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衛(wei)靈公（前540年—前493年），姬姓，名元(yuan)，春秋(qiu)時期(qi)衛(wei)國第二十八代國君，前534年—前493年在位。

因(yin)多猜忌且脾氣暴躁留下不好的(de)史(shi)學(xue)評價。但其(qi)擅長(chang)識人，知人善任(ren)，也正是他(ta)提拔的(de)三個(ge)大臣孔圉、祝鮀、王孫賈的(de)合(he)作，才使(shi)衛國的(de)國家機器(qi)運(yun)行(xing)正常。

主要經歷

衛(wei)(wei)(wei)靈(ling)公，春秋時期衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)第二十(shi)八代(dai)國(guo)君，姬姓，名(ming)元。其生(sheng)于(yu)“韓(han)宣(xuan)子(zi)(zi)為(wei)政聘于(yu)諸(zhu)侯之歲”（即昭公二年，前540年），卒(zu)(zu)于(yu)哀公二年（前493年），壽(shou)47歲。初，因衛(wei)(wei)(wei)襄公夫人(ren)宣(xuan)姜無子(zi)(zi)，嬖人(ren)（愛(ai)，愛(ai)也）婤姶生(sheng)縶與(yu)元，而縶“惡疾”，不良于(yu)行(xing)，故孔(kong)成子(zi)(zi)與(yu)史朝借(jie)夢(meng)廢(fei)長(chang)立幼，昭公七年衛(wei)(wei)(wei)襄公卒(zu)(zu)，元登基，是(shi)為(wei)靈(ling)公，在(zai)(zai)位42年。衛(wei)(wei)(wei)靈(ling)公雖限于(yu)國(guo)勢(shi)未(wei)(wei)能稱霸，但(dan)其所作所為(wei)絲(si)毫不遜于(yu)齊(qi)桓(huan)晉文楚莊(zhuang)秦穆那(nei)些霸主(zhu)們，為(wei)一代(dai)諸(zhu)侯之佼(jiao)(jiao)佼(jiao)(jiao)者。據《孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)家語·賢君第十(shi)三(san)》載，在(zai)(zai)魯(lu)哀公問(wen)“當(dang)今之君，孰為(wei)最賢”時，孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)對曰：“丘未(wei)(wei)之見也，抑有衛(wei)(wei)(wei)靈(ling)公乎？”，評價(jia)不謂(wei)不高。但(dan)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)曾說衛(wei)(wei)(wei)靈(ling)公無道，以至(zhi)于(yu)人(ren)們執著(zhu)于(yu)這(zhe)個刻板印(yin)象，卻忽視(shi)了(le)(le)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)后面的(de)贊(zan)揚，由此衛(wei)(wei)(wei)靈(ling)公落(luo)下(xia)了(le)(le)不好的(de)名(ming)聲。

《左(zuo)傳》載(zai)：昭公(gong)二年(nian)，晉韓宣子(zi)因“為政(zheng)聘(pin)于諸(zhu)侯(hou)”，是年(nian)衛靈公(gong)出生，名元(yuan)，其兄(xiong)縶患“惡疾”，不良(liang)于行，故(gu)孔成子(zi)與史朝借夢(meng)衛始(shi)祖康叔而(er)立元(yuan)為太子(zi)。

昭(zhao)公七年(nian)(nian)，衛襄公惡卒，冬十(shi)二月(yue)下(xia)葬，明年(nian)(nian)靈(ling)公即位，時年(nian)(nian)六歲(sui)。

昭公十二年，靈公以國君(jun)身份“如晉”，賀晉頃公登基。明(ming)年，與晉、魯、宋、鄭等諸侯會于平丘(qiu)。

昭公二十(shi)年，齊豹、北宮(gong)喜(xi)、褚師(shi)圃、公子朝四家叛亂，殺(sha)靈公兄縶，傷靈公叔南楚，兩日旋平，終(zhong)靈公在世衛國再無此(ci)類(lei)內(nei)亂。

昭公二(er)十一(yi)年，靈(ling)公使叛亂回國(guo)的公子朝領兵救宋，以安眾心(xin)。

昭(zhao)公二十(shi)五年、二十(shi)七年，兩次(ci)使北宮喜會于(yu)諸侯，以(yi)彰其(qi)平(ping)亂之功。

定公(gong)四(si)年，與晉、魯、宋、蔡等諸(zhu)侯會(hui)盟，因聽說(shuo)歃血時位次于(yu)蔡后，靈公(gong)即(ji)派祝佗(tuo)游說(shuo)周(zhou)王臣萇弘，事成，捍衛了(le)衛國的國格(ge)。

