古(gu)人認為,明(ming)堂(tang)可(ke)(ke)上(shang)通天象(xiang),下統萬(wan)物,天子在(zai)(zai)此既可(ke)(ke)聽(ting)察天下,又(you)可(ke)(ke)宣明(ming)政教(jiao),是體(ti)現(xian)(xian)天人合為一(yi)體(ti)的(de)神(shen)圣之地。古(gu)代帝王凡(fan)祭(ji)祀、朝會、慶(qing)賞、選士等大(da)禮典(dian)均在(zai)(zai)此舉行(xing)。1995年發現(xian)(xian)明(ming)堂(tang)遺址部分(fen)發掘(jue)延續(xu)至(zhi)次年,其具體(ti)位置在(zai)(zai)今大(da)同(tong)市(shi)區東(dong)南(nan)(nan)向(xiang)陽東(dong)街一(yi)帶(dai),東(dong)起大(da)同(tong)一(yi)中(原云(yun)中大(da)學--大(da)同(tong)職(zhi)業技術學院(yuan))西(xi)南(nan)(nan)角(jiao),西(xi)至(zhi)柳航(hang)里小(xiao)區西(xi)沿,南(nan)(nan)迄(qi)城區四十五(wu)校西(xi)墻外,北(bei)至(zhi)柳航(hang)里原大(da)同(tong)職(zhi)業技術學院(yuan)3號家屬樓西(xi)的(de)小(xiao)區停(ting)車場。已(yi)探(tan)明(ming)這處(chu)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)遺址直徑為289至(zhi)294米,占地面積達百畝。遺址中央是一(yi)方形(xing)(xing)夯土臺基,邊長約(yue)43米,是主體(ti)建筑“明(ming)堂(tang)”所(suo)在(zai)(zai)地。遺址總平面呈圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),在(zai)(zai)圜形(xing)(xing)水溝的(de)內(nei)側(ce),設東(dong)、南(nan)(nan)、西(xi)、北(bei)四門,南(nan)(nan)門與西(xi)門的(de)遺址規模(mo)宏大(da)。依(yi)照相關資料推算,建筑規模(mo)相當于現(xian)(xian)存北(bei)京(jing)天壇的(de)3倍。可(ke)(ke)惜受(shou)到當時社會條件(jian)局限(xian),地處(chu)鬧市(shi)無法(fa)進行(xing)下一(yi)步詳細(xi)考古(gu)。
北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)王(wang)朝(chao)是鮮卑族(zu)建(jian)(jian)立的北(bei)(bei)方政權,也(ye)(ye)(ye)是南北(bei)(bei)朝(chao)時(shi)期北(bei)(bei)朝(chao)頭一個(ge)王(wang)朝(chao)。北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)平城明堂(tang)(tang)(tang)據(ju)《魏(wei)書(shu)(shu)·高(gao)祖(zu)紀(ji)》記載:太(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)十年(nian)(486)秋七(qi)月(yue)“詔(zhao)起明堂(tang)(tang)(tang)、辟雍。”而真正開(kai)始修(xiu)(xiu)建(jian)(jian)是在太(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)十五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(491)夏四(si)月(yue),并(bing)且(qie)(qie)在修(xiu)(xiu)筑明堂(tang)(tang)(tang)的同時(shi)還修(xiu)(xiu)筑了太(tai)(tai)廟,《魏(wei)書(shu)(shu)·高(gao)祖(zu)紀(ji)》記載:“經(jing)(jing)始明堂(tang)(tang)(tang),改(gai)營太(tai)(tai)廟。”工(gong)程進度特別(bie)快,僅僅用了半年(nian)的時(shi)間,明堂(tang)(tang)(tang)和(he)(he)太(tai)(tai)廟就修(xiu)(xiu)筑完成了。此時(shi)文明太(tai)(tai)后剛剛故去(qu),而由(you)太(tai)(tai)后與皇帝(di)共同主持的班祿制、均田制和(he)(he)三長制改(gai)革已經(jing)(jing)完成且(qie)(qie)收(shou)到(dao)實效,國(guo)(guo)家(jia)進入了鼎盛(sheng)期。這(zhe)樣的政治、經(jing)(jing)濟條件成就了明堂(tang)(tang)(tang),明堂(tang)(tang)(tang)便也(ye)(ye)(ye)成了國(guo)(guo)力的炫耀和(he)(he)時(shi)代(dai)的標志。這(zhe)一點可以從平城明堂(tang)(tang)(tang)本(ben)身得到(dao)驗證。《魏(wei)書(shu)(shu)·高(gao)祖(zu)紀(ji)》記載:太(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)十五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(491)冬十月(yue)“明堂(tang)(tang)(tang)、太(tai)(tai)廟成。”這(zhe)不僅是中國(guo)(guo)歷史上(shang)獨(du)一一座由(you)少數(shu)民族(zu)政權建(jian)(jian)造的明堂(tang)(tang)(tang),而且(qie)(qie)該明堂(tang)(tang)(tang)內(nei)(nei)部增設了渾象,頂部修(xiu)(xiu)建(jian)(jian)了靈臺(tai),集天(tian)文觀(guan)察、演示和(he)(he)月(yue)令于(yu)一體,兼有了天(tian)文臺(tai)的作用。