1、銅鼓舞(田林瑤族銅鼓舞),編號:Ⅲ-26
(1)批(pi)次/類型:2008年(第(di)二批(pi)),擴展項目(mu)
(2)申報地(di)區或單位:廣西壯族自治區田(tian)林縣
(3)保護單位:田(tian)林縣(xian)文化館
2、銅鼓舞(南丹勤澤格拉),編號:Ⅲ-26
(1)批次/類型:2014年(第四批),擴(kuo)展項目
(2)申報(bao)地(di)區或(huo)單位(wei):廣西壯(zhuang)族自(zi)治區南丹縣
(3)保護(hu)單位(wei):南(nan)丹縣非(fei)物質文化遺產保護(hu)傳承中心
3、銅鼓舞(雷山苗族銅鼓舞),編號:Ⅲ-26
(1)批次/類型:2008年(第二批),擴展項目
(2)申報地區或單位:貴州省雷山縣(xian)
(3)保護單(dan)位:雷山縣非物質文化遺產(chan)保護中心
4、銅鼓舞(文山壯族、彝族銅鼓舞),編號:Ⅲ-26
(1)批(pi)次/類型:2006年(第一(yi)批(pi)),新(xin)增項目
(2)申報地區或單位:云南省文山壯族苗族自治(zhi)州
(3)保護單(dan)位:文山壯族苗族自治(zhi)州非物(wu)質文化(hua)遺(yi)產保護和藝術研究中心
于云南楚雄出土的銅鼓(gu),距今已有(you)2600多年。銅鼓(gu)可能由(you)銅釜演化而來,原為炊具(ju)或禮器(qi)。明代《蜀中(zhong)風俗(su)記》中(zhong)載,婚喪與年節(jie)時,當地都要“擊銅鼓(gu)歌(ge)舞”。同時,銅鼓(gu)舞與祭祀或巫術(驅病(bing)祈福)活動(dong)也緊密(mi)相(xiang)關,如(ru)宋(song)代史籍上說:“擊銅鼓(gu)、銅沙鑼以祀神”;“病(bing)不知醫,尚跳鬼,數(shu)人(ren)為群,擊鼓(gu)鳴鉦,跳舞呼號”。
古(gu)代(dai)嶺(ling)南西部的(de)廣西盛產銅(tong)(tong),《舊唐書(shu)·地(di)理志》說:銅(tong)(tong)陵縣漢屬合浦郡,"界內(nei)有(you)銅(tong)(tong)山(shan)"。《太平寰(huan)宇記(ji)》卷一(yi)(yi)五八記(ji)載(zai):"銅(tong)(tong)山(shan),昔越王趙佗(tuo)于(yu)此山(shan)鑄銅(tong)(tong)。"東(dong)漢馬援南征時曾獲得(de)大(da)(da)(da)量的(de) "駱越銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)"。由此可見,壯(zhuang)(zhuang)族(zu)先民是較早鑄造(zao)和(he)使(shi)用銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)民族(zu)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。壯(zhuang)(zhuang)族(zu)地(di)區(qu)銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾特(te)征,大(da)(da)(da)致(zhi)可分為(wei)兩大(da)(da)(da)類,一(yi)(yi)類是粵桂(gui)式的(de)銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),其(qi)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾是中原地(di)區(qu)商、周時代(dai)習(xi)見的(de)云紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、雷紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、席(xi)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)等(deng),另一(yi)(yi)類為(wei)滇桂(gui)式型的(de)銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),有(you)翔鷺紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、舞(wu)蹈(dao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、劃船紋(wen)(wen)(wen)等(deng),民族(zu)特(te)點較為(wei)濃厚(hou)。晉朝人裴(pei)淵《廣州記(ji)》(轉(zhuan)引自鄭師許(xu)《銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)考略(lve)》有(you):"俚(li)僚鑄銅(tong)(tong)為(wei)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)為(wei)高大(da)(da)(da)為(wei)貴,面闊丈(zhang)余,初成,懸于(yu)庭,克晨(chen)置酒,招致(zhi)同類,來者盈門,豪富(fu)子女,以金(jin)銀為(wei)大(da)(da)(da)镲,執以叩敲(qiao),叩竟,留(liu)遺主人也。"銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾上的(de)舞(wu)蹈(dao)人象(xiang)和(he)史(shi)書(shu)上的(de)記(ji)載(zai),反映(ying)了古(gu)代(dai)壯(zhuang)(zhuang)族(zu)先民在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鑄成時招致(zhi)親朋(peng),歡樂舞(wu)蹈(dao)的(de)習(xi)俗。
古代銅(tong)鼓(gu)是(shi)部(bu)落(luo)統治權力(li)的象(xiang)征,到明(ming)、清兩代時,廣(guang)西實行(xing)"改土歸流"政策(ce),部(bu)落(luo)首領地位衰落(luo),銅(tong)鼓(gu)失去(qu)了它原有的作用,只作為(wei)一種(zhong)樂(le)器流傳于民間了。
史書(shu)有壯(zhuang)族(zu)"親戚宴會(hui),即以匏笙銅(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)為(wei)樂"及(ji)"節(jie)會(hui)則鳴銅(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)"之載(清(qing)羅士(shi)琳著《晉義熙(xi)銅(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)考》)。這(zhe)種習俗至(zhi)今還在壯(zhuang)族(zu)村寨中(zhong)流行著,每(mei)當喜慶豐收或歡度節(jie)日,群眾(zhong)便(bian)興高采烈地抬出銅(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)來敲(qiao)擊(ji)。每(mei)村的銅(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)隊,由音(yin)調(diao)(diao)高低(di)不同的兩面公鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)和兩面母鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)組成(cheng),公鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的體(ti)積(ji)較(jiao)小,音(yin)調(diao)(diao)高亢,母鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)體(ti)積(ji)較(jiao)大(da),音(yin)調(diao)(diao)低(di)沉(chen)。敲(qiao)擊(ji)時,四(si)個(ge)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)手(shou)(shou)雙手(shou)(shou)持竹片,右(you)手(shou)(shou)擊(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)心,左手(shou)(shou)打鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)邊(bian),節(jie)奏多變,音(yin)調(diao)(diao)諧(xie)和。