定公(gong)六年，魯伐晉，過不假道，及(ji)還(huan)，陽虎(hu)又使季桓子(zi)、孟獻子(zi)不告而過衛(wei)都，靈公(gong)大怒，派(pai)彌(mi)子(zi)瑕率兵追擊，公(gong)叔文(wen)子(zi)入諫，靈公(gong)遂召(zhao)彌(mi)子(zi)瑕還(huan)。

定公(gong)七年(nian)，派人(ren)與齊景公(gong)密謀(mou)，使其(qi)羈(ji)執衛(wei)行人(ren)（外交部長(chang)）北宮結并侵衛(wei)，趁(chen)機(ji)削(xue)弱北宮氏(shi)之勢力(li)。

定公八年，因會盟時(shi)受晉沙陀(tuo)、成何之辱，靈公表示：”我讓(rang)衛(wei)國受辱，請改立國君(jun)“。

定公九年，靈(ling)公以半(ban)數之兵過中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)牟(mou)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)牟(mou)欲擊之，一直逃(tao)亡在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)牟(mou)的褚師圃說：”衛(wei)(wei)國兵力雖少，但衛(wei)(wei)靈(ling)公在(zai)那兒，是不可(ke)能戰勝的，還不如攻打齊(qi)軍“。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)牟(mou)乃舍衛(wei)(wei)而擊齊(qi)，繳(jiao)獲其(qi)戰車五百乘。

定公(gong)十年，晉師圍衛都(dou)，成何(he)狐假虎(hu)威，靈公(gong)堅守不(bu)出，晉師乃退(tui)，殺辱于靈公(gong)之沙陀（成何(he)逃亡）與衛講(jiang)和。

定(ding)公(gong)(gong)(gong)十四(si)年，靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)驅逐欲(yu)為亂(luan)的公(gong)(gong)(gong)叔(shu)戌（公(gong)(gong)(gong)叔(shu)發——即公(gong)(gong)(gong)叔(shu)文子，謚襄貞文子——之(zhi)子）、趙陽（趙魘之(zhi)后）、北(bei)宮結（前衛之(zhi)行人）和太子蒯(kuai)瞶、公(gong)(gong)(gong)孟(meng)驅（縶之(zhi)子）。

哀(ai)公(gong)二年，靈(ling)公(gong)卒，生(sheng)前欲立郢(ying)為太(tai)子，郢(ying)辭，靈(ling)公(gong)卒后南子傳其遺命(ming)令(ling)郢(ying)即位(wei)，郢(ying)又辭，并推舉(ju)蒯(kuai)聵(kui)之子輒即位(wei)，是為出公(gong)。

其他信息

軼事典故

典故一

《左傳》載：昭公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二十(shi)年(nian)(nian)，因靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之兄縶(zhi)“狎(xia)齊豹(bao)（狎(xia)，輕褻；齊豹(bao)，衛(wei)(wei)司寇）、惡北宮喜、褚師圃，而公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)朝”通于襄(xiang)夫人宣姜，懼（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)朝乃襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之弟、靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之叔，與以(yi)相貌俊(jun)美著稱的(de)(de)宋朝無關，更與南子(zi)(zi)無關，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)朝私(si)通的(de)(de)是其嫂宣姜，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)朝叛(pan)亂(luan)時(shi)(shi)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)尚未娶南子(zi)(zi)）“，故四家(jia)叛(pan)亂(luan)，農歷(li)六月二十(shi)九日(ri)齊豹(bao)首先發難，以(yi)伏兵(bing)殺縶(zhi)，時(shi)(shi)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在平壽，聞亂(luan)返(fan)都，但時(shi)(shi)局已經失控，靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)只(zhi)(zhi)得帶少數人逃(tao)至死(si)鳥(niao)（地名，不知何處，應離濮不遠），其時(shi)(shi)齊公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫青(qing)（齊頃公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)孫子(zi)(zi)，字(zi)子(zi)(zi)石(shi)）正要(yao)聘衛(wei)(wei)，聞訊后(hou)急忙請示齊景公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，齊景公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)說(shuo)：”只(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)還沒出衛(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)境，（靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)）就還是衛(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)君。“，于是公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫青(qing)繼續(xu)聘衛(wei)(wei)，并(bing)”親執鐸“為靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)警戒。六月三十(shi)日(ri)北宮喜的(de)(de)家(jia)宰攻殺齊豹(bao)，靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)當(dang)晚即趕回國(guo)(guo)都與北宮氏盟約(yue)，第二天又(you)跟(gen)”國(guo)(guo)人“盟誓(shi)，迅速穩定了局勢(shi)(shi)，然后(hou)才開始追究責任，所(suo)以(yi)八月二十(shi)五(wu)日(ri)褚師圃、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)朝、子(zi)(zi)玉霄(xiao)、子(zi)(zi)高魴(fang)奔晉，閏(run)八月十(shi)二靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)殺了叛(pan)亂(luan)根源之一的(de)(de)宣姜，徹(che)底(di)穩定了衛(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)內部局勢(shi)(shi)，自此之后(hou)二十(shi)九年(nian)(nian)內衛(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)再無此類內亂(luan)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)叔戌和蒯瞶未遂(sui)者不算(suan)），而靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)當(dang)時(shi)(shi)只(zhi)(zhi)有(you)18歲(sui)。

