衛靈公(前540年(nian)(nian)(nian)—前493年(nian)(nian)(nian)),姬姓,名(ming)元,春(chun)秋(qiu)時期衛國第二十八代國君(jun),前534年(nian)(nian)(nian)—前493年(nian)(nian)(nian)在位。
因(yin)多猜忌且(qie)脾氣暴躁留下不好的(de)(de)史學(xue)評價。但(dan)其擅長識人(ren),知(zhi)人(ren)善任,也正是他(ta)提拔(ba)的(de)(de)三個(ge)大臣孔圉、祝鮀、王孫賈的(de)(de)合作,才使衛國的(de)(de)國家機(ji)器運行正常。
衛(wei)(wei)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong),春秋(qiu)時期(qi)衛(wei)(wei)國第(di)二(er)十八代國君,姬姓,名元(yuan)。其生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)“韓宣子(zi)(zi)為(wei)政聘于(yu)(yu)(yu)諸侯之歲”(即昭公(gong)(gong)二(er)年,前540年),卒于(yu)(yu)(yu)哀公(gong)(gong)二(er)年(前493年),壽47歲。初,因(yin)衛(wei)(wei)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)夫人(ren)宣姜(jiang)無子(zi)(zi),嬖人(ren)(愛(ai),愛(ai)也)婤姶生(sheng)(sheng)縶(zhi)與元(yuan),而縶(zhi)“惡疾”,不(bu)良于(yu)(yu)(yu)行,故孔(kong)(kong)成子(zi)(zi)與史朝(chao)借夢(meng)廢長立幼,昭公(gong)(gong)七年衛(wei)(wei)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)卒,元(yuan)登基,是為(wei)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong),在位(wei)42年。衛(wei)(wei)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)雖限于(yu)(yu)(yu)國勢未(wei)能稱霸,但(dan)其所(suo)作所(suo)為(wei)絲毫不(bu)遜于(yu)(yu)(yu)齊桓晉文楚莊(zhuang)秦穆那些霸主們,為(wei)一(yi)代諸侯之佼佼者。據《孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)家語·賢君第(di)十三》載,在魯哀公(gong)(gong)問“當(dang)今之君,孰為(wei)最賢”時,孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)對曰:“丘未(wei)之見也,抑有衛(wei)(wei)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)乎?”,評(ping)價(jia)不(bu)謂不(bu)高。但(dan)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)曾(ceng)說衛(wei)(wei)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)無道,以至于(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)們執著于(yu)(yu)(yu)這個刻(ke)板印象,卻忽視了(le)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)后面的贊揚(yang),由此衛(wei)(wei)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)落下(xia)了(le)不(bu)好的名聲。
《左傳》載:昭(zhao)公二年(nian),晉韓宣(xuan)子因(yin)“為政聘于諸(zhu)侯(hou)”,是年(nian)衛靈公出生,名(ming)元,其(qi)兄(xiong)縶患“惡(e)疾(ji)”,不良(liang)于行,故孔成(cheng)子與史朝借夢(meng)衛始祖康叔而(er)立(li)元為太子。
昭(zhao)公(gong)七年,衛襄公(gong)惡卒,冬(dong)十二月下葬,明年靈公(gong)即位,時(shi)年六歲。
昭(zhao)公(gong)十二年,靈公(gong)以國君身份(fen)“如晉(jin)”,賀晉(jin)頃公(gong)登基。明年,與(yu)晉(jin)、魯、宋、鄭等諸侯會(hui)于平(ping)丘。
昭公二十年,齊(qi)豹、北(bei)宮喜、褚(chu)師圃、公子朝四家叛亂(luan)(luan),殺靈(ling)公兄縶,傷靈(ling)公叔南楚,兩(liang)日旋(xuan)平(ping),終靈(ling)公在(zai)世衛(wei)國再(zai)無此類內亂(luan)(luan)。
昭公二十一年,靈公使叛(pan)亂回國(guo)的公子朝(chao)領兵救宋,以安眾心。
昭公(gong)二十五年、二十七(qi)年,兩次使北宮(gong)喜(xi)會于諸侯(hou),以彰其平亂之(zhi)功。
定公四年,與晉、魯、宋、蔡等(deng)諸侯會盟,因(yin)聽(ting)說歃血(xue)時位次于蔡后,靈公即派(pai)祝佗游說周王臣萇弘,事(shi)成(cheng),捍衛(wei)了衛(wei)國的國格。
定(ding)公六(liu)年,魯伐晉,過不(bu)假道,及(ji)還,陽虎又使季桓子、孟(meng)獻(xian)子不(bu)告而過衛都(dou),靈公大怒(nu),派彌子瑕率兵追擊,公叔文子入諫,靈公遂召彌子瑕還。
定(ding)公(gong)(gong)七(qi)年,派人(ren)(ren)與齊景公(gong)(gong)密謀(mou),使(shi)其(qi)羈執(zhi)衛(wei)(wei)行人(ren)(ren)(外(wai)交部長)北宮(gong)結并侵衛(wei)(wei),趁(chen)機削弱北宮(gong)氏之勢力。
定公八年,因會(hui)盟時受(shou)晉(jin)沙陀、成何之辱,靈公表示:”我讓(rang)衛國(guo)受(shou)辱,請改立國(guo)君(jun)“。
定公(gong)九年,靈(ling)公(gong)以半數之(zhi)兵過中牟,中牟欲擊之(zhi),一(yi)直逃亡在中牟的褚(chu)師圃(pu)說:”衛(wei)國(guo)兵力雖少,但衛(wei)靈(ling)公(gong)在那(nei)兒,是不(bu)(bu)可能戰(zhan)勝的,還不(bu)(bu)如攻打(da)齊軍“。中牟乃(nai)舍衛(wei)而擊齊,繳獲(huo)其戰(zhan)車(che)五百乘。
定(ding)公(gong)十年(nian),晉師圍衛都,成(cheng)何狐假(jia)虎威,靈(ling)公(gong)堅守不出,晉師乃退,殺辱于靈(ling)公(gong)之沙陀(tuo)(成(cheng)何逃亡)與衛講和。
定公(gong)(gong)十四年,靈公(gong)(gong)驅逐欲(yu)為亂的公(gong)(gong)叔(shu)戌(公(gong)(gong)叔(shu)發——即(ji)公(gong)(gong)叔(shu)文子(zi)(zi),謚(shi)襄貞文子(zi)(zi)——之(zhi)子(zi)(zi))、趙(zhao)陽(趙(zhao)魘(yan)之(zhi)后)、北宮結(前衛之(zhi)行人)和(he)太子(zi)(zi)蒯瞶、公(gong)(gong)孟驅(縶之(zhi)子(zi)(zi))。
哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)二年,靈公(gong)(gong)(gong)卒(zu),生前(qian)欲立郢(ying)為太子(zi),郢(ying)辭(ci),靈公(gong)(gong)(gong)卒(zu)后南子(zi)傳其(qi)遺命令郢(ying)即(ji)位,郢(ying)又辭(ci),并推舉蒯聵之子(zi)輒即(ji)位,是為出(chu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。
《左傳(chuan)》載:昭公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)十(shi)(shi)年,因靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)兄縶“狎齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)豹(bao)(bao)(狎,輕褻;齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)豹(bao)(bao),衛司寇)、惡北(bei)宮(gong)喜(xi)、褚師圃,而公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)朝”通(tong)于襄夫人宣(xuan)姜(jiang),懼(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)朝乃(nai)襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)弟、靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)叔(shu)(shu),與以(yi)相(xiang)貌俊美著稱的(de)(de)宋朝無(wu)關(guan)(guan),更與南子(zi)(zi)無(wu)關(guan)(guan),公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)朝私通(tong)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)其(qi)嫂宣(xuan)姜(jiang),公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)朝叛(pan)亂時(shi)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)尚未娶南子(zi)(zi))“,故四家叛(pan)亂,農歷六月(yue)二(er)十(shi)(shi)九日齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)豹(bao)(bao)首先發難(nan),以(yi)伏兵殺縶,時(shi)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在平壽(shou),聞亂返都,但時(shi)局(ju)已經失控,靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)只得帶少(shao)數人逃至死鳥(地名,不(bu)(bu)(bu)知何處,應離濮(pu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)遠),其(qi)時(shi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)青(齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)頃公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)孫(sun)子(zi)(zi),字子(zi)(zi)石)正(zheng)要聘衛,聞訊后(hou)急忙請示(shi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)景(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)景(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)說:”只要還沒出衛國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)境,(靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong))就(jiu)還是(shi)(shi)衛國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)君。“,于是(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)青繼續聘衛,并(bing)”親執鐸“為靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)警戒。六月(yue)三十(shi)(shi)日北(bei)宮(gong)喜(xi)的(de)(de)家宰攻(gong)殺齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)豹(bao)(bao),靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)當晚即趕回國(guo)(guo)(guo)都與北(bei)宮(gong)氏(shi)盟(meng)約,第二(er)天又跟”國(guo)(guo)(guo)人“盟(meng)誓,迅速穩定了局(ju)勢,然后(hou)才(cai)開始(shi)追究責任,所以(yi)八(ba)(ba)月(yue)二(er)十(shi)(shi)五日褚師圃、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)朝、子(zi)(zi)玉霄、子(zi)(zi)高魴奔晉,閏八(ba)(ba)月(yue)十(shi)(shi)二(er)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)殺了叛(pan)亂根源(yuan)之(zhi)一的(de)(de)宣(xuan)姜(jiang),徹底穩定了衛國(guo)(guo)(guo)內部(bu)局(ju)勢,自此(ci)之(zhi)后(hou)二(er)十(shi)(shi)九年內衛國(guo)(guo)(guo)再(zai)無(wu)此(ci)類內亂(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)叔(shu)(shu)戌和蒯(kuai)瞶未遂(sui)者不(bu)(bu)(bu)算),而靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)當時(shi)只有18歲。