流傳于中(zhong)國西南彝族(zu)(zu)、苗(miao)族(zu)(zu)、壯族(zu)(zu)、瑤族(zu)(zu)、水族(zu)(zu)、布依族(zu)(zu)等少數民族(zu)(zu)中(zhong)的民間舞(wu)。以(yi)擊(ji)打銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)而舞(wu)為特征。銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)舞(wu)是中(zhong)國最古老的舞(wu)種之(zhi)一(yi)。苗(miao)族(zu)(zu)銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)舞(wu)是一(yi)人擊(ji)鼓(gu)并兼領舞(wu),他(ta)擊(ji)出時(shi)快時(shi)慢節奏有序的鼓(gu)點,自己隨之(zhi)起舞(wu),眾人環繞(rao)他(ta),時(shi)進時(shi)退,踩著鼓(gu)點舞(wu)蹈。
彝族(zu)稱為“妻(qi)麗”。是(shi)云南東部彝族(zu)人(ren)民喜愛的古(gu)老(lao)的傳統民間(jian)舞蹈。流傳在文山壯族(zu)苗族(zu)自(zi)治州的富(fu)寧、廣南、麻栗坡、西疇等縣。由于跳“妻(qi)麗”時(shi),擊銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)伴奏,故叫銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)舞。
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)最(zui)早用(yong)作炊具(ju),古代南方(fang)民(min)族(zu)亦作為禮器,是權力的(de)(de)象征。其聲洪遠,故又是傳(chuan)(chuan)遞信息的(de)(de)工具(ju)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)被(bei)視為吉(ji)祥之物(wu),平時(shi)妥善(shan)保存,遇隆重節日或婚喪禮儀(yi)才擊(ji)(ji)(ji)鼓(gu)而舞(wu)(wu)(wu)。據《唐書?南蠻列(lie)傳(chuan)(chuan)》載:“擊(ji)(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu),吹木角,歌舞(wu)(wu)(wu)為樂。”明代《蜀中(zhong)風(feng)俗記(ji)》載:“馬(ma)湖之夷(yi),歲暮百十為群,擊(ji)(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)歌舞(wu)(wu)(wu),飲酒穹(qiong)晝夜以(yi)(yi)為樂。”“婚姻以(yi)(yi)牛(niu)、酒為聘(pin)……會聚擊(ji)(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu),吹角。”“喪葬擊(ji)(ji)(ji)鼓(gu)唱(chang)歌,男(nan)女圍尸跳躍,舉哀而散……。”(《貴州嘉靖通志(zhi)》)這種(zhong)習俗至今(jin)仍保留在水族(zu)等少數(shu)民(min)族(zu)的(de)(de)喪葬活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)中(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)也與祭(ji)祀、宗教活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)緊(jin)密相連, 《南州異物(wu)志(zhi)》中(zhong)記(ji)有以(yi)(yi)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)鼓(gu)為伴奏而舞(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)祭(ji)祀活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。宋代以(yi)(yi)后,西(xi)南諸民(min)族(zu)因生活(huo)貧困,缺醫少藥,在染疾(ji)患病之時(shi),即“擊(ji)(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)沙鑼以(yi)(yi)祀神”。“病不知醫,尚(shang)跳鬼(gui),數(shu)人為群,擊(ji)(ji)(ji)鼓(gu)鳴征,跳舞(wu)(wu)(wu)呼號”(《黎歧紀聞》、《宋史?蠻夷(yi)列(lie)傳(chuan)(chuan)》)。中(zhong)華人民(min)共和(he)國成(cheng)立后,銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)多用(yong)于年節慶典活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)中(zhong),成(cheng)為群眾(zhong)自(zi)娛性的(de)(de)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈。
銅鼓(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)是以鼓(gu)(gu)手(shou)有(you)節(jie)奏地擊鼓(gu)(gu),由鼓(gu)(gu)點(dian)的(de)(de)節(jie)奏變化(hua)而引起舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈者的(de)(de)動作(zuo)和隊形(xing)(xing)(xing)變化(hua)的(de)(de)一種(zhong)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈。其特點(dian)動作(zuo)按其形(xing)(xing)(xing)式有(you)六七種(zhong)。每(mei)種(zhong)動作(zuo)各有(you)不同的(de)(de)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)步和節(jie)拍,風(feng)格不盡相同。銅鼓(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)中的(de)(de)集體舞(wu)(wu)(wu)以一種(zhong)固定的(de)(de)男女青年(nian)圍成(cheng)圓圈隊形(xing)(xing)(xing)。其隊形(xing)(xing)(xing)還(huan)有(you)半圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)、一字(zi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、縱形(xing)(xing)(xing)、交(jiao)叉(cha)對(dui)跳(tiao)、四方形(xing)(xing)(xing)等。舞(wu)(wu)(wu)步矯健(jian)有(you)力,舞(wu)(wu)(wu)姿粗獷靈活,動作(zuo)幅度大(da),情緒(xu)飽滿。跳(tiao)至(zhi)高潮(chao)時鼓(gu)(gu)手(shou)還(huan)常常伴以歡快的(de)(de)喊和激(ji)動的(de)(de)呼叫,波瀾起伏(fu)的(de)(de)情緒(xu)和動人的(de)(de)場面(mian),充分體現(xian)了當地人民豪放、樸實的(de)(de)民族性(xing)格,抒發了他們純(chun)潔快樂的(de)(de)思想感情。
苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)多(duo)在(zai)(zai)盛大(da)節日,如“吃(chi)牯臟(zang)”“苗(miao)(miao)年”“蘆笙節”活動中(zhong)表(biao)(biao)演(yan)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)架(jia)設在(zai)(zai)場(chang)地中(zhong)心,由一名(ming)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)手(shou)敲打(da),另一人(ren)(ren)持特制木(mu)桶置于(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)后面,時近時遠相配合,以(yi)(yi)增強樂音效果。舞(wu)者人(ren)(ren)數不(bu)限,經常是越百上(shang)千(qian),圍成幾個(ge)大(da)圓圈,合著銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)敲擊(ji)變化(hua)互(hu)相呼應(ying),表(biao)(biao)演(yan)以(yi)(yi)日常勞動生活為內(nei)容的(de)舞(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)。苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)敲打(da)方(fang)法(fa),一般都有(you)固定的(de)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)點(dian)、讀(du)法(fa)及呼喊聲,由于(yu)群眾非(fei)常熟悉這(zhe)些鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)點(dian)和(he)讀(du)法(fa)所包含的(de)內(nei)容,所以(yi)(yi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)聲具有(you)"鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)語"的(de)特點(dian)。鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)手(shou)執雙槌棒擊(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)點(dian)有(you)專門的(de)讀(du)法(fa):“咚”表(biao)(biao)示右(you)手(shou)擊(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)心,“嘎(ga)”表(biao)(biao)示左(zuo)手(shou)擊(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)邊,“的(de)”表(biao)(biao)示雙槌相擊(ji)。例如“翻高豆”,意為“趕(gan)(gan)斑(ban)鳩(jiu)”,舞(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)表(biao)(biao)現農民聽(ting)說飛來(lai)(lai)(lai)的(de)斑(ban)鳩(jiu),正在(zai)(zai)刨出黃豆種(zhong)啄食,于(yu)是騎著馬來(lai)(lai)(lai)到田里驅趕(gan)(gan)斑(ban)鳩(jiu)。舞(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)動作(zuo)有(you):在(zai)(zai)地邊趕(gan)(gan)斑(ban)鳩(jiu)、作(zuo)抬腿(tui)趕(gan)(gan)、騎著馬趕(gan)(gan)、拍掌轉身下蹲甩腰趕(gan)(gan)斑(ban)鳩(jiu)等(deng)4個(ge)動作(zuo)。又如"平冷潘拉冬高冬",苗(miao)(miao)語意為"迎(ying)客(ke)舞(wu)",表(biao)(biao)現主人(ren)(ren)以(yi)(yi)舞(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)歡迎(ying)客(ke)人(ren)(ren)的(de)到來(lai)(lai)(lai)。據說此鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)點(dian)是受山(shan)林中(zhong)啄木(mu)鳥"篤篤"啄木(mu)聲的(de)啟發而編(bian)成的(de)。客(ke)人(ren)(ren)到來(lai)(lai)(lai)時,主人(ren)(ren)和(he)迎(ying)客(ke)者在(zai)(zai)路邊兩(liang)旁,拍手(shou)歡舞(wu),迎(ying)客(ke)人(ren)(ren)進寨。其他還有(you)表(biao)(biao)現"獲獵歸(gui)來(lai)(lai)(lai)""兒童放(fang)鴨""撈(lao)蝦""捉(zhuo)蟹",以(yi)(yi)及"吃(chi)牯臟(zang)"中(zhong)表(biao)(biao)演(yan)的(de)祭祀(si)性"刀舞(wu)"等(deng),都有(you)不(bu)同的(de)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)點(dian)讀(du)法(fa)和(he)苗(miao)(miao)語鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)詞。
瑤族銅鼓(gu)(gu)舞蔚為壯(zhuang)觀:逢年節,十幾(ji)面甚至幾(ji)十面銅鼓(gu)(gu)一字排開,每面鼓(gu)(gu)一人邊擊邊舞;中間還有(you)一面直徑不小于60厘米的大木鼓(gu)(gu)領奏(zou),全場鼓(gu)(gu)聲震天,時促(cu)時緩(huan)。壯(zhuang)族銅鼓(gu)(gu)有(you)公(gong)、母之分(fen)(fen),跳(tiao)舞時,它(ta)們各分(fen)(fen)左右,中間夾一大皮(pi)鼓(gu)(gu),皮(pi)鼓(gu)(gu)主奏(zou),公(gong)母銅鼓(gu)(gu)伴奏(zou),別有(you)韻味。