《水經(jing)(jing)注·漯水》記載:平城“明堂(tang)(tang)(tang)上(shang)圓下方,四(si)周十二堂(tang)(tang)(tang)九室,而不為(wei)重隅也(ye)(ye)(ye)。室外柱(zhu)內(nei)(nei),綺井之(zhi)下,施機輪,飾(shi)縹碧,仰(yang)象天(tian)狀,畫北(bei)(bei)道之(zhi)宿(su)焉,蓋天(tian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。每月(yue)隨(sui)斗所(suo)建(jian)(jian)之(zhi)辰,轉應天(tian)道,此之(zhi)異古也(ye)(ye)(ye)。加靈臺(tai)于(yu)其上(shang),下則(ze)引水為(wei)辟雍。水側結石為(wei)塘,事準(zhun)古制,是太(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)中之(zhi)所(suo)經(jing)(jing)建(jian)(jian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”
北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)平(ping)(ping)城(cheng)明堂(tang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)李(li)沖(chong)來設(she)計(ji)建造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),據《魏(wei)書·李(li)沖(chong)傳》記(ji)載(zai):“沖(chong)機敏有巧思。北(bei)(bei)京明堂(tang)、圓(yuan)丘、太廟(miao)(miao),及洛(luo)(luo)都初基,安處郊兆,新(xin)起堂(tang)寢,皆資于沖(chong)。”這里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“北(bei)(bei)京”就是(shi)(shi)(shi)指的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)城(cheng),是(shi)(shi)(shi)遷(qian)都洛(luo)(luo)陽后對平(ping)(ping)城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱呼(hu)。李(li)沖(chong)不僅設(she)計(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)建了(le)明堂(tang),還(huan)有古代(dai)祭(ji)天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓(yuan)形(xing)高壇圓(yuan)丘和供奉皇帝(di)(di)先祖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太廟(miao)(miao),包括(kuo)后來北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)遷(qian)都洛(luo)(luo)陽劃定基址、設(she)置郊廟(miao)(miao)之地、新(xin)修(xiu)(xiu)宮殿都全靠李(li)沖(chong)。值得一(yi)(yi)提的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi),雖(sui)然現在對明堂(tang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體設(she)計(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)建沒有查到(dao)更多資料,但就當時在修(xiu)(xiu)建太廟(miao)(miao)時,因北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)孝文帝(di)(di)大力推(tui)行漢(han)化政策(ce),時命蔣少游赴洛(luo)(luo)陽測量了(le)魏(wei)晉故廟(miao)(miao)基址,然后依(yi)據其樣式(shi)建造(zao)。至此(ci),北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)重新(xin)修(xiu)(xiu)建的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太廟(miao)(miao)脫去了(le)鮮卑舊俗,成(cheng)為一(yi)(yi)座符合漢(han)族傳統帝(di)(di)王體制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建筑。由(you)(you)此(ci)可以(yi)推(tui)想到(dao),當時明堂(tang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)造(zao)也應(ying)是(shi)(shi)(shi)參照(zhao)了(le)漢(han)族傳統帝(di)(di)王建筑而(er)修(xiu)(xiu)建的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。
主要遺(yi)址是中心及(ji)東(dong)(dong)南(nan)西北(bei)共5個(ge)建(jian)筑(zhu)遺(yi)址的夯土臺(tai)(tai)基,以及(ji)外(wai)環于(yu)周邊四(si)個(ge)臺(tai)(tai)基的一條圜(yuan)形(xing)河(he)道。中心臺(tai)(tai)基長寬(kuan)各42~43米,應為(wei)(wei)筑(zhu)明堂太(tai)室即太(tai)廟,可惜它正(zheng)好被壓(ya)在(zai)柳航里小區一座樓下。四(si)方(fang)的夯土臺(tai)(tai)基應為(wei)(wei)明堂東(dong)(dong)南(nan)西北(bei)四(si)門或四(si)處堂室(更可能是被稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)四(si)門之(zhi)學(xue)的太(tai)學(xue))。根據(ju)已發掘的西、南(nan)兩個(ge)夯臺(tai)(tai)及(ji)建(jian)筑(zhu)遺(yi)存,四(si)方(fang)臺(tai)(tai)基皆(jie)向(xiang)外(wai)呈凸字(zi)形(xing),面闊29米,進(jin)深(shen)16~17米。臺(tai)(tai)外(wai)的圜(yuan)形(xing)河(he)便是辟(pi)雍了,以其形(xing)同玉璧名之(zhi)。辟(pi)雍河(he)寬(kuan)17~22米,整齊(qi)的砂石(shi)砌成堤岸(an),并以河(he)泥(ni)防滲。河(he)以碎石(shi)鋪底,頗(po)為(wei)(wei)考究。
