong)點保護陸(lu)生野生動(dong)物(wu)。
列入《瀕危動植物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)際貿(mao)易公約》附(fu)錄II的有舟(zhou)山眼鏡蛇(she)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),列入《瀕危動植物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)際貿(mao)易公約》附(fu)錄III的有烏(wu)(wu)龜1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。在《中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)紅色(se)名錄》中(zhong),烏(wu)(wu)龜被列入瀕危等(deng)級;中(zhong)華鱉(bie)、王錦蛇(she)、黑眉(mei)錦蛇(she)、烏(wu)(wu)梢蛇(she)、銀(yin)環(huan)蛇(she)指名亞種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、舟(zhou)山眼鏡蛇(she)和短(duan)尾蝮這7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)被列入易危等(deng)級。
4)兩棲(qi)動物中,虎紋蛙屬于國(guo)家II級(ji)重(zhong)點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)野生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動物,其余(yu)12種兩棲(qi)類均屬“國(guo)家保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)有益的(de)或者有重(zhong)要經(jing)濟、科(ke)學研(yan)究價(jia)值的(de)陸生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)野生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動物”,同(tong)時也是湖南省地方(fang)重(zhong)點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)陸生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)野生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動物。
列入《瀕危(wei)動植(zhi)物種國(guo)際貿(mao)易(yi)公(gong)約》附錄II的有虎紋(wen)蛙(wa)1種;在《中國(guo)物種紅色名錄》中,虎紋(wen)蛙(wa)被(bei)列入易(yi)危(wei)等級;黑(hei)斑側(ce)褶(zhe)蛙(wa)被(bei)列入近危(wei)等級。
5)魚類中,屬國(guo)家I級重點保護的(de)1種,即中華鱘;
屬國家II級重點保(bao)護的有1種,即胭脂魚。?
湖(hu)南西洞(dong)庭湖(hu)國(guo)(guo)家級(ji)自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區是長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)中(zhong)(zhong)下游(you)通江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)湖(hu)泊(bo)的(de)典型代表,在國(guo)(guo)家生(sheng)態安全(quan)、全(quan)球生(sheng)物多(duo)樣性(xing)(xing)保(bao)護(hu)和江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)湖(hu)復合濕地生(sheng)態系(xi)統保(bao)護(hu)上具有非常(chang)重(zhong)要的(de)意(yi)義。作為(wei)國(guo)(guo)際重(zhong)要濕地、東亞(ya)候鳥重(zhong)要越冬地和長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)生(sheng)物多(duo)樣性(xing)(xing)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)重(zhong)要節點,其生(sheng)態系(xi)統的(de)穩定(ding)性(xing)(xing)對整個洞(dong)庭湖(hu)乃至長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)中(zhong)(zhong)下游(you)地區的(de)生(sheng)態安全(quan)產生(sheng)著(zhu)重(zhong)大影響。