布(bu)依族銅鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)常在喪葬(zang)儀(yi)式中(zhong)(zhong)進行,當(dang)村中(zhong)(zhong)老(lao)人去世(shi)后,由兩(liang)名舞(wu)者合(he)著銅鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、皮鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)聲(sheng)緩緩而舞(wu),以此(ci)哀悼故去的(de)(de)(de)老(lao)人。平常跳銅鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)時,還常和"刷(shua)(shua)把(ba)舞(wu)"一(yi)同表(biao)演,并(bing)稱之為"銅鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)刷(shua)(shua)把(ba)舞(wu)"。舞(wu)蹈中(zhong)(zhong)銅鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)聲(sheng)、刷(shua)(shua)把(ba)聲(sheng)交織鳴響,表(biao)演別具(ju)一(yi)格(ge),增添了(le)濃郁的(de)(de)(de)民族色(se)彩。水(shui)族有過"端節(jie)"的(de)(de)(de)習俗(su),水(shui)語稱作"借(jie)端",是豐收后的(de)(de)(de)盛大節(jie)日,過去在農歷的(de)(de)(de)八九月間,后改為十一(yi)月的(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)個"亥"日。屆(jie)時,各村寨都敲起(qi)銅鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)歡度節(jie)日,并(bing)把(ba)活動的(de)(de)(de)場地叫作"端坡",人們合(he)著銅鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、皮鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、蘆笙的(de)(de)(de)樂聲(sheng),在場地上盡情(qing)高(gao)歌歡舞(wu)。
流傳于中國(guo)南(nan)方以及西南(nan)地區的(de)(de)族(zu)(zu)、苗族(zu)(zu)、壯(zhuang)族(zu)(zu)、瑤(yao)族(zu)(zu)、水族(zu)(zu)、布依(yi)族(zu)(zu)等少(shao)數民族(zu)(zu)中,以敲打(da)銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)而舞(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)共(gong)同特征(zheng)的(de)(de)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈。銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)面刻花(hua)紋,曲腰(yao),中空無底,側有4耳(er)用以懸掛,鼓(gu)重(zhong)數十斤。銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)是(shi)中國(guo)古代重(zhong)要的(de)(de)文化遺產。云南(nan)楚(chu)雄出土(tu)的(de)(de)春秋中期的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu),距今已有2600多年(nian),是(shi)迄今世界上發現的(de)(de)年(nian)代最(zui)久遠的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu),在(zai)晉寧(ning)石寨山漢(han)墓出土(tu)的(de)(de)一(yi)個銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)貯貝器的(de)(de)外暈花(hua)紋上,有3個男子擊銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)而舞(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)形象(xiang),廣西花(hua)山崖畫上也繪有壯(zhuang)族(zu)(zu)先民圍(wei)著銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)歡呼雀躍(yue)的(de)(de)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈圖(tu)象(xiang)。
廣西南丹(dan)縣一(yi)帶山(shan)區瑤族人民每至春節期間都以打(da)銅鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)活動慶賀節日。屆時將數面(mian)銅鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)一(yi)字排開(kai),懸于(yu)木架上(shang),每面(mian)銅鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)由一(yi)名(ming)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)手(shou)(shou)右手(shou)(shou)拿槌敲擊鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)面(mian),左(zuo)手(shou)(shou)拿小木棍擊鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)腰,另一(yi)人持木桶,隨鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)點(dian)節奏將木桶送(song)向(xiang)銅鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)口,取其共鳴。在(zai)銅鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)隊的(de)伴奏下,一(yi)名(ming)舞者雙手(shou)(shou)持鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)槌,圍繞一(yi)面(mian)大(da)木鼓(gu)(gu)(gu),邊(bian)敲邊(bian)舞。鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)直徑(jing)約60厘米(mi)(mi),高1米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右,擊鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)節奏復雜,動作穩健而多變,場(chang)面(mian)壯觀。
貴州南部(bu)的水(shui)族(zu)人民,于農歷十(shi)一月過(guo)水(shui)族(zu)春節時,敲(qiao)銅鼓歌(ge)唱(chang)跳舞(wu)(wu)慶賀(he),舞(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)動作開放而(er)(er)變化自如。布依族(zu)流傳著“銅鼓刷(shua)把舞(wu)(wu)”,每年(nian)農歷四月初八、七月十(shi)五日或春節時,青年(nian)男女相(xiang)聚,手持刷(shua)把或竹竿(gan),合(he)著銅鼓的節奏互相(xiang)敲(qiao)擊而(er)(er)舞(wu)(wu)。
