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回族醫藥
0 票數:0 #國家級非物質文化遺產名錄#
回族醫藥是中國傳統醫學與阿拉伯-伊斯蘭醫學“東西合璧”的產物。當歐洲其他各國尚未脫離神學統治之回族醫藥時,阿拉伯人開始發展科學文化。他們開辦大學、建立圖書館,培養了大批人才,阿拉伯文化達到較高水平,在所有科目中,醫學是最主要的,也取得了巨大成就。2008年6月7日,回族醫藥經國務院批準列入第二批國家級非物質文化遺產名錄。
  • 所屬類別: 傳統醫藥
  • 遺產項目編號: Ⅸ-17
  • 申報地區: 寧夏(xia)回族自治區
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相關項目

1、回族醫藥(張氏回醫正骨療法),編號:Ⅸ-17
(1)批次/類型:2008年(第二批),新增項目
(2)申報地區或單位:寧夏回族自治區吳忠市
(3)保護單位:寧夏張氏回醫正骨醫院
2、回族醫藥(回族湯瓶八診療法),編號:Ⅸ-17
(1)批次/類型:2008年(第二批),新增項目
(2)申報地區或單位:寧夏回族自治區銀川市
(3)保護單位:寧夏湯瓶八診文化產業發展有限公司
3、回族醫藥(陳氏回族醫技十法),編號:Ⅸ-17
(1)批次/類型:2014年(第四批),擴展項目
(2)申報地區或單位:寧夏回族自治區吳忠市
(3)保護單位:寧夏伊康(kang)回族醫藥(yao)研(yan)究(jiu)所(有(you)限公司)

起源

介紹

隨著阿(a)拉伯人(ren)與鄰國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)交往,鄰國(guo)(guo)文(wen)化(hua)隨之(zhi)在(zai)阿(a)拉伯諸國(guo)(guo)滲透,并互相補益(yi),醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)上也是如此(ci)。伊斯蘭(lan)教創始人(ren)穆(mu)罕(han)默(mo)德(de)曾(ceng)說過:“學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)問遠在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo),亦當求(qiu)之(zhi)”。中(zhong)(zhong)阿(a)于(yu)公元(yuan)651年(nian)(nian)正式友好往來,醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)方面(mian)的(de)(de)交往也興于(yu)此(ci)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。因此(ci)許多阿(a)拉伯學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者,特別是一些哲學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)家不斷總結(jie)自己民族的(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)實踐(jian)經驗,同時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還將其(qi)(qi)他國(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)著作(zuo)譯(yi)成阿(a)文(wen)。如格夫退葉在(zai)《哲學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)家傳(chuan)記》一書中(zhong)(zhong)提到(dao):“巴士拉醫(yi)(yi)(yi)生(sheng)馬西爾朱衛是哈(ha)(ha)里(li)發奧馬·阿(a)不杜·阿(a)齊茲時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代以色列學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者,其(qi)(qi)真名叫(jiao)馬西爾·吉斯,精(jing)通醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),在(zai)奧馬爾時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)主持翻譯(yi)愛(ai)赫蘭(lan)·格斯的(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)著作(zuo),成書于(yu)哈(ha)(ha)里(li)發穆(mu)爾時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代,他的(de)(de)另兩部著作(zuo)是《食(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)力(li)量及益(yi)損》和《草(cao)藥(yao)的(de)(de)功(gong)能及益(yi)損》”。在(zai)哈(ha)(ha)里(li)發奧馬爾時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(公元(yuan)717年(nian)(nian)至719年(nian)(nian))還請精(jing)明醫(yi)(yi)(yi)生(sheng)充當教育和醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)顧問。倭瑪亞王朝的(de)(de)另一個(ge)哈(ha)(ha)里(li)發哈(ha)(ha)立德(de)·葉其(qi)(qi)德(de)是第一個(ge)將希臘文(wen)天(tian)文(wen)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、化(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等專著譯(yi)成阿(a)拉伯文(wen)的(de)(de)人(ren),由(you)于(yu)其(qi)(qi)哲學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、文(wen)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)修(xiu)養高深,貢獻卓(zhuo)著,被(bei)阿(a)拉伯后世(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者稱為賢哲。不言而喻(yu),隨文(wen)化(hua)交流,醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)理(li)論的(de)(de)相互補益(yi)滲透現象在(zai)后世(shi)阿(a)拉伯醫(yi)(yi)(yi)著中(zhong)(zhong)不乏其(qi)(qi)例,這(zhe)與中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)著作(zuo)的(de)(de)《海藥(yao)本草(cao)》《千金要(yao)方》《本草(cao)綱目》等記載阿(a)拉伯醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)同屬一理(li),都是歷(li)史事實。

早在公元7世(shi)(shi)紀,阿(a)(a)拉(la)(la)(la)伯一(yi)伊(yi)斯蘭醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)曾居世(shi)(shi)界(jie)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的先進(jin)行(xing)列,并對(dui)西方現(xian)代醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)有(you)(you)巨(ju)大影(ying)響。到(dao)中(zhong)世(shi)(shi)紀,阿(a)(a)拉(la)(la)(la)伯偉大的哲學(xue)(xue)(xue)家、科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)家、醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)家阿(a)(a)維森納的足跡遍及伊(yi)拉(la)(la)(la)克、波斯、阿(a)(a)塞(sai)拜疆、巴基(ji)斯坦大片土地。他一(yi)生大膽實踐,潛心鉆研,廣征博求,于公元980至1037年著成熔古希臘醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)、印度醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)、中(zhong)國醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)、阿(a)(a)拉(la)(la)(la)伯醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)與哲學(xue)(xue)(xue)于一(yi)爐的巨(ju)著—— 《醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)典》 ,成為現(xian)代醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)和阿(a)(a)拉(la)(la)(la)伯醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的奠基(ji)人。中(zhong)世(shi)(shi)紀阿(a)(a)拉(la)(la)(la)伯醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)著作(zuo)繁多,不少(shao)已散失,包括(kuo)《醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)典》在內(nei),流(liu)傳(chuan)至今尚(shang)有(you)(you)400多種。

由來

由于阿拉伯(bo)醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)廣(guang)泛吸收希臘醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、羅馬(ma)醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、印度(du)醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(包(bao)括中(zhong)國醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)脈學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)在內)的(de)(de)精(jing)髓,在漫長(chang)的(de)(de)歷史過程中(zhong)逐漸(jian)形成(cheng)了自己的(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)體(ti)系。其礪酆誦氖恰八(ba)拇笪鎦恃?怠薄Ⅰ八(ba)慕蜓(ting)?怠薄5焦??2世紀,伊朗著(zhu)名醫(yi)(yi)家拉齊斯的(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)巨(ju)著(zhu)《綜合(he)醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》10卷和阿巴薩(sa)德·達維(wei)亞的(de)(de)《綜合(he)百科(ke)全(quan)書》問世,更(geng)加豐富(fu)了阿拉伯(bo)醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)治療(liao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)內容(rong)。是時阿拉伯(bo)醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)已成(cheng)為有理(li)論有豐富(fu)經驗的(de)(de)古(gu)代(dai)醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。

傳入中國

中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)回(hui)回(hui)醫學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)發展,相伴于中(zhong)(zhong)阿(a)醫藥(yao)(yao)(yao)交(jiao)流。中(zhong)(zhong)阿(a)醫藥(yao)(yao)(yao)交(jiao)流歷(li)史源遠流長,最早可追溯到(dao)西漢(han)。當(dang)時張(zhang)騫(qian)兩次出使(shi)(shi)西域后,中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)與西域之交(jiao)流日益頻繁,據史料記載(zai)張(zhang)騫(qian)曾(ceng)到(dao)達(da)大(da)宛(即(ji)(ji)(ji)今(jin)(jin)之中(zhong)(zhong)亞費爾干納)、大(da)月氏(即(ji)(ji)(ji)今(jin)(jin)之阿(a)富汗北(bei)部)、大(da)夏(即(ji)(ji)(ji)今(jin)(jin)之阿(a)姆(mu)河南)、康居(即(ji)(ji)(ji)今(jin)(jin)之中(zhong)(zhong)亞撒(sa)馬爾罕)等國(guo)(guo),并從大(da)月氏經(jing)安息(即(ji)(ji)(ji)今(jin)(jin)之伊(yi)朗)直抵大(da)秦(qin)(即(ji)(ji)(ji)今(jin)(jin)之羅(luo)馬)。張(zhang)騫(qian)的(de)(de)(de)副使(shi)(shi)曾(ceng)達(da)身毒國(guo)(guo)(即(ji)(ji)(ji)今(jin)(jin)之印度北(bei)、盂加拉、巴(ba)基斯(si)坦(tan)(tan)一帶)及(ji)??賓(bin)(即(ji)(ji)(ji)今(jin)(jin)之克什(shen)米(mi)爾及(ji)巴(ba)基斯(si)坦(tan)(tan)北(bei)部),經(jing)此(ci)路輸(shu)入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)品中(zhong)(zhong)有不少(shao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu),據范行準先生(sheng)統計:礦物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)如(ru)石硫黃、密陀僧等凡18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),植物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)如(ru)木香(xiang)、豆蔻等凡58種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),動物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)羚羊角及(ji)龍涎等凡16種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),共(gong)計92種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其中(zhong)(zhong)相當(dang)一部分是阿(a)拉伯地區的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)。這些(xie)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)均被當(dang)時漢(han)醫吸收和應用。

雖然(ran)早(zao)在西(xi)漢時期(qi)張騫、甘英先(xian)后通(tong)使(shi)西(xi)域(yu),但阿拉(la)伯與中國的正式(shi)友好(hao)往來(lai)則始于唐代(dai),醫藥方面(mian)也(ye)興于此時。

