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管仲
0 票數:0 #歷史人物#
管仲(約公元前723年-公元前645年),姬姓,管氏,名夷吾,字仲,謚敬,春秋時期法家代表人物,潁上人(今安徽潁上),周穆王的后代。管仲是中國古代著名的經濟學家、哲學家、政治家、軍事家。被譽為“法家先驅”、“圣人之師”、“華夏文明的保護者”、“華夏第一相“。
  • 中文名: 管仲
  • 別號名稱: 管子,管敬仲(zhong)
  • 出生日期: 約公元前723年(nian)
  • 性別:
  • 國籍: 齊國
  • 出生地: 安(an)徽省(sheng)阜(fu)陽市潁上縣
  • 去世日期: 公元前645年
  • 主要成就: 強(qiang)齊(qi)圖霸,輔佐桓(huan)公九合諸侯(hou),禮(li)讓天下(xia)開法家(jia)先(xian)驅
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主要經歷

早年經歷

齊莊公五十六年(nian)(約前723年(nian)),管仲(zhong)出生(sheng),管仲(zhong)的(de)(de)祖(zu)先(xian)是周穆王(wang)的(de)(de)后(hou)代,與周王(wang)室同宗。父(fu)親(qin)管莊是齊國的(de)(de)大(da)夫,后(hou)來家(jia)道(dao)中衰,導致管仲(zhong)生(sheng)活很貧困。為了(le)謀生(sheng),聯合(he)好友鮑叔牙合(he)伙做(zuo)生(sheng)意失敗。管仲(zhong)做(zuo)過當(dang)時認為是微賤的(de)(de)商人。游歷(li)許(xu)多地方(fang),接觸各式各樣的(de)(de)人,見(jian)過許(xu)多世(shi)面,從而積累(lei)了(le)豐(feng)富的(de)(de)社會經驗。當(dang)兵的(de)(de)時候(hou),臨陣脫逃(tao)。幾(ji)次想當(dang)官(guan),但都沒有(you)成(cheng)功。

佐公子糾

齊(qi)僖公(gong)(gong)三十三年(前698年),齊(qi)僖公(gong)(gong)駕崩(beng),留下三個兒子(zi)(zi),太(tai)子(zi)(zi)諸兒、公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾和公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)。齊(qi)僖公(gong)(gong)死后,太(tai)子(zi)(zi)諸兒即位,是(shi)為齊(qi)襄公(gong)(gong)。當時,管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)和鮑叔牙(ya)分別輔佐公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾和公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)。不久,齊(qi)襄公(gong)(gong)與其(qi)妹魯(lu)桓公(gong)(gong)的夫人文(wen)姜秘謀私通,醉殺了魯(lu)桓公(gong)(gong)。對此,管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)預感到齊(qi)國將會發生(sheng)大亂。公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾的母親是(shi)魯(lu)君的女(nv)兒,因此管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)和召忽就保護(hu)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾逃到魯(lu)國去(qu)躲避。

齊襄公(gong)(gong)十二年(nian)(前(qian)686年(nian)),齊國(guo)內亂,兩(liang)個逃(tao)亡(wang)在(zai)外的公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),一(yi)見時機成熟,都想(xiang)急忙(mang)設法回(hui)(hui)國(guo),以(yi)便(bian)奪取國(guo)君(jun)的寶(bao)座。魯莊公(gong)(gong)知道齊國(guo)無君(jun)后(hou),萬分焦急,立即(ji)派兵護送公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)糾回(hui)(hui)國(guo),后(hou)來(lai)(lai)(lai)發(fa)現(xian)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)已經(jing)先出(chu)發(fa)回(hui)(hui)國(guo)。管仲于是決定自請先行,親率(lv)30乘兵車到莒國(guo)通往齊國(guo)的路上去截(jie)擊公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)。人馬過(guo)即(ji)墨30余(yu)里(li),正遇見公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)的大隊車馬。管仲等公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)車馬走近,就(jiu)操起箭來(lai)(lai)(lai)對準(zhun)射(she)(she)去,一(yi)箭射(she)(she)中,公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)應聲倒下。管仲見公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)已射(she)(she)死(si),就(jiu)率(lv)領人馬回(hui)(hui)去。其實公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)沒有死(si),管仲一(yi)箭射(she)(she)中他的銅制衣帶勾上,公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)急中生(sheng)智(zhi)咬破舌尖裝死(si)倒下。經(jing)此一(yi)驚,公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)與鮑(bao)叔(shu)牙更加警惕,飛速向齊國(guo)挺進。當他們來(lai)(lai)(lai)到臨淄(zi)時,由鮑(bao)叔(shu)牙先進城(cheng)里(li)勸(quan)說,齊國(guo)正卿高(gao)氏和(he)國(guo)氏都同意護立公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)為國(guo)君(jun),于是公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)就(jiu)進城(cheng),順利(li)地(di)登上君(jun)位,這就(jiu)是歷史(shi)上有名的齊桓公(gong)(gong)。

鮑叔舉賢

齊桓(huan)年(前(qian)685年),齊桓(huan)公即位后,急(ji)需找到有才(cai)干的(de)人(ren)來(lai)輔佐,因此就準備請(qing)鮑(bao)叔(shu)牙出來(lai)任齊相。但鮑(bao)叔(shu)牙稱自己(ji)才(cai)能不如管仲,若要使齊國(guo)稱霸,必要用管仲為相。