地跨云南、廣(guang)西(xi)兩省(sheng)的族山寨,除有(you)眾人圍繞(rao)銅(tong)鼓而舞(wu)(wu)外,還有(you)男子左手抱小銅(tong)鼓,右(you)手用拳(quan)邊敲擊邊舞(wu)(wu)動(dong)的銅(tong)鼓舞(wu)(wu)。舞(wu)(wu)時以腰部及(ji)胯部的扭動(dong)為(wei)主,動(dong)作古樸(pu)而健美。
廣(guang)西(xi)東蘭(lan)、馬山(shan)、都安一帶(dai)的壯(zhuang)(zhuang)族(zu)銅鼓(gu)(gu)舞于春節時表演,舞時懸掛兩面銅鼓(gu)(gu),有公(gong)鼓(gu)(gu)、母(mu)鼓(gu)(gu)之分,中間一人敲(qiao)擊大皮鼓(gu)(gu)跳舞,以公(gong)、母(mu)兩鼓(gu)(gu)伴奏,動作變化較多(duo)。廣(guang)西(xi)西(xi)部山(shan)區的壯(zhuang)(zhuang)族(zu)農民,至(zhi)今在農閑之時,相聚(ju)山(shan)頭以賽銅鼓(gu)(gu)為樂,表現內容多(duo)為民間傳說和(he)故事(shi),有《瓦崗夫人守山(shan)寨》、《趕山(shan)鞭》等,擊銅鼓(gu)(gu)以伴歌舞。
因文山(shan)壯(zhuang)族苗族自(zi)治州(zhou)緊鄰(lin)廣(guang)(guang)西壯(zhuang)族自(zi)治區,所以云南(nan)彝(yi)族的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅鼓(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和廣(guang)(guang)西彝(yi)族的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅鼓(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)同出(chu)一(yi)源,動(dong)作(zuo)也大(da)同小異。廣(guang)(guang)西的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅鼓(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)是(shi)在節日或喪事(shi)時(shi)跳(tiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)時(shi)一(yi)人打鼓(gu)(gu),男在外(wai)圈,女(nv)在里圈,圍著銅鼓(gu)(gu),隨著鼓(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)節奏起舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)步(bu)(bu)(bu)象(xiang)攀登山(shan)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樣子,每(mei)邁一(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu),雙膝(xi)隨之(zhi)頻(pin)頻(pin)顫動(dong),甚為奇特。步(bu)(bu)(bu)伐(fa)大(da)致分為六種,即二(er)步(bu)(bu)(bu)、三步(bu)(bu)(bu)、四步(bu)(bu)(bu)、六步(bu)(bu)(bu)、八步(bu)(bu)(bu),至最后一(yi)拍,腳向前(qian)踢出(chu)。男女(nv)同舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)時(shi),互(hu)相拉手,前(qian)后擺動(dong)。男子單(dan)獨排(pai)成長隊(dui)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)時(shi),則各執折扇一(yi)把,屈伸于前(qian)側和胸前(qian)。舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)動(dong)作(zuo)比較簡單(dan),主要在于隊(dui)形的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化,節奏由慢而(er)快,至高(gao)潮(chao)而(er)收。廣(guang)(guang)南(nan)那(nei)灑(sa)鎮(zhen)馬貴村壯(zhuang)族的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅鼓(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)完整保留了十二(er)套舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)動(dong)作(zuo),反(fan)映(ying)著一(yi)年四季十二(er)個月(yue)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)內(nei)容。
文山壯(zhuang)族春節(jie)期間的(de)(de)(de)賽(sai)(sai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu),場面壯(zhuang)觀,激(ji)動人心。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)比賽(sai)(sai)以紅水河為界,各村的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)隊(dui),把(ba)自己的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)扛(kang)上河岸旁(pang)的(de)(de)(de)山頂上,雙方隔河遙遙相對(dui)。比賽(sai)(sai)開始,各擊(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)健兒,精神抖擻(sou),奮(fen)力(li)敲擊(ji),鼓(gu)(gu)聲(sheng)震撼(han)山川。助(zhu)戰的(de)(de)(de)伙伴拿著草(cao)笠,為擊(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)者扇涼鼓(gu)(gu)勁(jing),吶喊助(zhu)興。圍觀的(de)(de)(de)群眾,滿山遍野,夜(ye)間,火(huo)把(ba)串串川流不息,場面異常(chang)雄(xiong)偉(wei)壯(zhuang)觀。比賽(sai)(sai)是以銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)聲(sheng)最(zui)響亮,打鼓(gu)(gu)時間最(zui)長(chang)者為勝,雙方往往直打到銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)聲(sheng)啞(ya),有一方認輸為止。然后群眾便心滿意足的(de)(de)(de)唱(chang)著山歌,排著長(chang)隊(dui),歡天喜地的(de)(de)(de)返回寨子。