據清道光《大(da)同(tong)縣志(zhi)》載,此處(chu)原名八圪瘩(da)(上(shang)世(shi)紀(ji)三四十年代(dai)日(ri)軍占(zhan)領期間(jian)修飛(fei)機場才將8個圪瘩(da)連同(tong)中(zhong)心臺(tai)基(ji)上(shang)唐代(dai)因(yin)址而建(jian)的(de)(de)魏(wei)孝文帝廟殘址夷為(wei)平地(di))。想來當(dang)初這(zhe)里是有(you)8個夯土臺(tai)基(ji)的(de)(de),每(mei)個夯土臺(tai)都(dou)是一處(chu)大(da)的(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu),不僅(jin)有(you)明(ming)堂(tang)、太廟、太學、靈臺(tai)及四門,可能還包括南面(mian)(mian)專作祭天(tian)的(de)(de)圜丘。這(zhe)一組王朝建(jian)筑(zhu)群,再加上(shang)東(dong)面(mian)(mian)皇(huang)帝勸耕的(de)(de)藉田(tian)、藥圃,北面(mian)(mian)高聳入云的(de)(de)永寧(ning)寺(si)七級浮(fu)圖以(yi)及皇(huang)舅寺(si)和佛塔,京邑帝里,令(ling)人神(shen)往。從(cong)發掘中(zhong)出土的(de)(de)大(da)量精美石料、表面(mian)(mian)磨光的(de)(de)大(da)瓦以(yi)及直徑(jing)18厘米(mi)的(de)(de)獸面(mian)(mian)瓦當(dang),也可窺見一斑。
北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)平城(cheng)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)少(shao)數(shu)民(min)族政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權(quan)(quan)和(he)(he)民(min)族融(rong)合(he)(he)的(de)產物(wu)。隨著(zhu)封(feng)建化(hua)的(de)推(tui)進(jin),鮮卑拓(tuo)跋(ba)氏與其代北(bei)(bei)各(ge)部(bu)族、融(rong)入北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權(quan)(quan)的(de)中(zhong)原士族和(he)(he)周邊新加盟的(de)少(shao)數(shu)民(min)族的(de)交融(rong)愈益(yi)深廣。太(tai)和(he)(he)十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian),魏(wei)孝(xiao)文(wen)帝(di)拓(tuo)跋(ba)宏在平城(cheng)“始服(fu)(fu)袞冕,朝(chao)饗萬國”,并以“法服(fu)(fu)御輦祀(si)于(yu)(yu)西郊(jiao)”。大(da)臣們也(ye)(ye)“始制五等公服(fu)(fu)”。這(zhe)個大(da)的(de)歷史背(bei)景,標志著(zhu)鮮卑少(shao)數(shu)民(min)族政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權(quan)(quan)的(de)成(cheng)熟(shu),也(ye)(ye)就在這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)下(xia)詔(zhao)營建明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)。平城(cheng)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)我(wo)國歷史上(shang)獨一(yi)(yi)由(you)少(shao)數(shu)民(min)族政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權(quan)(quan)建造的(de)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang),也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)迄今為(wei)(wei)止除長安、洛陽而(er)(er)外(wai)發現(xian)的(de)又一(yi)(yi)座明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)。這(zhe)座明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)建造的(de)時(shi)間、地(di)點(dian)都說明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming),它本身(shen)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)世紀(ji)中(zhong)華民(min)族夷夏交融(rong)的(de)產物(wu)。