公元651年(nian)(nian)(nian),第三(san)任哈里發歐(ou)斯曼使節于8月25日到(dao)(dao)達(da)(da)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)長(chang)(chang)安(an)(an),進見唐(tang)(tang)皇,搭起了(le)中(zhong)阿友誼的(de)橋梁(liang)。自此(ci)(ci)以后阿拉(la)伯(bo)等穆斯林主要(yao)沿(yan)水(shui)(shui)旱(han)兩路(lu)(lu)往來(lai)于中(zhong)阿之(zhi)間,水(shui)(shui)路(lu)(lu)由波斯灣到(dao)(dao)馬(ma)爾納灣。經(jing)(jing)盂加(jia)拉(la)灣抵馬(ma)六甲海(hai)(hai)峽(xia)至我國(guo)(guo)(guo)南(nan)(nan)海(hai)(hai)達(da)(da)廣州(zhou)(zhou)、泉州(zhou)(zhou)、杭州(zhou)(zhou),再轉(zhuan)至長(chang)(chang)安(an)(an);陸(lu)路(lu)(lu)則經(jing)(jing)波斯、阿富汗到(dao)(dao)新(xin)疆天山(shan)南(nan)(nan)北,最(zui)后達(da)(da)唐(tang)(tang)都長(chang)(chang)安(an)(an)。比較(jiao)而言,穆斯林經(jing)(jing)水(shui)(shui)路(lu)(lu)達(da)(da)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)時間要(yao)比陸(lu)路(lu)(lu)早100年(nian)(nian)(nian)。從唐(tang)(tang)永徽二年(nian)(nian)(nian)到(dao)(dao)唐(tang)(tang)貞(zhen)元十五年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)148年(nian)(nian)(nian)中(zhong),阿拉(la)伯(bo)遣唐(tang)(tang)使多(duo)達(da)(da)36次。當時唐(tang)(tang)人(ren)(ren)稱阿拉(la)伯(bo)人(ren)(ren)為(wei)大食(Taz或Tazih的(de)譯音)人(ren)(ren)。唐(tang)(tang)安(an)(an)史(shi)之(zhi)亂(luan),大食應(ying)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)請求,派(pai)精(jing)兵支援唐(tang)(tang)王朝,后一(yi)些阿拉(la)伯(bo)人(ren)(ren)即定居(ju)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。據史(shi)料記載,在安(an)(an)史(shi)之(zhi)亂(luan)到(dao)(dao)長(chang)(chang)安(an)(an)有(you)(you)更多(duo)大食人(ren)(ren),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)大部分長(chang)(chang)期居(ju)住在“西(xi)(xi)市”一(yi)帶,從事“回回”奇(qi)香(xiang)(xiang)異(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)。由于盛唐(tang)(tang)五代時期,阿拉(la)伯(bo)與(yu)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)關系最(zui)深(shen)的(de)是商業貿(mao)(mao)易,醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)方(fang)面則是香(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)進口,有(you)(you)時一(yi)處(chu)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)香(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)珠寶(bao)者甚至達(da)(da)一(yi)二十萬人(ren)(ren),單香(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)貿(mao)(mao)易有(you)(you)時竟達(da)(da)千(qian)斤之(zhi)多(duo),如(ru)此(ci)(ci)大大豐富了(le)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)品種(zhong)。到(dao)(dao)唐(tang)(tang)末五代時,最(zui)負盛名的(de)回回醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)家(jia)李珣,人(ren)(ren)稱李波斯。他著(zhu)有(you)(you)一(yi)本獨具風格的(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)著(zhu)作《海(hai)(hai)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)本草(cao)》,顧(gu)名思(si)義,該(gai)書(shu)之(zhi)所以用“海(hai)(hai)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”命名,是因(yin)其(qi)(qi)所收錄的(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物多(duo)來(lai)自海(hai)(hai)外(wai)(wai)。該(gai)書(shu)為(wei)總(zong)結唐(tang)(tang)末時南(nan)(nan)方(fang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物與(yu)海(hai)(hai)外(wai)(wai)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物臨(lin)床應(ying)用的(de)本草(cao)學(xue)(xue)著(zhu)作,有(you)(you)較(jiao)高的(de)文獻(xian)學(xue)(xue)價值。另(ling)外(wai)(wai)還有(you)(you)鄭虔(qian)的(de)《胡(hu)本草(cao)》及非醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)書(shu)籍《西(xi)(xi)陽雜俎》等也(ye)記載了(le)許多(duo)外(wai)(wai)來(lai)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物,包括阿拉(la)伯(bo)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物。

在唐代(dai)(dai)不(bu)僅有(you)香藥(yao)輸入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo),與(yu)之同時(shi)(shi)一些醫療(liao)技術(shu)也傳(chuan)入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo),如(ru)(ru)在《千(qian)金翼方·養性》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所記載的(de)“悖散湯”(又(you)名牛乳(ru)補虛破氣(qi)(qi)方),本為波(bo)斯(si)、大(da)(da)(da)秦醫方,曾在朝(chao)野(ye)間廣(guang)為流傳(chuan),對(dui)治療(liao)氣(qi)(qi)痢、一切氣(qi)(qi)病、健運脾胃其(qi)效甚(shen)佳。從唐代(dai)(dai)開始,回(hui)回(hui)先(xian)民對(dui)香藥(yao)推廣(guang)應用頗多貢獻(xian),如(ru)(ru)用香藥(yao)防(fang)治疾病、薰(xun)洗衣(yi)物、化(hua)妝美容(rong)、調味食品、祛邪防(fang)腐等。同時(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)穆斯(si)林(lin)研究(jiu)介(jie)紹了(le)大(da)(da)(da)量阿拉伯(bo)世(shi)界文(wen)化(hua)成就如(ru)(ru)數學(xue)(xue)、天文(wen)歷法等,而(er)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)造紙術(shu)、針灸學(xue)(xue)、脈學(xue)(xue)、煉丹術(shu)、臨床科學(xue)(xue)經驗也源源不(bu)斷(duan)地(di)輸入(ru)阿拉伯(bo)國(guo)(guo)家(jia),特(te)別是造紙術(shu)輾轉外(wai)傳(chuan),給(gei)歐洲中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)世(shi)紀(ji)文(wen)明以很大(da)(da)(da)促進。因此(ci)早(zao)期的(de)回(hui)回(hui)先(xian)民為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)文(wen)化(hua)的(de)交流做出(chu)了(le)重大(da)(da)(da)貢獻(xian),尤其(qi)在未有(you)空(kong)間傳(chuan)播(bo)科技的(de)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai),堪(kan)稱豐(feng)功偉績。

宋代(dai),中(zhong)國與(yu)西域的陸(lu)路(lu)交(jiao)通(tong)不(bu)如海(hai)路(lu)發達,在東南沿(yan)海(hai)一帶(dai)如廣州、泉州、杭(hang)州、揚州等(deng)地集居了大(da)量的大(da)食人(ren)(ren),其中(zhong)不(bu)乏香(xiang)藥巨商與(yu)醫家(jia),且人(ren)(ren)數(shu)日增。由于(yu)海(hai)上交(jiao)通(tong)頻繁,宋皇特命在廣州、杭(hang)州、泉州等(deng)沿(yan)海(hai)地設“市舶司”以管理海(hai)外貿易及對外文化交(jiao)流。載入史冊的有福建蒲氏(shi)(shi)家(jia)族。《宋會要稿·蕃夷七》記(ji)載的蒲壽庚,也是宋代(dai)著名香(xiang)藥富(fu)商。《蒲氏(shi)(shi)家(jia)譜》有“家(jia)居西板(ban)”,“世秉清真教(jiao),天下(xia)蒲氏(shi)(shi)皆一脈”之記(ji)載,蒲氏(shi)(shi)家(jia)族興盛于(yu)宋元,衰(shuai)落于(yu)明清,世襲經商大(da)食香(xiang)藥。

宋(song)(song)代(dai)的(de)中(zhong)阿海外貿(mao)(mao)易(yi)較唐(tang)(tang)代(dai)有(you)(you)很大(da)的(de)發展,貿(mao)(mao)易(yi)品種(zhong)由唐(tang)(tang)代(dai)的(de)珍(zhen)寶(bao)犀牙(ya)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)、香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)為(wei)(wei)輔,漸變(bian)為(wei)(wei)以(yi)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)貿(mao)(mao)易(yi)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)。宋(song)(song)太(tai)平(ping)興(xing)國(guo)七年,宋(song)(song)太(tai)祖(zu)曾下詔令對海外香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)料放通(tong)行的(de)有(you)(you)37種(zhong),其(qi)銷路較廣的(de)是有(you)(you)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)(liao)作用的(de)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)如丁香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、木香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、龍(long)腦香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、乳香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、草(cao)豆蔻、沉(chen)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、檀香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、龍(long)涎(xian)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、蘇(su)合香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)油等。由于大(da)量香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)引進,從(cong)而大(da)大(da)豐(feng)富(fu)了(le)中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)及(ji)治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)方(fang)(fang)法。宋(song)(song)代(dai)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)較唐(tang)(tang)代(dai)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)在香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)應用或組方(fang)(fang)上有(you)(you)明(ming)顯(xian)變(bian)化(hua),就(jiu)《太(tai)平(ping)圣惠(hui)方(fang)(fang)》而言,僅(jin)卷48“諸心痛門(men)”以(yi)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)命(ming)名(ming)的(de)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)有(you)(you):沉(chen)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)散(san)3首(shou)、沉(chen)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)丸(wan)(wan)1首(shou)、木香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)散(san)6首(shou)、木香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)丸(wan)(wan)6首(shou)、丁香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)丸(wan)(wan)1首(shou);《圣濟總錄》卷56“心痛門(men)”以(yi)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)命(ming)名(ming)的(de)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)有(you)(you)木香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)煮散(san)、木香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)湯、豆蔻湯、丁香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)湯、沉(chen)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)散(san)等31方(fang)(fang)次,計應用香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)8種(zhong)。《太(tai)平(ping)惠(hui)民(min)和(he)劑局方(fang)(fang)》是宋(song)(song)代(dai)政府(fu)和(he)劑局的(de)成藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)配本,書中(zhong)以(yi)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)命(ming)名(ming)的(de)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)不(bu)下30余種(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)有(you)(you)不(bu)少名(ming)方(fang)(fang),眾所(suo)周知的(de)蘇(su)合香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)丸(wan)(wan)、至寶(bao)丹(dan)、牛黃清(qing)心丸(wan)(wan)等便是。蘇(su)合香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)丸(wan)(wan)中(zhong)15味藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)就(jiu)有(you)(you)13味是進口(kou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),至今蘇(su)合香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)丸(wan)(wan)對于中(zhong)風所(suo)致的(de)神志不(bu)清(qing)、牙(ya)關緊閉、半身不(bu)遂等重癥有(you)(you)明(ming)顯(xian)療(liao)(liao)效。其(qi)間,大(da)食(shi)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)家及(ji)學者功不(bu)可沒(mei)。