定公(gong)七年,北(bei)宮(gong)(gong)氏(shi)因”平(ping)亂“之功勢(shi)力(li)(li)越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)大(da),靈(ling)公(gong)幾不(bu)能(neng)制(zhi),故(gu)靈(ling)公(gong)與(yu)(yu)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)景公(gong)密謀(mou),先派北(bei)宮(gong)(gong)結(jie)聘(pin)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(其時(shi)北(bei)宮(gong)(gong)喜已(yi)卒,謚貞子,北(bei)宮(gong)(gong)結(jie)為家族長),再讓(rang)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)景公(gong)尋(xun)隙把北(bei)宮(gong)(gong)結(jie)抓起來并出(chu)兵侵衛,靈(ling)公(gong)把責(ze)任推到北(bei)宮(gong)(gong)結(jie)身上,趁機(ji)削弱北(bei)宮(gong)(gong)氏(shi)的(de)勢(shi)力(li)(li),然后(hou)再和(he)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)景公(gong)盟(meng)約讓(rang)其退兵,既(ji)解決了北(bei)宮(gong)(gong)氏(shi)尾大(da)不(bu)掉的(de)問題又不(bu)使其他大(da)臣起疑(yi)心,同(tong)時(shi)還加強(qiang)了與(yu)(yu)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國的(de)關系,可謂一石三(san)鳥。
定公(gong)九年,為支援齊(qi)景公(gong),靈公(gong)帶兵(bing)(bing)(bing)車(che)五百乘欲過(guo)中(zhong)牟,時晉國有兵(bing)(bing)(bing)車(che)千乘在中(zhong)牟,所以靈公(gong)令人占卜(這在當時很重要,凡事均需(xu)謀之于天,得(de)到指令后再定行止(zhi),《孔子(zi)家語(yu)》載孔子(zi)亦(yi)喜此道),但占卜的(de)(de)那(nei)位不知是過(guo)于激動還是業務不精,竟將占卜用的(de)(de)龜甲燒焦了,沒有了道具當然就無(wu)法與老(lao)天爺溝通了,就在那(nei)位占卜者誠(cheng)恐誠(cheng)惶的(de)(de)時候(hou),靈公(gong)卻(que)豪情萬丈地說:“可以前進,我(wo)們(men)衛(wei)國的(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)車(che)有中(zhong)牟的(de)(de)一半(ban),我(wo)本(ben)人也可以抵(di)他們(men)的(de)(de)另(ling)一半(ban),加起來正好和他們(men)的(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)力匹敵(di)!”。
靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)這(zhe)還真(zhen)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)吹牛,中牟(mou)當時也真(zhen)的(de)(de)想修理他(ta),畢竟是(shi)(shi)在(zai)人家的(de)(de)地盤上,人家的(de)(de)兵(bing)力(li)還比靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)多(duo)一倍,可逃亡在(zai)中牟(mou)的(de)(de)褚師(shi)(shi)圃卻說(shuo):”衛國(guo)的(de)(de)兵(bing)力(li)雖(sui)少,有衛靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)在(zai)那(nei)兒(er),是(shi)(shi)不(bu)可戰勝(sheng)的(de)(de),還不(bu)如打齊國(guo)的(de)(de)軍隊。“中牟(mou)果(guo)然因此未修理靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)而去(qu)打了齊軍,結(jie)果(guo)繳(jiao)獲了齊國(guo)的(de)(de)戰車(che)五百乘。時隔(ge)二(er)十多(duo)年,褚師(shi)(shi)圃仍(reng)畏靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)如虎(hu),可見靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)當年平叛時手段之高超。
《孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)家(jia)(jia)語(yu)》載:魯哀公(gong)曾(ceng)頗為(wei)自負地問(wen)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi):”現在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)君(jun)(jun)誰最(zui)賢?“,孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)回答:”最(zui)賢的(de)(de)(de)(de)我(wo)還沒見過,相比之(zhi)下(xia)應(ying)(ying)該是衛(wei)(wei)(wei)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)吧(ba)?“,哀公(gong)說:”我(wo)聽說靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)閨門之(zhi)內無別(應(ying)(ying)指南子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)參政),你怎(zen)么說他(ta)是賢君(jun)(jun)呢?“,孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)答道(dao):”我(wo)說的(de)(de)(de)(de)是他(ta)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)朝廷上的(de)(de)(de)(de)行事(shi)(shi),不是指他(ta)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)家(jia)(jia)里的(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)。“,哀公(gong)又(you)(you)問(wen):”他(ta)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)朝廷上的(de)(de)(de)(de)行事(shi)(shi)如何?