長安和(he)(he)洛陽的(de)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang),都是(shi)(shi)(shi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)、太(tai)學(xue)(xue)、靈(ling)(ling)臺(tai)分置,而(er)(er)平城(cheng)北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)卻是(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)三(san)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)的(de)。辟(pi)(pi)雍(yong)環明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang),考古實物(wu)已(yi)經證明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)太(tai)學(xue)(xue)和(he)(he)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)建于(yu)(yu)一(yi)(yi)處(chu),而(er)(er)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)宣(xuan)揚教化(hua)的(de)形象(xiang)代表“三(san)老五更”高處(chu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)則史有明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)載。靈(ling)(ling)臺(tai)就在上(shang)圓下(xia)方的(de)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)上(shang),而(er)(er)且(qie)其“室(shi)外(wai)柱(zhu)內”的(de)“綺井之下(xia)”彩(cai)繪北(bei)(bei)半天的(de)星(xing)空,并且(qie)置有機輪(lun),天象(xiang)逐月而(er)(er)變。太(tai)和(he)(he)十(shi)(shi)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)正月孝(xiao)文(wen)帝(di)先是(shi)(shi)(shi)登靈(ling)(ling)臺(tai)觀云物(wu)接著(zhu)又降居(ju)青陽左個布政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。不(bu)僅(jin)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)、太(tai)學(xue)(xue)、靈(ling)(ling)臺(tai)三(san)而(er)(er)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi),明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)太(tai)室(shi)也(ye)(ye)兼有太(tai)廟功能。太(tai)和(he)(he)十(shi)(shi)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(492年(nian)(nian))正月依據“嚴(yan)父(fu)配天”的(de)常禮(li)“宗祀(si)顯(xian)祖(zu)獻文(wen)皇帝(di)于(yu)(yu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang),以配上(shang)帝(di)”,同(tong)年(nian)(nian)九月又“大(da)序昭穆于(yu)(yu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang),祀(si)文(wen)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)太(tai)皇太(tai)后于(yu)(yu)玄室(shi)”。在明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)序祖(zu)宗昭穆,實際上(shang)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)把七(qi)廟之享遷入明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang),明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)便(bian)成(cheng)了(le)太(tai)廟。這(zhe)不(bu)僅(jin)合(he)(he)了(le)蔡邕《明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)月令》關(guan)于(yu)(yu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)、清廟、太(tai)廟、太(tai)室(shi)、太(tai)學(xue)(xue)、辟(pi)(pi)雍(yong),“異(yi)名同(tong)事,其實一(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)”的(de)說法,把聽政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)布政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、施(shi)行教化(hua)、祭天祀(si)祖(zu)、觀云物(wu),察符(fu)瑞集于(yu)(yu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)一(yi)(yi)身(shen),也(ye)(ye)體現(xian)著(zhu)北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權(quan)(quan)崇(chong)簡、尚實的(de)民(min)族品格(ge)。