宋(song)代在(zai)社(she)會上廣用(yong)香(xiang)(xiang)料、香(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)薰(xun)衣、焚香(xiang)(xiang)、啖香(xiang)(xiang)之際,禮尚往來亦常以香(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)作為饋(kui)贈佳品(pin),用(yong)香(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)配(pei)制的藥(yao)(yao)茶甚至(zhi)一(yi)(yi)度成為社(she)會生活中(zhong)的時尚。皇權(quan)貴族(zu)之間(jian)也視藥(yao)(yao)茶為饋(kui)贈佳品(pin)。民間(jian)百姓(xing)們不(bu)僅用(yong)香(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)治病(bing),而且(qie)也用(yong)于(yu)消毒。泉(quan)州有(you)香(xiang)(xiang)料文獻記(ji)載:“蕃藥(yao)(yao)能治冷氣,醫學多(duo)用(yong)之……,泉(quan)人每歲家無貧富(fu),皆燃(ran)之如燔柴”。現(xian)代研究,燃(ran)燒香(xiang)(xiang)料,對于(yu)防止傳染病(bing)傳播和擴散(san)有(you)一(yi)(yi)定作用(yong)。這種習俗,自古至(zhi)今,不(bu)僅在(zai)回民中(zhong)間(jian)流行,在(zai)閩(min)南地區其他民族(zu)中(zhong)也同樣流行。

元代(dai)一(yi)統天下(xia),將國(guo)內民族分(fen)為(wei)四等,即蒙(meng)(meng)古人(ren)、色目人(ren)、漢人(ren)及南人(ren)。穆斯林則(ze)是色目人(ren)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)主要分(fen)子,他(ta)們(men)往往與蒙(meng)(meng)古人(ren)享受同等待遇(yu),無論在(zai)法律上或事實上都優(you)于(yu)漢人(ren),同時(shi)在(zai)元代(dai)“回回”一(yi)名(ming)開始代(dai)替(ti)“大食(shi)人(ren)”,被人(ren)們(men)認為(wei)信仰(yang)伊(yi)斯蘭教者的(de)(de)(de)名(ming)稱。如(ru)此則(ze)為(wei)阿拉伯醫(yi)藥的(de)(de)(de)廣泛深入(ru)傳播與興盛(sheng)打下(xia)了良好的(de)(de)(de)政治基礎,且元人(ren)統一(yi)中(zhong)國(guo)之(zhi)后,繼續奉行(xing)南宋(song)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)海外(wai)貿易(yi)政策,推行(xing)少數民族醫(yi)藥共存的(de)(de)(de)方針,回回醫(yi)藥在(zai)此得以興旺發達。

元(yuan)初(chu),在元(yuan)朝政府中(zhong)設(she)有相應的醫(yi)藥(yao)機(ji)構。元(yuan)世祖即(ji)位后效法漢制在建立太醫(yi)院(yuan)之后,于至元(yuan)七年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1273年(nian)(nian))改回(hui)回(hui)愛(ai)薛所立京師醫(yi)藥(yao)院(yuan)為廣惠(hui)司。據《元(yuan)史·百官志》說(shuo):“廣惠(hui)司秩正三品(pin),掌修制御用回(hui)回(hui)藥(yao)物及和(he)劑(ji),以療諸宿衛士及在京孤寒者”。至元(yuan)二十九年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1291年(nian)(nian))先后在大都、上都建立“回(hui)回(hui)藥(yao)物院(yuan)”;至治二年(nian)(nian)隸廣惠(hui)司,定置達(da)魯花赤一員(yuan),大使二員(yuan),副使一員(yuan)。

金元(yuan)之際,西域(yu)技(ji)術之士,醫家之流(liu)多入(ru)仕于元(yuan),如愛薛、答(da)里(li)麻等。

由(you)于(yu)元代統(tong)治(zhi)者對阿拉伯(bo)藥(yao)物高(gao)度(du)重視,元代阿拉伯(bo)人在當時政(zheng)府中的醫藥(yao)機(ji)構里(li)占極大勢力、廣惠司是回回醫家的大本營。

另外還有一(yi)些祖籍西域(yu),生于中國,精(jing)通(tong)漢、回醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)的(de)學(xue)者,如(ru)元末(mo)著(zhu)名學(xue)者丁鶴年,為虔誠的(de)伊斯蘭教徒(tu),工儒學(xue),通(tong)奧義,精(jing)詩律,是一(yi)位善兼醫(yi)(yi)術的(de)人(ren)。又如(ru)元末(mo)明初杭州(zhou)的(de)穆(mu)斯林(lin)大商人(ren)鄂(e)施曼乃的(de)子孫曾(ceng)設(she)立豪華的(de)私人(ren)醫(yi)(yi)院,取名“鄂(e)施曼尼(ni)雅(ya)”,聘有回回醫(yi)(yi)生從職。陶(tao)宗儀《南村輟耕錄(lu)》所(suo)記,不乏不知姓名的(de)回回醫(yi)(yi)官為百姓治(zhi)病的(de)事例(li)。

金元之(zhi)際(ji)醫學文化領域學術活躍,百家爭鳴,中(zhong)醫界出(chu)現了(le)金元四大學派(pai),回(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)醫藥(yao)(yao)文化此時(shi)也發展到(dao)鼎盛時(shi)期(qi),涌現了(le)與回(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)藥(yao)(yao)物院有關的、集阿拉伯醫藥(yao)(yao)學與中(zhong)國傳統(tong)醫學為一體,具有中(zhong)國回(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)特色的醫藥(yao)(yao)大型綜(zong)合性醫著《回(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)藥(yao)(yao)方》等專(zhuan)著。

人物

回回藥方

《回回藥方(fang)》(以下(xia)簡(jian)稱《藥方(fang)》)。中國回族(zu)醫藥學大型(xing)綜合性典籍,未著撰人,紅格(ge)明抄本(ben),原書36卷(juan)(juan),殘存(cun)(cun)4卷(juan)(juan),現藏于(yu)北(bei)京圖書館。全文基(ji)本(ben)上用(yong)漢文記述(shu),并夾(jia)雜不少阿拉伯、波(bo)斯藥物(wu)名稱術語的原文和音(yin)譯詞匯。現殘存(cun)(cun)卷(juan)(juan)為:目錄卷(juan)(juan)之下(xia)、卷(juan)(juan)12、卷(juan)(juan)30、卷(juan)(juan)34。