如今流傳在(zai)壯族(zu)地區的(de)銅(tong)鼓舞(wu)(wu)(wu),表演時,一(yi)般是將四面(mian)(mian)(mian)銅(tong)鼓掛在(zai)村前的(de)大榕樹上,由(you)四個小伙(huo)子敲(qiao)擊,作為伴(ban)奏(zou);前面(mian)(mian)(mian)置一(yi)大皮鼓,由(you)一(yi)老鼓手雙手持(chi)棍敲(qiao)擊,他(ta)是舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)的(de)主要表演者。他(ta)邊(bian)(bian)敲(qiao)鼓,邊(bian)(bian)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao),有正(zheng)面(mian)(mian)(mian)打(da)、抬腿(tui)打(da)、轉身(shen)打(da)、翻身(shen)打(da)等各種擊鼓動作,節(jie)奏(zou)由(you)慢到快,反(fan)復變(bian)化,舞(wu)(wu)(wu)姿(zi)靈活敏捷。另有兩個小伙(huo),一(yi)個左(zuo)肩(jian)扛竹筒,右(you)手持(chi)竹棍邊(bian)(bian)敲(qiao)竹筒邊(bian)(bian)舞(wu)(wu)(wu),另一(yi)個拿雨(yu)帽為擊鼓者扇(shan)涼(liang),邊(bian)(bian)扇(shan)邊(bian)(bian)舞(wu)(wu)(wu),三人彼此穿插(cha)跳躍,配合自然協調,場面(mian)(mian)(mian)熱烈,情緒歡騰。
銅鼓舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)屬族(zu)群性的集體舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)。舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者圍(wei)成圓圈,踏(ta)著鼓聲(sheng)節奏(zou)(zou)沿(yan)逆時針(zhen)方向起舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),跳完一(yi)組舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)動(dong)作(zuo)再跳另一(yi)組,內(nei)容都(dou)是(shi)(shi)壯(zhuang)(zhuang)族(zu)、彝族(zu)農耕生(sheng)產生(sheng)活(huo)的反映麻栗坡、富(fu)寧(ning)等幾個(ge)村寨中的銅鼓舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),主要用于祈雨、求豐(feng)收和(he)老人喪葬等民俗活(huo)動(dong)。壯(zhuang)(zhuang)族(zu)、彝族(zu)的銅鼓舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)流傳普(pu)遍,動(dong)作(zuo)古樸,舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)語匯非(fei)常豐(feng)富(fu)。壯(zhuang)(zhuang)族(zu)銅鼓舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)表演(yan)時,一(yi)人敲銅鼓,另一(yi)人以木盒輔(fu)助(zhu)形成共鳴滑音,這在其(qi)他音樂演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)中是(shi)(shi)找不到的。
彝族(zu)的(de)(de)銅(tong)鼓(gu)演(yan)奏(zou)則是一(yi)種(zhong)專門技巧,一(yi)人用公(gong)、母(mu)(mu)兩面銅(tong)鼓(gu)可演(yan)奏(zou)十二種(zhong)音調(diao)組合,簡(jian)稱(cheng)十二調(diao)。據稱(cheng)公(gong)鼓(gu)代(dai)表太陽,母(mu)(mu)鼓(gu)代(dai)表月(yue)亮,十二調(diao)代(dai)表一(yi)年十二個月(yue),因此(ci)彝族(zu)的(de)(de)銅(tong)鼓(gu)舞還包含著(zhu)本地民族(zu)的(de)(de)歷法文化內(nei)容,積淀著(zhu)壯、彝先民自然崇(chong)(chong)拜、祖(zu)先崇(chong)(chong)拜,維系(xi)民族(zu)生存發(fa)展等多方面的(de)(de)歷史文化內(nei)涵(han),具(ju)有鮮明的(de)(de)民族(zu)、地域特色和重要的(de)(de)歷史、文化、藝術(shu)價值。
銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)——銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)和(he)(he)銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)是青銅(tong)(tong)器時代(dai)的文(wen)化(hua)遺存與發展,銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)上積淀(dian)著古(gu)代(dai)農(nong)耕民(min)族(zu)(zu)、沿海漁(yu)民(min)的文(wen)化(hua)創(chuang)造,也可以探尋(xun)在(zai)(zai)今日(ri)民(min)間舞(wu)蹈中的遺存。主要在(zai)(zai)壯、苗、彝、瑤、水、布依等民(min)族(zu)(zu)中流(liu)傳(chuan),是今日(ri)比較(jiao)偏僻(pi)的山區(qu)村寨。銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)的表演形式,主要是以銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)為主,還配合(he)蘆笙、大鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)等樂(le)器作為伴奏,一(yi)般都在(zai)(zai)節(jie)日(ri)中進(jin)行。各民(min)族(zu)(zu)有自己的特定節(jie)日(ri)和(he)(he)活動(dong)方式,舞(wu)蹈的跳法與風格各有特色,他們從不(bu)同方面繼承了(le)古(gu)代(dai)銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)、銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)的功能與樂(le)舞(wu)習俗,并不(bu)斷匯入新(xin)的文(wen)化(hua)創(chuang)造。
每年“打公節”,即農歷六月十五日這(zhe)一天,彝族人(ren)(ren)民百十人(ren)(ren)為一群,跳(tiao)“妻麗”,擊(ji)銅鼓(gu)為樂,連跳(tiao)三天三夜盡興而散(san)。
銅鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)是載(zai)歌(ge)載(zai)舞(wu)(wu)的(de)群眾性自娛舞(wu)(wu)蹈(dao),男女(nv)均可參加(jia),人數不限(xian)。舞(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)的(de)風格和律動別具一(yi)格。它以胸(xiong)、腰及(ji)胯(kua)部的(de)大幅(fu)度扭(niu)擺為基調,舞(wu)(wu)風清(qing)新、純樸(pu)。步(bu)伐不復雜,基本(ben)是一(yi)步(bu)一(yi)并(bing)腳,向前進或橫(heng)走,膝部隨扭(niu)擺而屈伸。有時拉手,有時左、右手交替上下(xia)甩動。男子左手抱(bao)銅鼓(gu),右手敲(qiao)擊,腳步(bu)男女(nv)相同。舞(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)時歌(ge)唱(chang),跳到高潮(chao)時呼叫,情(qing)緒激越。