1995年5月北魏平城(cheng)明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)遺址在位于大同城(cheng)南近郊被發現(xian),它(ta)成為《水經注》所記諸多平城(cheng)建筑中先被發現(xian)的。經過1995年、1996年、2015年三(san)次(ci)科學發掘,基本探明(ming)(ming)了北魏平城(cheng)明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)的遺址布局、覆蓋范圍,與《水經注·漯水》記載(zai)一致。
2008年,本著(zhu)既充分挖掘城(cheng)市(shi)歷史(shi)(shi)文化內(nei)涵、體現城(cheng)市(shi)文脈延續(xu)性,又滿足現代(dai)文化生活需要、體現景觀設(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)路,明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)遺址公(gong)(gong)園修復(fu)被(bei)列入歷史(shi)(shi)文化名(ming)城(cheng)復(fu)興工程(cheng)。2010年5月明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)公(gong)(gong)園在向陽街(jie)原(yuan)址開工建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she),設(she)(she)計(ji)參考(kao)歷史(shi)(shi)文獻及(ji)研究成果,結(jie)合考(kao)古發掘、云岡雕刻(ke)等實物(wu)及(ji)圖像材料,經專家多(duo)方(fang)(fang)論證完善,力求接(jie)近(jin)北魏(wei)明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)形(xing)制和建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)布局(ju)原(yuan)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)貌(mao),歷經6年建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)完工。工程(cheng)為(wei)(wei)展覽建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu),包括明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)主體、四門(men)、圍(wei)墻等,計(ji)劃投資(zi)3500萬(wan)元(yuan),總建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)面(mian)積6702.88平方(fang)(fang)米(mi),其中(zhong)明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)面(mian)積為(wei)(wei)4628.88平方(fang)(fang)米(mi),四門(men)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)面(mian)積為(wei)(wei)2074平方(fang)(fang)米(mi),每個門(men)占地(di)近(jin)300平方(fang)(fang)米(mi),建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)層數為(wei)(wei)地(di)下一(yi)層,地(di)上二至三層。較大檐口(kou)高(gao)度20.32米(mi)。還(huan)有(you)(you)一(yi)個暗層,窗(chuang)戶(hu)樣式為(wei)(wei)古老的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直欞窗(chuang),采用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是波(bo)羅格木(mu)料,與(yu)明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)尖(jian)頂構(gou)成了一(yi)幅(fu)別有(you)(you)韻致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圖畫。明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)高(gao)度為(wei)(wei)27米(mi),上圓(yuan)(yuan)下方(fang)(fang),穹宇重檐,覆蓋琉(liu)璃瓦,殿基周圍(wei)有(you)(you)石(shi)質(zhi)護欄(lan)。上圓(yuan)(yuan)下方(fang)(fang)效法著(zhu)天圓(yuan)(yuan)地(di)方(fang)(fang)。明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)外(wai)面(mian)環(huan)繞(rao)(rao)著(zhu)環(huan)形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)池(chi),是為(wei)(wei)辟雍(yong)。環(huan)水(shui)為(wei)(wei)雍(yong)(意為(wei)(wei)圓(yuan)(yuan)滿無缺),圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)像辟(辟即璧(bi),皇(huang)帝專用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)玉制禮器),象征王(wang)道(dao)教化圓(yuan)(yuan)滿不絕(jue)。在環(huan)繞(rao)(rao)水(shui)道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)四面(mian)之上設(she)(she)四門(men),均為(wei)(wei)二層閣樓式建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。