目錄卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)下(xia)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)19至36據目錄可見,卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)19為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)咳嗽(sou)(sou)(sou)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)嗽(sou)(sou)(sou)、濕(shi)嗽(sou)(sou)(sou)、喘嗽(sou)(sou)(sou)、嗽(sou)(sou)(sou)血、嗽(sou)(sou)(sou)痰、肺經(jing)腫嗽(sou)(sou)(sou)、說(shuo)治(zhi)(zhi)咳嗽(sou)(sou)(sou)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)20為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)胸(xiong)膈凝聚、胸(xiong)膈熱(re)(re)促、胸(xiong)弱、胸(xiong)疼痛、胸(xiong)奄濁(zhuo)、胸(xiong)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)濕(shi)、胸(xiong)中(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)瘡(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)、開胸(xiong)膈等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)21為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)腸(chang)風(feng)肚腹(fu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)腸(chang)風(feng)、腸(chang)中(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)瘡(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)、腸(chang)中(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)22為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)瀉(xie)痢門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)論、方(fang)及(ji)(ji)瀉(xie)從遍身(shen)(shen)來的、胃(wei)經(jing)泄(xie)瀉(xie)、腸(chang)經(jing)泄(xie)瀉(xie)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)23為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)嘔(ou)吐(tu)(tu)(tu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、痞證(zheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、秘門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、勞(lao)瘵門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、補(bu)(bu)(bu)益門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men);嘔(ou)吐(tu)(tu)(tu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)嘔(ou)吐(tu)(tu)(tu)、吐(tu)(tu)(tu)瀉(xie)、泄(xie)瀉(xie)、止吐(tu)(tu)(tu)、止瀉(xie)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);痞證(zheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)痞證(zheng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);秘門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)臟腑不通(tong)(tong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、能(neng)通(tong)(tong)小水類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);勞(lao)瘵門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)勞(lao)熱(re)(re)、勞(lao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、勞(lao)嗽(sou)(sou)(sou)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);補(bu)(bu)(bu)益門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)補(bu)(bu)(bu)益類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)24為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)熱(re)(re)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)熱(re)(re)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)一(yi)切熱(re)(re)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)胸(xiong)膈冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、胃(wei)經(jing)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)、一(yi)切冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)25為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)血門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、時(shi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)斑疹(zhen)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、瘧(nve)(nve)疾(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)不依常度、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)喘急等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)血門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)治(zhi)(zhi)吐(tu)(tu)(tu)血、能(neng)吐(tu)(tu)(tu)血、下(xia)血、止血等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);時(shi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)斑疹(zhen)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)時(shi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)、斑疹(zhen)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);瘧(nve)(nve)疾(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)瘧(nve)(nve)疾(ji)(ji)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)26為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)身(shen)(shen)體(ti)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)身(shen)(shen)體(ti)肥瘦、身(shen)(shen)體(ti)疼痛、癍痕(hen)花(hua)(hua)繡、治(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)、治(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)虱、手足等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)27為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)黃病(bing)(bing)(bing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、蠱癥(zheng)(zheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、積(ji)聚門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),黃病(bing)(bing)(bing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)黃類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei),蠱癥(zheng)(zheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)蠱癥(zheng)(zheng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);積(ji)聚門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)積(ji)聚類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)28為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)腳氣(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、脫(tuo)肛痔漏門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、谷通(tong)(tong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。腳氣(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)身(shen)(shen)體(ti)疼痛腳氣(qi)(qi)(qi)、熱(re)(re)腫腳氣(qi)(qi)(qi)、冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)腫腳氣(qi)(qi)(qi)、寒濕(shi)腳氣(qi)(qi)(qi)、一(yi)切腳氣(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);脫(tuo)肛痔漏門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)痔瘡(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)、腸(chang)風(feng)痔漏、痔風(feng)、脫(tuo)肛等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);谷通(tong)(tong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)谷通(tong)(tong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)29為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雜(za)癥(zheng)(zheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)論16條(tiao),方(fang)189首。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)30為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雜(za)癥(zheng)(zheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),載(zai)方(fang)307首。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)31為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)婦人眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)疾(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、小兒眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)疾(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。婦人眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)疾(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)婦人身(shen)(shen)內(nei)動靜、乳上癥(zheng)(zheng)候(hou)、懷孕動靜、子宮癥(zheng)(zheng)候(hou)、眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)疾(ji)(ji)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);小兒眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)疾(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)小兒眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)疾(ji)(ji)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)32為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瘡(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)腫腫毒(du)(du)(du)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)腫毒(du)(du)(du)、疬(li)瘡(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)、惡(e)瘡(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng),卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)33為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瘡(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)腫毒(du)(du)(du)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、疥(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)癬(xian)(xian)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瘡(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)腫毒(du)(du)(du)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)疥(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)瘡(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)、甜(tian)瘡(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)、疳瘡(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)、癩(lai)瘡(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)、臭瘡(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。疥(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)癬(xian)(xian)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)疥(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)瘡(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)、癬(xian)(xian)瘡(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)、一(yi)切疥(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)癬(xian)(xian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)34金(jin)瘡(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、折(zhe)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、針灸(jiu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、湯(tang)(tang)(tang)火所(suo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、棒(bang)(bang)瘡(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、治(zhi)(zhi)人齒(chi)所(suo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。金(jin)瘡(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)刀箭(jian)所(suo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)、取箭(jian)頭刺簽(qian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);折(zhe)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)損(sun)、接骨、骨脫(tuo)出等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);針灸(jiu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)灸(jiu)各(ge)種癥(zheng)(zheng)候(hou)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);湯(tang)(tang)(tang)火所(suo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)湯(tang)(tang)(tang)火所(suo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);棒(bang)(bang)瘡(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)棒(bang)(bang)打(da)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);治(zhi)(zhi)人齒(chi)所(suo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)治(zhi)(zhi)人齒(chi)咬傷(shang)(shang)(shang)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)35為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)獸(shou)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)(du)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、辟(pi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)獸(shou)所(suo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)獸(shou)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)(du)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)論及(ji)(ji)說(shuo)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)(du)物、辨驗何等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)毒(du)(du)(du)物所(suo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)、解服藥毒(du)(du)(du)、解眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)獸(shou)所(suo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);辟(pi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)辟(pi)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、辟(pi)惡(e)物等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)36為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)修合(he)藥餌(er)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、修合(he)諸般馬(ma)準門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)香(xiang)湯(tang)(tang)(tang)煎門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、活(huo)物治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)花(hua)(hua)果菜(cai)(cai)治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。修合(he)藥餌(er)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)論及(ji)(ji)制藥法,相合(he)藥法、比量用(yong)藥、說(shuo)造良方(fang)。藥性期(qi)度、藥餌(er)分兩(liang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);修合(he)諸般馬(ma)準門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)論及(ji)(ji)方(fang)87首(均已分見各(ge)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men));眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)香(xiang)湯(tang)(tang)(tang)煎門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)湯(tang)(tang)(tang)藥類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);活(huo)物治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)活(huo)物治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)花(hua)(hua)果菜(cai)(cai)治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)果物類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)菜(cai)(cai)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)花(hua)(hua)物等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。

從上述部分(fen)藥(yao)目錄所(suo)涉及的病種門類(lei)可以看出,《藥(yao)方(fang)(fang)》是一(yi)部包括內(nei)、外、婦、兒、骨(gu)傷、皮膚(fu)等科,內(nei)容豐富的中國回族(zu)醫學方(fang)(fang)書(shu)。從現存3卷所(suo)載(zai)方(fang)(fang)劑(ji)看,全書(shu)所(suo)載(zai)可能(neng)達,6000~7000首之多。其系統性、綜合(he)性不(bu)亞于中醫古籍(ji)《外臺秘要(yao)》。

《藥(yao)(yao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)》以敘方(fang)(fang)(fang)為主(zhu),方(fang)(fang)(fang)論結合(he),回(hui)回(hui)藥(yao)(yao)物與(yu)傳(chuan)(chuan)統中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)并(bing)(bing)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。據統計(ji)《藥(yao)(yao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)》殘卷常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)259種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),明顯(xian)屬(shu)于海藥(yao)(yao)并(bing)(bing)注明中(zhong)文名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)者有61種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);沿用(yong)(yong)(yong)阿(a)(a)拉(la)伯藥(yao)(yao)名(ming)(ming)。從《藥(yao)(yao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)》中(zhong)所載方(fang)(fang)(fang)劑(ji)(ji)來看,無明顯(xian)君(jun)、臣、佐、使之配伍。據研(yan)究,《藥(yao)(yao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)》不(bu)僅與(yu)阿(a)(a)拉(la)伯醫(yi)(yi)學有根深的(de)淵源關系,而(er)且突出特色,東西合(he)壁。在藥(yao)(yao)物劑(ji)(ji)型的(de)運用(yong)(yong)(yong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面,既有中(zhong)國式的(de)丸、散、膏、湯,又(you)保存有阿(a)(a)拉(la)伯式的(de)芳香揮發藥(yao)(yao)、滴鼻劑(ji)(ji)、露酒(jiu)劑(ji)(ji)、油劑(ji)(ji),糖漿劑(ji)(ji);有些醫(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)臨床應用(yong)(yong)(yong)如(ru)菖蒲煎劑(ji)(ji)治療中(zhong)風(feng)等,又(you)是借鑒了中(zhong)國傳(chuan)(chuan)統醫(yi)(yi)學經(jing)驗并(bing)(bing)和回(hui)回(hui)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)相(xiang)結合(he)的(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)法(fa)。《藥(yao)(yao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)》有它自己獨特的(de)思想體(ti)系,反映了成書時(shi)代(dai)中(zhong)國回(hui)醫(yi)(yi)對疾病(bing)認(ren)識在理(li)(li)論上已較(jiao)成熟,這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)理(li)(li)論既保存有阿(a)(a)拉(la)伯醫(yi)(yi)學的(de)特征(zheng),也(ye)有中(zhong)國傳(chuan)(chuan)統醫(yi)(yi)學的(de)成份。

《藥方(fang)(fang)》內容之廣(guang),涉及(ji)臨床(chuang)多科(ke)(ke),同(tong)時(shi)在治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)上(shang)也(ye)較豐富,對(dui)(dui)有些(xie)疾病則采(cai)用內外(wai)并治(zhi)(zhi)。當然《藥方(fang)(fang)》的(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)除了阿拉伯醫學的(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)經(jing)驗外(wai),其中(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)不乏傳統中(zhong)(zhong)醫的(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)以(yi)及(ji)民間(jian)驗方(fang)(fang)。值得一(yi)提的(de)(de)是(shi)許多方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)特(te)別是(shi)一(yi)些(xie)外(wai)治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)及(ji)其對(dui)(dui)骨傷(shang)科(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)論治(zhi)(zhi)具備了時(shi)代的(de)(de)先進性。如《藥方(fang)(fang)》中(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)(dui)頭部外(wai)傷(shang)的(de)(de)診斷,是(shi)根(gen)據組(zu)織損傷(shang)程度劃分(fen)的(de)(de),并分(fen)別使用不同(tong)的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)。對(dui)(dui)外(wai)傷(shang)腫脹(zhang)不退,且(qie)并發全身癥狀(zhuang)者(zhe),主張(zhang)作(zuo)“十字(zi)”切開(kai),排膿(nong)引(yin)流。對(dui)(dui)顱骨下膿(nong)腫,采(cai)用鉆孔鋸(ju)開(kai)的(de)(de)開(kai)顱方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)等,在今天看來尚(shang)且(qie)合理(li)。