“,孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)答道(dao):”靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)渠(qu)牟,其(qi)智足(zu)(zu)治(zhi)千(qian)乘,其(qi)信足(zu)(zu)以(yi)(yi)守之(zhi),靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)愛而(er)(er)(er)(er)任之(zhi);又(you)(you)有(you)(you)士(shi)(shi)林國(guo)者,見賢必(bi)進(jin)之(zhi),而(er)(er)(er)(er)退(tui)與分其(qi)祿,是以(yi)(yi)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)無游(you)放之(zhi)士(shi)(shi),靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)賢而(er)(er)(er)(er)尊之(zhi);又(you)(you)有(you)(you)士(shi)(shi)慶(qing)足(zu)(zu)者,衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)有(you)(you)大事(shi)(shi)則(ze)必(bi)起(qi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)治(zhi)之(zhi),無事(shi)(shi)則(ze)退(tui)而(er)(er)(er)(er)容賢,靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)悅(yue)而(er)(er)(er)(er)敬(jing)之(zhi);又(you)(you)有(you)(you)大夫(fu)史(茍(gou)(gou)),以(yi)(yi)道(dao)去(qu)衛(wei)(wei)(wei),而(er)(er)(er)(er)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)郊(jiao)舍三(san)日,琴(qin)瑟不御,必(bi)待史(茍(gou)(gou))之(zhi)入,而(er)(er)(er)(er)后(hou)敢入。臣以(yi)(yi)此取之(zhi),雖次之(zhi)賢,不亦可(ke)乎?“。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)里講了(le)四(si)個(ge)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi),一(yi)是渠(qu)牟,即彌牟,字子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)瑕(xia),也就(jiu)是被演繹為(wei)分桃(tao)奪車的(de)(de)(de)(de)那位,但人(ren)家(jia)(jia)韓(han)非在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《說難(nan)》中只是借用衛(wei)(wei)(wei)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)和(he)彌子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)瑕(xia)這(zhe)兩個(ge)人(ren)講了(le)個(ge)故(gu)(gu)(gu)事(shi)(shi),再拿(na)這(zhe)個(ge)故(gu)(gu)(gu)事(shi)(shi)作比喻罷(ba)了(le),人(ren)家(jia)(jia)還講過一(yi)個(ge)守株待兔的(de)(de)(de)(de)故(gu)(gu)(gu)事(shi)(shi)呢,你拿(na)它當(dang)故(gu)(gu)(gu)事(shi)(shi)當(dang)成(cheng)語(yu)都無所謂,可(ke)千(qian)萬別當(dang)了(le)真,歷史上的(de)(de)(de)(de)彌子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)瑕(xia)乃衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)將(jiang)軍,智信兼備,死(si)后(hou)謚文(wen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),所以(yi)(yi)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)”愛而(er)(er)(er)(er)任之(zhi)“。而(er)(er)(er)(er)”士(shi)(shi)“(士(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)當(dang)時為(wei)”職(zhi)稱(cheng)“,貴族(zu)無職(zhi)者為(wei)士(shi)(shi),有(you)(you)職(zhi)者為(wei)大夫(fu)、卿)林國(guo)和(he)慶(qing)足(zu)(zu)一(yi)個(ge)”見賢必(bi)進(jin)“,一(yi)個(ge)”有(you)(you)大事(shi)(shi)則(ze)起(qi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)治(zhi)之(zhi),無事(shi)(shi)則(ze)退(tui)而(er)(er)(er)(er)容賢(此為(wei)真君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)也)“,故(gu)(gu)(gu)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)”賢而(er)(er)(er)(er)尊之(zhi)“、”悅(yue)而(er)(er)(er)(er)敬(jing)之(zhi)“。再就(jiu)是大夫(fu)史茍(gou)(gou)(原文(wen)缺字,應(ying)(ying)該為(wei)史茍(gou)(gou),與孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)成(cheng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)同夢康(kang)叔而(er)(er)(er)(er)廢縶立元的(de)(de)(de)(de)史朝之(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)時與孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)成(cheng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)曾(ceng)孫孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)圉共(gong)為(wei)相),其(qi)可(ke)能與孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)圉政見不合(he)而(er)(er)(er)(er)”去(qu)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)“,靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)就(jiu)到郊(jiao)外住了(le)三(san)天(tian),禁絕聲色,一(yi)定等史茍(gou)(gou)回來后(hou)才回宮(gong)。