典故二

定公(gong)(gong)七(qi)年，北(bei)(bei)宮氏(shi)因”平(ping)亂“之功勢力越(yue)來越(yue)大(da)，靈公(gong)(gong)幾不(bu)能(neng)制，故靈公(gong)(gong)與(yu)齊(qi)景(jing)公(gong)(gong)密謀，先派北(bei)(bei)宮結(jie)聘齊(qi)（其時北(bei)(bei)宮喜(xi)已(yi)卒，謚貞子，北(bei)(bei)宮結(jie)為家族長），再讓(rang)齊(qi)景(jing)公(gong)(gong)尋隙(xi)把北(bei)(bei)宮結(jie)抓(zhua)起來并(bing)出兵侵衛，靈公(gong)(gong)把責任推到北(bei)(bei)宮結(jie)身上(shang)，趁機削弱北(bei)(bei)宮氏(shi)的勢力，然后再和齊(qi)景(jing)公(gong)(gong)盟約讓(rang)其退兵，既解決(jue)了(le)北(bei)(bei)宮氏(shi)尾(wei)大(da)不(bu)掉的問題又不(bu)使其他大(da)臣起疑心，同(tong)時還加強(qiang)了(le)與(yu)齊(qi)國的關系，可謂一石(shi)三(san)鳥。

典故三

定公(gong)(gong)九(jiu)年，為支(zhi)援(yuan)齊景公(gong)(gong)，靈公(gong)(gong)帶兵(bing)(bing)(bing)車(che)五百乘欲過(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)牟(mou)(mou)，時晉國有(you)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)車(che)千乘在中(zhong)(zhong)牟(mou)(mou)，所(suo)以(yi)靈公(gong)(gong)令(ling)人占(zhan)卜（這(zhe)在當時很重要，凡事均需(xu)謀之于天，得到指令(ling)后再(zai)定行止(zhi)，《孔子家(jia)語》載孔子亦喜此道），但占(zhan)卜的(de)(de)那(nei)位不知是過(guo)于激動還(huan)是業務不精(jing)，竟將占(zhan)卜用的(de)(de)龜甲燒焦(jiao)了(le)，沒有(you)了(le)道具當然就(jiu)無法與老天爺溝(gou)通(tong)了(le)，就(jiu)在那(nei)位占(zhan)卜者誠(cheng)恐誠(cheng)惶的(de)(de)時候(hou)，靈公(gong)(gong)卻豪情萬丈地說(shuo)：“可以(yi)前進，我(wo)們衛國的(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)車(che)有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)牟(mou)(mou)的(de)(de)一半(ban)，我(wo)本人也可以(yi)抵他們的(de)(de)另一半(ban)，加起來正好和他們的(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)力匹敵(di)！”。

靈公(gong)這還真不(bu)是吹牛，中牟當(dang)時也真的想修理他，畢(bi)竟是在(zai)人(ren)家的地盤上，人(ren)家的兵(bing)力(li)還比靈公(gong)多一(yi)倍(bei)，可(ke)逃亡在(zai)中牟的褚(chu)(chu)師圃卻(que)說(shuo)：”衛國的兵(bing)力(li)雖少，有(you)衛靈公(gong)在(zai)那兒，是不(bu)可(ke)戰勝的，還不(bu)如打齊(qi)國的軍隊。“中牟果然因此未(wei)修理靈公(gong)而去打了(le)齊(qi)軍，結果繳獲了(le)齊(qi)國的戰車五百乘。時隔(ge)二十多年，褚(chu)(chu)師圃仍(reng)畏靈公(gong)如虎，可(ke)見靈公(gong)當(dang)年平叛時手段之高超(chao)。