《藥(yao)(yao)方(fang)》“折(zhe)傷門”、“針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)門”之論述(shu)較全面。“折(zhe)傷門”基本上包(bao)括了古今骨科的(de)(de)(de)(de)內容,包(bao)括了軟組織損(sun)(sun)傷、骨傷及(ji)關節脫臼,并從理論上闡述(shu)了這些(xie)損(sun)(sun)傷的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)、發生機制、診(zhen)斷和治療方(fang)法(fa),對一些(xie)合并癥(zheng)也作了相應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)介紹。從而反映了14世紀時期(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)骨傷科診(zhen)療水(shui)平(ping)發展(zhan)成就。在今天看(kan)來,“折(zhe)傷門”中(zhong)(zhong)許多(duo)(duo)內容仍有臨床實用(yong)價(jia)值。“針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)門”實為(wei)專論灸(jiu)(jiu)而罕論針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen),所(suo)論灸(jiu)(jiu)法(fa)有三種(zhong)情況,即艾(ai)灸(jiu)(jiu)、藥(yao)(yao)灸(jiu)(jiu)、烙灸(jiu)(jiu),以烙灸(jiu)(jiu)法(fa)所(suo)占篇幅(fu)最長,尤為(wei)詳述(shu),其(qi)(qi)方(fang)法(fa)為(wei)阿拉伯醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)燒烙法(fa)。在書(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)烙灸(jiu)(jiu)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)適應(ying)(ying)癥(zheng)被分為(wei)16等(deng),涉及(ji)范圍很廣,包(bao)括了內科、外(wai)科、眼科、傷科、皮(pi)膚等(deng)多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)疾病(bing),其(qi)(qi)病(bing)因(yin)多(duo)(duo)與體(ti)內惡液有關,具體(ti)方(fang)法(fa)是采用(yong)多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)器械、燒烙皮(pi)膚,令其(qi)(qi)破(po)損(sun)(sun)、潰(kui)爛、流膿(nong),而不能早用(yong)生肌收(shou)口之藥(yao)(yao),必令其(qi)(qi)膿(nong)外(wai)流,則體(ti)內之惡液因(yin)之排出,然后施用(yong)生肌收(shou)口的(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao),使之平(ping)復(fu)。《藥(yao)(yao)方(fang)》中(zhong)(zhong)灸(jiu)(jiu)法(fa)雖然以烙灸(jiu)(jiu)為(wei)主體(ti),也確實帶有明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)阿拉伯醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)特(te)色,但中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)特(te)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)艾(ai)灸(jiu)(jiu)法(fa)在書(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)出現及(ji)烙灸(jiu)(jiu)法(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)出現針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)穴位(wei),這說明《藥(yao)(yao)方(fang)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)灸(jiu)(jiu)法(fa)體(ti)現了共(gong)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)特(te)色。

海藥本草

《海藥(yao)(yao)本草(cao)(cao)》。作者為唐(tang)末五代(dai)(dai)時的(de)(de)李珣。祖籍波斯,又(you)名(ming)李波斯,善詩。曾幾代(dai)(dai)定(ding)居長安(an)西(xi)市一帶,以賣藥(yao)(yao)為生,《海藥(yao)(yao)本草(cao)(cao)》收藥(yao)(yao)124種,大多數來自波斯等地(di)及南海諸地(di)區(qu),因此(ci)為回(hui)回(hui)醫藥(yao)(yao)根基的(de)(de)一部分(fen),對中醫學(xue)的(de)(de)發(fa)展也曾有(you)過作用。有(you)醫學(xue)專家指出,在唐(tang)末五代(dai)(dai)時在民族醫藥(yao)(yao)史上(shang)有(you)突出貢獻的(de)(de)書籍首推《海藥(yao)(yao)本草(cao)(cao)》。它還補充了《神農本草(cao)(cao)》《名(ming)醫別錄(lu)》 《唐(tang)本草(cao)(cao)》 《食療本草(cao)(cao)》《本草(cao)(cao)拾遺》等不足(zu),且糾正了前著的(de)(de)一些錯記(ji),豐富(fu)了中國藥(yao)(yao)物學(xue),是回(hui)回(hui)醫學(xue)的(de)(de)重要基礎與典籍。

飲膳正要

《飲膳(shan)正要(yao)(yao)》。本(ben)書(shu)(shu)是我國(guo)第(di)一(yi)部營(ying)養學專著,成(cheng)書(shu)(shu)于元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代天歷(li)三年(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1330年)。作者忽思慧(又作和(he)斯(si)輝(hui)),史書(shu)(shu)無載。從本(ben)書(shu)(shu)序文和(he)進書(shu)(shu)表來看(kan),是元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)仁(ren)宗(zong)時(shi)的(de)宮廷飲膳(shan)太(tai)醫(yi),舊說是蒙(meng)古族(zu)醫(yi)家。這部書(shu)(shu)初刊后,明清兩代多次翻刻,但因屢遭兵災,已散佚不多。書(shu)(shu)中配(pei)方多以(yi)羊肉為主料,“聚珍異撰(zhuan)”第(di)一(yi)方馬思答吉(ji)湯,《本(ben)草(cao)綱目·菜部》蒔蘿條附(fu)馬思答吉(ji)注(zhu):“元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)時(shi)飲膳(shan)用之,云極香料也。不知何況,故(gu)(gu)附(fu)之。”書(shu)(shu)中多引用回(hui)回(hui)豆子(zi)、回(hui)回(hui)蔥(cong)、回(hui)回(hui)青、回(hui)回(hui)小油。許多食品冠(guan)以(yi)“胡(hu)(hu)”字,如(ru)胡(hu)(hu)蔥(cong)、胡(hu)(hu)麻、胡(hu)(hu)椒、胡(hu)(hu)荽(sui)等。以(yi)胡(hu)(hu)蔥(cong)為例,《本(ben)草(cao)綱目》指出:“元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)人《飲膳(shan)正要(yao)(yao)》作回(hui)回(hui)蔥(cong),似(si)言自胡(hu)(hu)地,故(gu)(gu)曰(yue)胡(hu)(hu)蔥(cong)耳”。《洛陽伽蘭(lan)記·城南》記:“獅(shi)子(zi)者,波斯(si)國(guo)胡(hu)(hu)王(wang)所獻(xian)也”。可見大(da)量配(pei)方是信(xin)仰伊斯(si)蘭(lan)教的(de)民族(zu)和(he)國(guo)家飲食療法所用。將《飲膳(shan)正要(yao)(yao)》推論為“兼(jian)通蒙(meng)漢醫(yi)學”的(de)太(tai)醫(yi)所撰(zhuan),看(kan)來根據不足(zu)。

瑞竹堂方

《瑞竹堂(tang)(tang)經驗方(fang)(fang)(fang)》 (下稱《瑞竹堂(tang)(tang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)》)。原著在(zai)(zai)明代中(zhong)葉(xie)后國(guo)(guo)內已失傳,但書(shu)(shu)中(zhong)許(xu)多內容則散見于國(guo)(guo)內外(wai)許(xu)多醫藥(yao)文(wen)獻,其(qi)原序兩(liang)則及(ji)清明兩(liang)代若干輯佚和(he)抄本(ben),分別在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)和(he)日本(ben)有(you)關部門(men)和(he)私家(jia)(jia)珍藏(zang),作(zuo)者及(ji)成(cheng)書(shu)(shu)年(nian)代國(guo)(guo)內外(wai)專家(jia)(jia)爭論(lun)不(bu)一,清乾(qian)隆年(nian)間修纂的(de)(de)《四庫(ku)全書(shu)(shu)》曾將明代《永樂大典》中(zhong)本(ben)書(shu)(shu)散在(zai)(zai)內容搜(sou)采編輯為5卷24門(men)。集(ji)得(de)內、外(wai)、婦、兒(er)、眼、齒、調(diao)補、美容等科效方(fang)(fang)(fang)170余首(shou)。當時“計亡(wang)闕已十(shi)之五六”,中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)中(zhong)醫研究院現藏(zang)有(you)清代《抄本(ben)瑞竹堂(tang)(tang)經驗方(fang)(fang)(fang)》及(ji)仿明刻日刊本(ben)《瑞竹堂(tang)(tang)經驗方(fang)(fang)(fang)》,有(you)的(de)(de)專家(jia)(jia)認為本(ben)書(shu)(shu)作(zuo)者肯定是(shi)回回醫家(jia)(jia),其(qi)名為沙(sha)圖(tu)穆蘇·薩謙(qian)齋,官至元(yuan)朝(chao)御(yu)史兼太守。其(qi)成(cheng)書(shu)(shu)年(nian)代不(bu)晚于泰定三年(nian)(公元(yuan)1327年(nian)),陳(chen)垣先生在(zai)(zai)其(qi)名著《勵耕(geng)書(shu)(shu)屋叢刊·元(yuan)西域人華(hua)化(hua)考(kao)》中(zhong)早已經將本(ben)書(shu)(shu)作(zuo)者考(kao)證為“華(hua)化(hua)”了(le)的(de)(de)回。