因文山壯族苗族自(zi)治州緊(jin)鄰廣(guang)西(xi)壯族自(zi)治區,所(suo)以云南彝(yi)(yi)族的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)和廣(guang)西(xi)彝(yi)(yi)族的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)同(tong)(tong)出一(yi)源,動(dong)作也大(da)同(tong)(tong)小異。廣(guang)西(xi)的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)是在(zai)節日或(huo)喪事時跳的。舞(wu)(wu)時一(yi)人打鼓(gu),男(nan)在(zai)外圈,女在(zai)里圈,圍著銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu),隨著鼓(gu)的節奏起舞(wu)(wu)。舞(wu)(wu)步(bu)象(xiang)攀(pan)登山路(lu)的樣子(zi),每邁一(yi)步(bu),雙(shuang)膝隨之頻(pin)頻(pin)顫動(dong),甚(shen)為(wei)奇特。步(bu)伐(fa)大(da)致分(fen)為(wei)六(liu)種,即二步(bu)、三步(bu)、四步(bu)、六(liu)步(bu)、八步(bu),至(zhi)最后(hou)一(yi)拍,腳(jiao)向前踢出。男(nan)女同(tong)(tong)舞(wu)(wu)時,互相(xiang)拉手,前后(hou)擺動(dong)。男(nan)子(zi)單獨排成長隊舞(wu)(wu)蹈時,則各(ge)執折扇一(yi)把,屈伸于前側和胸前。舞(wu)(wu)蹈動(dong)作比較簡(jian)單,主要在(zai)于隊形的變化,節奏由慢(man)而快(kuai),至(zhi)高潮而收(shou)。
銅鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)苗(miao)族銅鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)有男(nan)子跳(tiao)(tiao)的,也有男(nan)女同跳(tiao)(tiao)的,舞(wu)(wu)時(shi)將(jiang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)懸起,擊(ji)(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)者一人(ren),左手持(chi)木棒擊(ji)(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)腰(yao),發音清脆(cui),右(you)手持(chi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)錘擊(ji)(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)面中心,發音濃重,節奏多為、拍(pai),鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)手邊(bian)擊(ji)(ji)邊(bian)舞(wu)(wu),隨(sui)(sui)節奏踏地抬腿(tui),眾人(ren)環(huan)繞而(er)舞(wu)(wu),隨(sui)(sui)著變化多端的節奏,時(shi)里時(shi)外,且進且退,舞(wu)(wu)至(zhi)高(gao)潮時(shi),加擊(ji)(ji)掌呼喊“嗨哧(chi)哧(chi)”之(zhi)聲助興。其動(dong)作(zuo)多為狩(shou)獵生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)、農事生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)動(dong)作(zuo)以(yi)及對動(dong)物(wu)形態的模(mo)擬,如騎(qi)馬趕斑鳩(jiu)、捕(bu)魚、撈蝦(xia)等(deng)。苗(miao)族銅鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)步伐(fa)有力,臂部多前后甩(shuai)動(dong)或左右(you)擺動(dong)。
銅(tong)鼓(gu)舞伴(ban)奏用的銅(tong)鼓(gu)大小各一(yi),成為(wei)一(yi)套,大鼓(gu)為(wei)“雌”,小鼓(gu)為(wei)“雄”。擊(ji)鼓(gu)者右手執(zhi)軟木棒,交替敲(qiao)擊(ji)兩只相對的鼓(gu)面,左手執(zhi)竹棍,敲(qiao)擊(ji)小鼓(gu)梆,擊(ji)鼓(gu)者不參加舞蹈。
銅(tong)鼓(gu)在古(gu)代曾有(you)多種用途,它(ta)既是樂器、祭器和禮器,又曾是權力和財富的(de)象征,清代以后,仍用于祈神、祭祀、治(zhi)病、喪葬、娛樂等活動,并(bing)用鼓(gu)聲(sheng)傳遞信息(xi)。收(shou)藏(zang)或(huo)仍在使(shi)用的(de)銅(tong)鼓(gu),多是出土文物(wu)(wu)或(huo)傳世(shi)古(gu)物(wu)(wu),件件都(dou)是鑄有(you)紋(wen)飾、造型精美的(de)藝術品。如鼓(gu)面(mian)中心(xin)有(you)太(tai)陽(yang)紋(wen),周邊有(you)青蛙、蟾(chan)蜍飾物(wu)(wu)及(ji)翔鷺(lu)紋(wen),鼓(gu)身有(you)羽人(ren)舞(wu)蹈(dao)紋(wen),競渡紋(wen),或(huo)通體云霄紋(wen)等。銅(tong)鼓(gu)上的(de)紋(wen)飾,多給人(ren)一種撲朔迷離,神奇奧秘之(zhi)感,吸引(yin)著人(ren)們對它(ta)的(de)內涵進行探索。
近(jin)代出土的(de)(de)銅鼓(gu)與(yu)保存在少(shao)數民族(zu)中的(de)(de)銅鼓(gu),其形制和(he)紋(wen)飾各有(you)不同(tong),由此反映(ying)了當(dang)時當(dang)地民族(zu)的(de)(de)社會生活、風俗習慣和(he)宗(zong)教意識(shi),幫助我們探索銅鼓(gu)舞中古文(wen)化的(de)(de)遺存。如蛙(wa)飾:多(duo)(duo)是立體造型,四(si)只勻稱地分鑄在鼓(gu)面的(de)(de)邊(bian)沿,反映(ying)出古代農耕民族(zu)對蛙(wa)的(de)(de)重視、蛙(wa)的(de)(de)圖(tu)騰崇拜。壯族(zu)至今(jin)還有(you)祭青蛙(wa)的(de)(de)節日,認為蛙(wa)是雷(lei)神(shen)的(de)(de)女兒,通過它可以祈求雷(lei)神(shen)給人們帶來風調雨順(shun),農業豐收。又如太(tai)陽紋(wen):它與(yu)古民族(zu)的(de)(de)太(tai)陽崇拜有(you)關,著(zhu)名的(de)(de)廣西寧明花(hua)山巖畫上,就(jiu)畫有(you)許多(duo)(duo)這(zhe)一類(lei)型的(de)(de)銅鼓(gu)與(yu)銅鼓(gu)舞的(de)(de)場面。
畫(hua)面上,銅鼓置(zhi)于江(jiang)邊,許多人(ren)物姿勢相同,向(xiang)同一方向(xiang)歡呼雀(que)躍,像是(shi)在擊銅鼓起舞,祭祀(si)江(jiang)神。再(zai)如廣西(xi)博物館存的世(shi)界最大(da)銅鼓:直(zhi)徑(jing)166厘米(mi),重300公斤(jin),鼓面中心是(shi)太陽(yang)紋(wen),銅鼓上的翔鷺(lu)紋(wen)認為是(shi)水鶴(he)(he)和鷺(lu)鷥,水鶴(he)(he)能測(ce)風雨,鷺(lu)鷥善捕魚(yu),以此紋(wen)飾寄(ji)托漁民出海平安、豐收(shou)的心愿。羽人(ren)舞蹈紋(wen)和競渡(du)紋(wen)是(shi)當(dang)時歌舞娛樂(le)、龍舟競渡(du)的描繪(hui),這(zhe)些紋(wen)飾有(you)助于研究古代風俗和舞蹈文化的源流。