典故四

《孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)家(jia)語》載：魯哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)曾頗為自負地問孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)：”現(xian)在(zai)的(de)(de)國(guo)君誰最(zui)賢(xian)(xian)？“，孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)回(hui)答(da)：”最(zui)賢(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)我(wo)還(huan)沒見(jian)(jian)過(guo)，相(xiang)比(bi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下應(ying)該是(shi)衛(wei)靈公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)吧？“，哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)說(shuo)：”我(wo)聽(ting)說(shuo)靈公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)閨門(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內無(wu)(wu)(wu)別（應(ying)指南子(zi)(zi)參政(zheng)），你怎么(me)說(shuo)他是(shi)賢(xian)(xian)君呢(ni)？“，孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)答(da)道：”我(wo)說(shuo)的(de)(de)是(shi)他在(zai)朝廷(ting)上的(de)(de)行事(shi)，不是(shi)指他在(zai)家(jia)里的(de)(de)事(shi)。“，哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)又問：”他在(zai)朝廷(ting)上的(de)(de)行事(shi)如何(he)？“，孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)答(da)道：”靈公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)弟子(zi)(zi)渠牟，其(qi)智足治千乘，其(qi)信(xin)足以(yi)(yi)守(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，靈公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)愛(ai)而(er)(er)(er)任之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；又有(you)士林國(guo)者，見(jian)(jian)賢(xian)(xian)必(bi)進之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)(er)(er)退與(yu)分(fen)其(qi)祿，是(shi)以(yi)(yi)靈公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)無(wu)(wu)(wu)游(you)放之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士，靈公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)賢(xian)(xian)而(er)(er)(er)尊(zun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；又有(you)士慶(qing)足者，衛(wei)國(guo)有(you)大(da)事(shi)則必(bi)起而(er)(er)(er)治之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，無(wu)(wu)(wu)事(shi)則退而(er)(er)(er)容賢(xian)(xian)，靈公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)悅(yue)而(er)(er)(er)敬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；又有(you)大(da)夫(fu)史（茍），以(yi)(yi)道去衛(wei)，而(er)(er)(er)靈公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)郊舍三(san)日，琴瑟不御，必(bi)待史（茍）之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)入(ru)，而(er)(er)(er)后敢入(ru)。臣以(yi)(yi)此取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，雖次之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賢(xian)(xian)，不亦(yi)可(ke)乎？“。孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)在(zai)這里講(jiang)了(le)(le)四個(ge)人(ren)的(de)(de)事(shi)，一是(shi)渠牟，即彌(mi)牟，字子(zi)(zi)瑕，也就是(shi)被演繹為分(fen)桃奪車的(de)(de)那位，但人(ren)家(jia)韓非(fei)在(zai)《說(shuo)難》中只是(shi)借用衛(wei)靈公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和彌(mi)子(zi)(zi)瑕這兩個(ge)人(ren)講(jiang)了(le)(le)個(ge)故(gu)(gu)事(shi)，再(zai)拿(na)(na)這個(ge)故(gu)(gu)事(shi)作比(bi)喻罷了(le)(le)，人(ren)家(jia)還(huan)講(jiang)過(guo)一個(ge)守(shou)株待兔的(de)(de)故(gu)(gu)事(shi)呢(ni)，你拿(na)(na)它當(dang)(dang)(dang)故(gu)(gu)事(shi)當(dang)(dang)(dang)成(cheng)語都無(wu)(wu)(wu)所謂，可(ke)千萬(wan)別當(dang)(dang)(dang)了(le)(le)真(zhen)，歷史上的(de)(de)彌(mi)子(zi)(zi)瑕乃衛(wei)國(guo)的(de)(de)將軍，智信(xin)兼備，死后謚文子(zi)(zi)，所以(yi)(yi)靈公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”愛(ai)而(er)(er)(er)任之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“。而(er)(er)(er)”士“（士在(zai)當(dang)(dang)(dang)時(shi)為”職稱“，貴(gui)族無(wu)(wu)(wu)職者為士，有(you)職者為大(da)夫(fu)、卿）林國(guo)和慶(qing)足一個(ge)”見(jian)(jian)賢(xian)(xian)必(bi)進“，一個(ge)”有(you)大(da)事(shi)則起而(er)(er)(er)治之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，無(wu)(wu)(wu)事(shi)則退而(er)(er)(er)容賢(xian)(xian)（此為真(zhen)君子(zi)(zi)也）“，故(gu)(gu)靈公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”賢(xian)(xian)而(er)(er)(er)尊(zun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“、”悅(yue)而(er)(er)(er)敬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“。再(zai)就是(shi)大(da)夫(fu)史茍（原文缺字，應(ying)該為史茍，與(yu)孔(kong)(kong)成(cheng)子(zi)(zi)同夢康叔而(er)(er)(er)廢縶(zhi)立元的(de)(de)史朝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)，靈公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)與(yu)孔(kong)(kong)成(cheng)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曾孫孔(kong)(kong)圉共(gong)為相(xiang)），其(qi)可(ke)能與(yu)孔(kong)(kong)圉政(zheng)見(jian)(jian)不合而(er)(er)(er)”去衛(wei)“，靈公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)就到(dao)郊外住了(le)(le)三(san)天，禁絕聲(sheng)色，一定(ding)等史茍回(hui)來后才回(hui)宮。