清代《抄(chao)本瑞竹堂經驗方(fang)(fang)(fang)》現亡(wang)闕(que)者多,但明刻(ke)日刊本可能近《瑞竹堂方(fang)(fang)(fang)》原(yuan)帙。此(ci)日刊本按明刻(ke)分15卷,每卷1門(men)(men),集方(fang)(fang)(fang)300余首,即(ji)諸(zhu)風(feng)門(men)(men)、心氣(qi)(qi)(qi)痛門(men)(men)、疝氣(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)(men)、積滯門(men)(men)、痰飲門(men)(men)、喘嗽門(men)(men)、滋補門(men)(men)、瀉痢門(men)(men)、頭面(mian)口眼門(men)(men)、耳鼻門(men)(men)、發口門(men)(men)、咽喉門(men)(men)、雜治門(men)(men)、瘡(chuang)腫門(men)(men)、婦(fu)女(nv)門(men)(men)、兒門(men)(men)。該(gai)書用香藥較多,書中記載的(de)懸吊(diao)水桶淋浴式是回(hui)族(zu)自古以來獨特的(de)衛生傳統(tong)習慣,另有(you)治急氣(qi)(qi)(qi)疼方(fang)(fang)(fang)、治惡瘡(chuang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)、治疔瘡(chuang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)在其方(fang)(fang)(fang)名上標(biao)有(you)“海上方(fang)(fang)(fang)”等字樣,還有(you)的(de)驗方(fang)(fang)(fang)特別(bie)強調忌馬、驢、豬肉(rou)等。

回回藥方

回回藥方(fang)以敘方(fang)為主,方(fang)論結合,回回藥方(fang)與傳(chuan)統中藥并用。

據統(tong)計(ji)《回回藥(yao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)》殘卷常用(yong)藥(yao)259種,明(ming)顯(xian)屬于海藥(yao),其中(zhong)注明(ming)中(zhong)文名稱沿(yan)用(yong)阿(a)拉(la)伯(bo)(bo)藥(yao)名的(de)(de)有61種。從回回藥(yao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)中(zhong)記載(zai)的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)劑(ji)來看,無(wu)明(ming)顯(xian)的(de)(de)君、臣、佐、使之配伍,在藥(yao)物劑(ji)型的(de)(de)運用(yong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面,既(ji)有中(zhong)國(guo)式(shi)的(de)(de)“丸、散、膏、湯(tang)”,又保存(cun)了(le)阿(a)拉(la)伯(bo)(bo)“芳(fang)香(xiang)揮發藥(yao)、滴鼻(bi)劑(ji)、露酒劑(ji)、油劑(ji)、糖漿(jiang)劑(ji)”,有些(xie)醫方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)臨床(chuang)應用(yong)如(ru)菖莆煎劑(ji),治療(liao)中(zhong)風等,借鑒了(le)中(zhong)國(guo)傳統(tong)醫藥(yao)學經驗(yan)并(bing)和回回醫藥(yao)相(xiang)結合。“回回藥(yao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)”有它自(zi)己(ji)獨(du)特的(de)(de)思(si)想(xiang)體系而且內(nei)容(rong)廣泛(fan),涉及臨床(chuang)多科,同時,在治療(liao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法上(shang)也(ye)較豐富,對有些(xie)疾病(bing)采(cai)用(yong)內(nei)外(wai)并(bing)治。因(yin)此,回回藥(yao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)反(fan)映了(le)中(zhong)國(guo)回醫藥(yao)對疾病(bing)認識在理論(lun)上(shang)已較成熟,這種理論(lun)既(ji)保存(cun)有阿(a)拉(la)伯(bo)(bo)醫學的(de)(de)特征,也(ye)有中(zhong)國(guo)傳統(tong)醫學的(de)(de)成分(fen)。

回藥應用

在長(chang)期的(de)醫(yi)療實踐中,逐步(bu)形(xing)成了很多治(zhi)療各(ge)種疾病的(de)回回藥方,民(min)間(jian)回族(zu)群眾經常用來治(zhi)療一些常見病,舉(ju)例 如下:

1主(zhu)治功能:養(yang)胃散寒(han),緩(huan)急(ji)止(zhi)痛,健胃消脹(zhang)止(zhi)疼(teng)。處方組成:乳香、篳撥、高(gao)良姜、肉豆蔻、丁香、砂仁、沉香。共研細(xi)粉用黑(hei)白(bai)糖攪拌,一日兩次(ci)早晚服用。

2主治功能:補腎活(huo)血,利水消腫,消渴(ke)蠱病,腎囊流水。

處(chu)方組(zu)成(cheng):大麥面(mian)、香附(fu)子、石堿、牛糞,共研(yan)細(xi)粉用玫瑰水(shui)和醋調和攪拌而(er)成(cheng),用布袋(dai)包上貼腹部。一(yi)日(ri)一(yi)次連貼三至(zhi)五日(ri)有好轉(zhuan)。

3香茸湯

主治功能:腎(shen)(shen)(shen)陽(yang)虛(xu),陽(yang)痿早泄,補(bu)腎(shen)(shen)(shen)壯陽(yang),滋補(bu)肝腎(shen)(shen)(shen)。

處方組(zu)成:沉(chen)香、鹿茸(rong)、枸杞、山芋(yu)肉(rou)。開水煎服(fu)一日一劑煎三次服(fu)用。

4四合湯

主治功能:祛風散寒(han),通絡止痛(tong),惡吐,頭(tou)疼(頭(tou)昏,頭(tou)暈)周身關節疼痛(tong)。

處方組成(cheng):丁香、地蕉(jiao)、茯茶、高良姜(jiang)。(如有咳嗽,加苦(ku)杏(xing)仁、花椒,為六合湯)。開水煎湯后放黑白糖服用一至兩碗。

配制(zhi),用紅線捆扎手指(左三右四)拿針放(fang)淤血,然后發汗痊愈)。放(fang)血療(liao)法是現(xian)代醫學的清血解毒消炎。

特色診療

中國回族(zu)在(zai)一(yi)千多年的(de)(de)(de)與疾病作斗爭的(de)(de)(de)過程中,不(bu)但形成(cheng)了獨特的(de)(de)(de)回族(zu)醫藥理論(lun)體系,而且形成(cheng)了至今尚(shang)存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)獨特的(de)(de)(de)民間療法。而民間療法又可分外(wai)治法、內治法。

(一)外治法

1.刺法(包括放血砭法及火針)

眉心放(fang)血法:回(hui)族群眾(zhong)俗(su)稱挑頭。術者(zhe)(zhe)端(duan)坐患(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)對(dui)側,用(yong)(yong)左右兩拇(mu)指由眉心(印堂(tang)穴)由內(nei)向外(wai)按捋(lv)三次,再(zai)用(yong)(yong)拇(mu)指食指揪起眉心,針(zhen)刺放(fang)血(所用(yong)(yong)工具為一般縫衣針(zhen),下同)。此法適用(yong)(yong)于風(feng)寒感冒、頭痛(tong)、身痛(tong)、前(qian)額痛(tong)、畏寒等證。

太陽穴放血(xue)法(fa):術者用(yong)拇指由前額(e)向(xiang)外捋三次(ci),然(ran)后用(yong)拇指同食指揪(jiu)起太陽穴處皮膚,用(yong)針(zhen)刺出血(xue)少許。此法(fa)適(shi)用(yong)于感冒頭(tou)痛(tong)、寒熱(re)往來、血(xue)瘀頭(tou)痛(tong)、高血(xue)壓頭(tou)痛(tong)等。

腘(guo)窩(wo)(wo)放血法:患者背向醫者直立,暴露腘(guo)窩(wo)(wo)部(bu)。術者先用手(shou)掌(zhang)擊其(qi)腘(guo)窩(wo)(wo)。暴露腘(guo)窩(wo)(wo)處表淺靜脈。在腘(guo)窩(wo)(wo)中(zhong)線(xian)外(相當委中(zhong)穴),用針刺出血少許。此法主治風寒感冒、身痛(tong)、腰痛(tong)及腹痛(tong)等癥。

肘(zhou)窩放血法(fa):暴露肘(zhou)部后,術者由上臂(bei)向(xiang)下捋(lv)三次(ci),然后用一物緊(jin)束上臂(bei),待肘(zhou)部血管怒張。在肘(zhou)部靜脈處(相當(dang)曲池(chi)穴)放血。此法(fa)主治風寒(han)感冒、肢體疼痛(tong)、身痛(tong)等證(zheng)。

中(zhong)(zhong)指(zhi)放血法(fa):用(yong)一(yi)(yi)根紅線(xian)緊(jin)束患者(zhe)中(zhong)(zhong)指(zhi)。術者(zhe)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)指(zhi)指(zhi)甲上一(yi)(yi)韭葉處或(huo)指(zhi)端放血。此法(fa)主治風寒(han)感冒(mao)、小兒客忤(wu)驚風、婦人癔(yi)病。

外耳(er)(er)廓放血法(fa):病人背(bei)術者坐位,將耳(er)(er)廓外側(ce)暴露。術者用手(shou)固定(ding)耳(er)(er)廓,暴露耳(er)(er)廓小(xiao)靜脈,取其上三分(fen)之一處,用砭石(shi)(或瓷器鈍片),輕刺小(xiao)靜脈血,視其病情輕重(zhong)以定(ding)其放血量。此法(fa)主治咽部紅腫充血、扁桃體炎、口瘡及皮膚疥癬(xian)、神經(jing)性皮炎等。

內(nei)迎香放血法:取一銳利竹簽,放入病人鼻(bi)翼內(nei)0.5公分處(chu),緊貼鼻(bi)翼。術者用(yong)食(shi)指猛彈(dan)鼻(bi)翼使其出血少許。此法主治急性眼(yan)炎、紅眼(yan)、咽(yan)炎、咽(yan)部(bu)充血等證。