文山壯族(zu)、彝族(zu)銅鼓舞活(huo)動(dong)示(shi)范(fan)點(dian)(dian)是開展項目保護和(he)傳(chuan)承工作的(de)主陣地(di),是項目實施和(he)發展的(de)支撐點(dian)(dian)。其中壯族(zu)活(huo)動(dong)示(shi)范(fan)點(dian)(dian)兩個(ge):廣(guang)南縣(xian)(xian)那灑鎮貴馬村、者(zhe)兔鄉里玉村;彝族(zu)活(huo)動(dong)示(shi)范(fan)點(dian)(dian)兩個(ge):廣(guang)南縣(xian)(xian)八寶鎮里灑村、麻栗(li)坡縣(xian)(xian)董干鄉新寨(zhai)、城寨(zhai)村(后兩村為一點(dian)(dian))。
在授牌儀式上,里灑村村長王(wang)國文雙手捧著(zhu)“文山壯族彝族銅(tong)鼓(gu)舞(wu)活(huo)動(dong)示范點”的牌子和2000元傳承活(huo)動(dong)經費,激動(dong)地說:“近年來我們得(de)到(dao)各級領導(dao)的關心,曾(ceng)多(duo)次受(shou)邀到(dao)鎮(zhen)上或縣上參加各種演出活(huo)動(dong)。沒(mei)想到(dao)我們的銅(tong)鼓(gu)舞(wu)會得(de)到(dao)國家(jia)如此的重視,現在我們不(bu)但(dan)要一代(dai)一代(dai)地跳下去,而(er)且還要跳到(dao)文山,跳到(dao)昆明,讓更多(duo)的人(ren)都(dou)能(neng)看到(dao)。”
據文(wen)(wen)山(shan)(shan)州(zhou)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)館(guan)館(guan)長(chang)王瑛介紹,州(zhou)、縣(xian)(xian)對銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)舞傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承(cheng)和發展(zhan)的(de)相關措施主(zhu)要是:不斷充實(shi)“文(wen)(wen)山(shan)(shan)壯族(zu)(zu)彝族(zu)(zu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)舞”的(de)文(wen)(wen)字、音樂、音像、器具等(deng)相關資(zi)料(liao),建立傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)習活動及(ji)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承(cheng)人(ren)檔案。成立州(zhou)、縣(xian)(xian)、鄉(鎮)、村四個級(ji)別的(de)保護(hu)工作領導小(xiao)組,形成有組織、有計劃、有責(ze)任制的(de)規范(fan)保護(hu);以實(shi)物、圖、文(wen)(wen)、音像等(deng)藝術(shu)形式,在文(wen)(wen)山(shan)(shan)州(zhou)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)館(guan)及(ji)廣(guang)南、麻栗(li)坡兩(liang)縣(xian)(xian)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)館(guan)分(fen)別建立“文(wen)(wen)山(shan)(shan)壯族(zu)(zu)彝族(zu)(zu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)舞”民(min)俗展(zhan)廳;在廣(guang)南、麻栗(li)坡兩(liang)縣(xian)(xian)分(fen)別建立“文(wen)(wen)山(shan)(shan)壯族(zu)(zu)彝族(zu)(zu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)舞”示范(fan)點的(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承(cheng)活動場(chang)所(兼(jian)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)習所),扶持銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)舞老(lao)藝人(ren)進行傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)習活動,培養年輕一代(dai);以學(xue)(xue)校為示范(fan)點,將銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)舞蹈編入學(xue)(xue)生課間操中,使青(qing)少年學(xue)(xue)生從小(xiao)得到銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)舞的(de)優美音樂旋律(lv)和舞蹈韻(yun)律(lv)的(de)感染(ran)和熏陶。
文山(shan)銅(tong)鼓舞(wu)凝聚(ju)著(zhu)壯(zhuang)(zhuang)、彝(yi)人(ren)民(min)的(de)創造(zao)才能和聰明才智,具(ju)有鮮明的(de)民(min)族(zu)、地域特(te)色和重要的(de)歷史、文化(hua)(hua)、藝術價值(zhi),是壯(zhuang)(zhuang)、彝(yi)人(ren)民(min)重要的(de)精神(shen)支柱(zhu)之一(yi)。銅(tong)鼓舞(wu)文化(hua)(hua)折射出壯(zhuang)(zhuang)、彝(yi)人(ren)民(min)勤(qin)勞、聰慧、淳樸、善良的(de)性格及(ji)審(shen)美觀念,是研究壯(zhuang)(zhuang)族(zu)、彝(yi)族(zu)社會(hui)歷史,傳(chuan)(chuan)承民(min)族(zu)傳(chuan)(chuan)統文化(hua)(hua)的(de)一(yi)個重要媒介(jie),在維系民(min)族(zu)生存(cun)和發展等(deng)方(fang)面起著(zhu)極其(qi)重要的(de)作(zuo)用。各級(ji)(ji)文化(hua)(hua)工作(zuo)者(zhe)經(jing)過近(jin)3年多的(de)實地調查、收集整理和組織申報,《文山(shan)壯(zhuang)(zhuang)族(zu)彝(yi)族(zu)銅(tong)鼓舞(wu)》于2006年5月被列(lie)入第一(yi)批(pi)國家(jia)級(ji)(ji)非物質文化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)產保護(hu)名錄。
由(you)于外來文化(hua)的沖擊,壯(zhuang)族、彝族年輕(qing)一代對民族傳統歷(li)史(shi)文化(hua)缺(que)乏深層次的認知,導致習銅(tong)鼓(gu)舞者銳減,如(ru)不及時(shi)加以(yi)保護(hu)和傳承,就有消亡的危險。
國(guo)家非(fei)(fei)常重視非(fei)(fei)物質文(wen)化(hua)遺產的(de)保護,2006年(nian)5月20日,銅鼓舞經國(guo)務院(yuan)批準列入第一批國(guo)家級(ji)非(fei)(fei)物質文(wen)化(hua)遺產名錄。