關節扭傷血(xue)(xue)(xue)腫(zhong)放血(xue)(xue)(xue)法(fa):如(ru)關節扭傷跌打局部(bu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)腫(zhong),回族民間常用(yong)局部(bu)放血(xue)(xue)(xue),配合拔(ba)火罐,拔(ba)除瘀(yu)血(xue)(xue)(xue),也有用(yong)小兒童(tong)尿洗之以(yi)活其血(xue)(xue)(xue)。(按《醫(yi)林(lin)纂要》便溺:凡跌打血(xue)(xue)(xue)悶欲死,灌此即蘇,新產(chan)和酒(jiu)飲之。可免血(xue)(xue)(xue)瘀(yu)上攻(gong),血(xue)(xue)(xue)瘀(yu)作痛,此皆(jie)咸以(yi)散瘀(yu)。見效甚速(su)者。《本草思辯錄》……折傷跌打有靈(ling)驗)。

火針(zhen)刺法(fa):方(fang)法(fa)是用一(yi)縫衣針(zhen)在(zai)油燈或(huo)酒精上燒紅,在(zai)一(yi)定的(de)部位(wei)針(zhen)刺。常刺的(de)部位(wei)有大椎穴(xue)、中脘穴(xue)。治療急性胃炎、胃痙攣、膽道蛔蟲。有時也在(zai)急性淋巴管(guan)炎上端挑刺。

2.拔(ba)法:回族民間常用(yong)(yong)陶器火罐,用(yong)(yong)紙點燃,投入其中,以行拔(ba)法。所拔(ba)部(bu)位(wei)多在(zai)前(qian)額(e)、太陽穴、背部(bu)、腰部(bu)、上腹部(bu)。主治頭痛、胃(wei)痛、腰痛、背痛等,也有(you)(you)結合放(fang)血療(liao)法者。對于膿(nong)腫已潰、結核瘺管(guan)膿(nong)液也有(you)(you)使用(yong)(yong),達到提膿(nong)的(de)目(mu)的(de)。

3.挑(tiao)法(fa)(fa):挑(tiao)法(fa)(fa)是(shi)指(zhi)挑(tiao)四(si)縫及挑(tiao)羊(yang)毛療。挑(tiao)四(si)縫:是(shi)在(zai)(zai)小兒手指(zhi)第二(er)關節(jie)內側(ce)用針挑(tiao)出(chu)少量黃色(se)粘液(ye),主治小兒疳積、慢性(xing)(xing)消化不良。挑(tiao)羊(yang)毛療法(fa)(fa):(羊(yang)毛療相(xiang)當(dang)于急(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)胃痙(jing)攣,急(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)膽囊炎(yan)等(deng)(deng)急(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)腹(fu)痛癥狀(zhuang))。方(fang)法(fa)(fa)是(shi)先用銅(tong)錢沾(zhan)麻油或用一小盤邊緣(yuan)光滑側(ce)在(zai)(zai)病人背部兩(liang)側(ce)刮。待背部出(chu)現輕度瘀血征象,用縫衣針針孔端在(zai)(zai)背上(shang)點。發現異樣小點,用針尖挑(tiao)起皮(pi)膚(fu)及皮(pi)下筋膜。亦有(you)用小刀割之的。主治急(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)胃炎(yan)、急(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)胃痙(jing)攣、急(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)膽絞痛等(deng)(deng)急(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)腹(fu)痛癥。

4.吹(chui)法(fa):吹(chui)法(fa)包括(kuo)吹(chui)杜爾精神(shen)(shen)療(liao)法(fa)(宗教(jiao)名稱)及(ji)吹(chui)藥(yao)兩種方法(fa)。吹(chui)杜爾精神(shen)(shen)療(liao)法(fa):方法(fa)是(shi)用(yong)一潔凈蓋碗(wan)由阿(a)訇(宗教(jiao)人士(shi))在碗(wan)壁上(shang)寫上(shang)經(jing)(jing)字(阿(a)文),放入(ru)茶(cha)葉(或相應的用(yong)中(zhong)藥(yao)加工的茶(cha)葉)沖入(ru)開水。由阿(a)訇誦讀經(jing)(jing)文及(ji)吹(chui)氣入(ru)碗(wan)讓病人飲用(yong)。主治(zhi)一些精神(shen)(shen)性病患,此法(fa)有精神(shen)(shen)治(zhi)療(liao)作用(yong)。吹(chui)藥(yao)法(fa):將血(xue)(xue)余炭吹(chui)入(ru)鼻(bi)腔用(yong)于止血(xue)(xue)。用(yong)皂角粉(fen)吹(chui)鼻(bi)治(zhi)療(liao)中(zhong)風昏迷。

5.捏(nie)(nie)法(fa):捏(nie)(nie)法(fa)包括捏(nie)(nie)人(ren)中(zhong)穴及捏(nie)(nie)脊。掐人(ren)中(zhong):方法(fa)是用拇(mu)指甲緊捏(nie)(nie)患者人(ren)中(zhong)穴。主治休克(ke)、虛脫、昏迷或癔(yi)病氣厥。掐脊也叫(jiao)捏(nie)(nie)脊:方法(fa)是在髂(qia)脊與肩胛之間分(fen)三(san)等分(fen),揪起皮膚由下部(bu)向上部(bu)捻捏(nie)(nie),每至一(yi)份處,向上提三(san)下。反(fan)復(fu)三(san)次,用雙手(shou)搓5~10分(fen)鐘。此法(fa)用于小兒疳積。消瘦、食少、面色萎黃等證。

6、熏(xun)法:包括醋(cu)(cu)熏(xun)法及藥熏(xun)法兩種。醋(cu)(cu)熏(xun)法:取老陳醋(cu)(cu)半碗,放在病人鼻(bi)邊,取紅(hong)炭火一塊,速(su)投入(ru)醋(cu)(cu)中,使醋(cu)(cu)熏(xun)發之氣味,沖入(ru)患者鼻(bi)內。主治(zhi)昏厥(jue)、癔病氣厥(jue)。藥熏(xun)法:回(hui)族(zu)民間習慣用(yong)(yong)白礬、花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)熏(xun)洗(xi)陰(yin)部,治(zhi)陰(yin)部寒濕病。用(yong)(yong)花(hua)(hua)椒(jiao)、艾葉洗(xi)瘡。用(yong)(yong)白草煎水洗(xi)下肢,治(zhi)肢體疼痛。用(yong)(yong)西(xi)河柳,芫荽、紅(hong)布洗(xi)身透疹等。

7.敷(fu)法(fa)(fa):有(you)(you)熱(re)敷(fu)法(fa)(fa)及(ji)冷敷(fu)法(fa)(fa)。回族用(yong)醋糟加入小茴香或用(yong)清鹽在鍋內炒熱(re),裝入布(bu)袋(dai)熱(re)敷(fu)腹部治療小腹寒痛、寒疝(谷稱偏(pian)墜)。也有(you)(you)用(yong)磚或布(bu)鞋底烤熱(re)作(zuo)熱(re)敷(fu)使用(yong)的(de)。冷敷(fu)法(fa)(fa)在鼻出(chu)血、高熱(re)時用(yong)冷毛巾敷(fu)頭額。回族少(shao)女有(you)(you)扎耳(er)眼的(de)習(xi)慣,扎耳(er)眼時用(yong)冰(bing)做(zuo)寒冷麻醉,有(you)(you)止(zhi)血止(zhi)痛作(zuo)用(yong)。

8.點(dian)咽滴鼻洗眼(yan)(yan)法:回族(zu)民(min)間治療咽部(bu)炎癥(zheng)、懸雍垂水腫可用筷子蘸(zhan)燒(shao)鹽(yan)(yan)(即青(qing)鹽(yan)(yan)火(huo)煅)點(dian)于咽部(bu)。用雞蛋黃油點(dian)鼻,治療鼻粘膜干(gan)燥癥(zheng),用蒼耳(er)油點(dian)鼻治鼻炎,用柳葉(xie)、金銀(yin)花(hua)、白菊花(hua)煎水點(dian)洗眼(yan)(yan)治急性(xing)結膜炎等(deng)。

9.涂(tu)抹法(fa):涂(tu)抹法(fa)是抹藥結合藥敷的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)治(zhi)法(fa),常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)有以下(xia)幾種(zhong):①用(yong)(yong)(yong)五月端(duan)陽節(jie)蟾蜍(chu)一(yi)只,將墨錠一(yi)支由蟾蜍(chu)口裝入(ru)腹中(zhong),陰(yin)干備(bei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)時涂(tu)于(yu)患病處,對急性炎癥(zheng)紅腫(zhong),有止痛消腫(zhong)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。②用(yong)(yong)(yong)花粉(fen)、白芷、綠豆共(gong)為細末(mo);冷水(shui)調(diao)成糊狀(zhuang),敷于(yu)患處。常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)面(mian)部炎癥(zheng)、青年痤瘡等(deng)。③用(yong)(yong)(yong)鮮蒲公英一(yi)兩(liang)搗成糊狀(zhuang)參入(ru)蛋清(qing)調(diao)敷患處。常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)治(zhi)療急性乳(ru)腺(xian)炎。

10.割法:即切除術(shu)。回(hui)族禮習在男(nan)性青(qing)年(nian)婚前做包(bao)皮切除術(shu)(稱之做頌乃悌)。

內治法

(二)內治法

回(hui)族(zu)民間偏方驗方有個重要的特點,即(ji)“藥食(shi)(shi)同療”、“寓藥于食(shi)(shi)”,這與回(hui)人(ren)善烹(peng)調(diao),喜精作食(shi)(shi)品(pin)有一定關系。

如以羊心(xin)(xin)朱砂同用(yong)(yong)(yong)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)心(xin)(xin)血不足之失眠、心(xin)(xin)悸、震(zhen)顫。方法是取(qu)新鮮羊心(xin)(xin)一(yi)個,朱砂1克(ke)(擂細)由羊心(xin)(xin)動靜脈孔內(nei)納入,用(yong)(yong)(yong)棉線縫其口(kou),蒸熟或燉熟,用(yong)(yong)(yong)時切(qie)成肉(rou)片每晚服半(ban)只。本品有(you)養血、鎮靜作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)磚茶(cha)15克(ke),山楂15克(ke),紅(hong)糖20克(ke)共(gong)同炒焦。沖水(shui)飲用(yong)(yong)(yong)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)急性痢(li)疾、腹(fu)(fu)寒(han)腹(fu)(fu)痛,有(you)止痢(li)、暖胃(wei)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)元肉(rou)30克(ke),大棗10克(ke),紅(hong)糖30克(ke),黑豆30克(ke)長(chang)期煎服治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)貧血、產后血虛,有(you)補血作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)綠(lv)豆、蕎面等用(yong)(yong)(yong)清(qing)水(shui)調(diao)勻敷于瘡瘍(yang)處(chu)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)疔(ding)毒瘡瘍(yang),有(you)拔(ba)毒法火清(qing)熱作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)清(qing)油一(yi)兩熬(ao)沸(fei),放入花椒15克(ke),炸(zha)枯。取(qu)油服用(yong)(yong)(yong),有(you)驅蟲(chong)安蛔潤腸通便作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)于蛔蟲(chong)腹(fu)(fu)痛及蛔蟲(chong)引起腸梗阻。用(yong)(yong)(yong)麻(ma)油調(diao)入芒硝內(nei)服治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)便秘(mi)、食道炎(yan)、早期食道癌等有(you)通閉(bi)散結的作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。

回族民間(jian)的醫療(liao)經驗(yan)治(zhi)療(liao)方(fang)法還(huan)很不完善,還(huan)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個粗線條(tiao)的,還(huan)需要進一(yi)(yi)發掘(jue)、整理。

(三)食療

回族人(ren)民善(shan)烹調,喜精(jing)做食品(pin),在飲食上有本(ben)民族的獨(du)特習慣,各種風味小吃獨(du)具風味。而有些“食譜”“粥譜”“茶譜”就是很好的保健(jian)食品(pin),有明顯的補(bu)氣(qi)補(bu)血(xue)、健(jian)脾(pi)開胃、補(bu)腎增精(jing)作用(yong)。

配(pei)方:羯羊脖(bo)子1個(ge),黃芪(qi)飲片(pian)60克(ke),將羯羊脖(bo)子放入(ru)(ru)適量(liang)冷水中煮沸。去(qu)(qu)除油(you)沫,先煮半(ban)小時,將黃芪(qi)飲片(pian)用紗布包好,放入(ru)(ru)鍋(guo)內同煮,待肉熟。亦可加(jia)姜、蔥(cong)、香料。本品(pin)有補(bu)氣補(bu)血(xue)、扶(fu)贏愈(yu)瘡功效。用于病后氣虛(xu),大(da)病之后。 鴿(ge)(ge)(ge)子燉三(san)七:配(pei)方:鴿(ge)(ge)(ge)子(雛(chu)(chu)鴿(ge)(ge)(ge))1只,漢(han)三(san)七10克(ke)。取活雛(chu)(chu)鴿(ge)(ge)(ge)1只宰殺,去(qu)(qu)除內臟洗(xi)凈(jing),將漢(han)三(san)七粗粉布包放入(ru)(ru)雛(chu)(chu)鴿(ge)(ge)(ge)腹中,縫封,文火煮熟,吃肉、飲湯。回族民間喜歡養鴿(ge)(ge)(ge),但不食(shi)成(cheng)鴿(ge)(ge)(ge),這可能與宗教有關,但對產后,手術后食(shi)用有補(bu)氣血(xue),活血(xue)化瘀生(sheng)新的作用。

金(jin)針木耳(er)湯(tang):配方:黃花(黃花花蕾)適量(liang),木耳(er)適量(liang)。將(jiang)黃花、木耳(er)用溫水浸半小時(shi)使其(qi)軟(ruan)化,去(qu)除泥土雜質,加蔥、調(diao)料,水適量(liang),做成(cheng)湯(tang)菜。本(ben)品有治(zhi)氣虛(xu)麻(ma)木、高血壓(ya)、止血治(zhi)痔作用。

龍眼黑豆(dou)大棗飲(yin):配方:龍眼肉(rou)15克,黑豆(dou)30克,大棗1枚,先將(jiang)黑豆(dou)用水煮熟留取豆(dou)汁。去除黑豆(dou)再加入(ru)棗煮熟放入(ru)龍眼肉(rou)微煮,成黑紅色藥飲(yin),每(mei)日1次。本(ben)品長久飲(yin)用有(you)補血安神作用,對貧血、心(xin)悸、失眠有(you)較好療效。

生(sheng)姜燉(dun)烏(wu)(wu)雞:配方:鮮生(sheng)姜30克切成(cheng)薄(bo)片(pian),以順序排列置(zhi)鍋底;小烏(wu)(wu)雞1只,去凈毛及內臟,破開雞胸(xiong),平鋪鍋中,加水適量,慢火(huo)燉(dun)熟。本品有(you)補(bu)(bu)虛散寒、安(an)神定志(zhi)、催(cui)乳作用,可做為慢性腎炎(yan)輔(fu)助療法。《別錄(lu)》有(you)“烏(wu)(wu)雄雞主補(bu)(bu)中止痛(tong)”。《食療本草》有(you)“黑(hei)雌雞。”“治(zhi)反胃(wei)腹(fu)痛(tong),折骨痛(tong)、乳癰、安(an)胎(tai)”之說。

鯽(ji)(ji)魚紅豆湯:配方:新鮮鯽(ji)(ji)魚一(yi)條(tiao)約重4兩,赤小豆30克。先(xian)將(jiang)赤小豆煮至半熟。再將(jiang)鯽(ji)(ji)魚一(yi)條(tiao)放入鍋內,加(jia)水(shui)及調料(liao)適量(liang),微火燉熟即成(cheng)。本品有補(bu)氣利水(shui)消腫作用。可作急(ji)慢性腎炎的(de)輔助(zhu)療法(fa)。

止咳潤肺(fei)湯:配方:鮮冬(dong)梨一個切片,青蘿卜(bu)60克切片,冰糖適量,蜂蜜適量,川貝母10克,加水適量微火燉熟(shu)。頻頻飲之(zhi)。本品有清肺(fei)化痰(tan)(tan)之(zhi)功,對冬(dong)春(chun)肺(fei)燥咳嗽、老(lao)人痰(tan)(tan)多有一定治療效果。

養生保健

回族(zu)保(bao)健(jian)與他們的生(sheng)活(huo)習俗有密切關(guan)系。回回常飲(yin)(yin)用蓋碗(wan)茶(cha),在茶(cha)葉中配上枸(gou)杞、紅(hong)棗、桂(gui)圓、核桃仁、葡萄(tao)干(gan)、果干(gan)、冰糖、芝麻,名曰“八寶蓋碗(wan)茶(cha)”,此茶(cha)長(chang)期(qi)飲(yin)(yin)用具有健(jian)脾益(yi)腎(shen)、提神明目、益(yi)氣養(yang)血(xue)、抗御風寒、強身健(jian)體的作(zuo)用。另(ling)外還(huan)喜歡油茶(cha),將羊肉切碎,加(jia)(jia)油脂炒熟,加(jia)(jia)面炒黃,加(jia)(jia)入蔥花鹽沫拌勻(yun)而(er)制成之。此茶(cha)可(ke)飲(yin)(yin)可(ke)食,攜帶方便,便于(yu)儲藏,而(er)且有溫胃散寒,潤腸(chang)、補脾、健(jian)胃、益(yi)腎(shen)之功效。

綜上所述,中國傳(chuan)統醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)在其發(fa)展與完善的(de)過程中,借中國回(hui)回(hui)民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)之力,曾吸收融匯了阿拉伯、波斯(si)醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)的(de)精(jing)華。而伊斯(si)蘭醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)又是融匯了埃(ai)及、希(xi)臘、印度、阿拉伯古代醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)及中國古代醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)精(jing)粹而形(xing)成的(de)。由此看來(lai),回(hui)回(hui)醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)在中國傳(chuan)統醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)史上扮演了不(bu)可(ke)(ke)替代的(de)歷史角(jiao)色。現如今(jin),在響應國家挖掘整理各種民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)的(de)重(zhong)大歷史機(ji)(ji)遇面前,深(shen)入開展回(hui)醫(yi)(yi)回(hui)藥(yao)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)已(yi)變得極為(wei)迫切。作為(wei)回(hui)醫(yi)(yi)中的(de)一分子,我(wo)們有不(bu)可(ke)(ke)推(tui)卸的(de)責任。我(wo)們正在拯救挖掘,籌備回(hui)醫(yi)(yi)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)所,請(qing)廣大同行和關心回(hui)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)科學(xue)的(de)朋(peng)友們給(gei)予支(zhi)持和幫助,讓(rang)回(hui)族(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)重(zhong)新煥發(fa)生機(ji)(ji),形(xing)成具有民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)特色醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)文化和優勢產業,為(wei)人(ren)民(min)(min)健康做出貢獻。

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