管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)與公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)(jiu)一(yi)伙認為(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)已(yi)死(si)(si)(si),再(zai)沒有人與他(ta)爭奪君(jun)位(wei),也就不(bu)急(ji)于趕(gan)路。六天后(hou)才到(dao)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國。一(yi)到(dao)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國,沒想到(dao)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國已(yi)有國君(jun),新君(jun)正(zheng)是公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)。魯(lu)(lu)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)得(de)知齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國已(yi)有新君(jun)后(hou)氣急(ji)敗(bai)(bai)壞,當即(ji)派兵(bing)進(jin)攻齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國,企圖(tu)武裝干(gan)涉來(lai)奪取君(jun)位(wei)。雙方在乾(qian)時會戰,管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)建議當趁小(xiao)白(bai)人心未(wei)定速(su)攻,但魯(lu)(lu)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)卻說:“如(ru)果一(yi)切如(ru)你所(suo)料,小(xiao)白(bai)早(zao)就被射死(si)(si)(si)了。”不(bu)聽(ting)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)的話(hua),結(jie)果遭遇伏擊(ji),魯(lu)(lu)軍(jun)大敗(bai)(bai),公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)(jiu)和(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)隨魯(lu)(lu)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)敗(bai)(bai)歸(gui)魯(lu)(lu)國。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)軍(jun)乘勝追擊(ji),進(jin)入魯(lu)(lu)國境(jing)內(nei)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)絕后(hou)患,遣書給魯(lu)(lu)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong),叫魯(lu)(lu)國殺公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)(jiu),交出管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)和(he)召忽。否則(ze)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)軍(jun)將(jiang)(jiang)全面進(jin)攻魯(lu)(lu)國。魯(lu)(lu)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)得(de)知后(hou)與大夫施伯(bo)商量(liang),施伯(bo)認為(wei)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國要管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)是為(wei)了報仇雪恨,而是為(wei)了任用他(ta)為(wei)政。因(yin)為(wei)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)的才干(gan)世(shi)間少有,他(ta)為(wei)政的國家必然會富強稱(cheng)霸(ba)。假如(ru)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)被齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國任用,將(jiang)(jiang)為(wei)魯(lu)(lu)國的大患。因(yin)此(ci)施伯(bo)主(zhu)張殺死(si)(si)(si)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong),將(jiang)(jiang)尸(shi)首(shou)還(huan)給齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國。但鮑叔牙(ya)用計稱(cheng)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)恨管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)入骨(gu),一(yi)定要生殺管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)。且魯(lu)(lu)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)新敗(bai)(bai),聞齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國大兵(bing)壓(ya)境(jing),早(zao)嚇得(de)心顫膽(dan)寒,沒有聽(ting)施伯(bo)的主(zhu)張。在齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國壓(ya)力下,殺死(si)(si)(si)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)(jiu),并將(jiang)(jiang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)和(he)召忽擒住(zhu),準(zhun)備(bei)將(jiang)(jiang)二人送還(huan)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)發落,以(yi)期退(tui)兵(bing)。

管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)清楚(chu)這(zhe)是鮑叔(shu)牙(ya)的計謀,于(yu)是讓押運(yun)工人快馬加鞭趕去齊(qi)國,最后平安到了齊(qi)國,經鮑叔(shu)牙(ya)的建議,齊(qi)桓公(gong)同意選擇吉祥日(ri)子,以非常隆重的禮(li)節,親(qin)自去迎(ying)接管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong),以此(ci)來表示對(dui)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)的重視和信任(ren)。同時(shi)也(ye)讓天(tian)下人都(dou)知(zhi)道齊(qi)桓公(gong)的賢達(da)大度(du)。齊(qi)桓公(gong)迎(ying)接管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)后,一連聊了三天(tian)三夜,句句投(tou)機,齋戒三日(ri),拜(bai)了管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)相(xiang),并稱(cheng)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)“仲(zhong)(zhong)父(fu)”。

助齊稱霸

齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公二(er)年(nian)(前(qian)684年(nian)),桓(huan)(huan)公又對管仲(zhong)說:“我想加(jia)強軍(jun)備。”管仲(zhong)又說:“不(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)。”桓(huan)(huan)公不(bu)(bu)(bu)聽,果然(ran)修治軍(jun)備。一次,宋(song)(song)夫人惹怒(nu)了(le)齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公,桓(huan)(huan)公怒(nu)對管仲(zhong)說:“我想伐(fa)(fa)宋(song)(song)。”管仲(zhong)說:“不(bu)(bu)(bu)可以,我認為內(nei)政不(bu)(bu)(bu)修,對外用(yong)兵(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)會成功。”桓(huan)(huan)公不(bu)(bu)(bu)聽,果然(ran)起(qi)兵(bing)伐(fa)(fa)宋(song)(song)。各諸(zhu)侯興兵(bing)救宋(song)(song),把齊(qi)軍(jun)打得大敗(bai)。

齊(qi)桓公三年(前683年),管仲建議出兵問罪不遵禮法的譚國(guo)(guo)。譚國(guo)(guo)本來很(hen)小,力量十分微弱(ruo),結果(guo)很(hen)快就被齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)消滅(mie)。齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)沒費力氣消滅(mie)了(le)(le)譚國(guo)(guo),擴(kuo)大了(le)(le)國(guo)(guo)土。

齊桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)五年(nian)(前(qian)681年(nian)),在(zai)管仲的建議下(xia),齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)與(yu)宋(song)、陳(chen)、蔡、鄭等國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)齊的北杏(今(jin)山東(dong)聊(liao)城東(dong))會(hui)盟(meng)(meng),商討安定(ding)宋(song)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)計(ji)。遂(sui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(今(jin)山東(dong)肥城南(nan))也(ye)被邀(yao)請,但沒有參加。管仲為了提高(gao)齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的威望,就出兵把遂(sui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)消滅。魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)本來比較(jiao)強大,但因接連被齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)打敗,又(you)看到諸(zhu)侯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)都服從齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),不(bu)服從齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的遂(sui)、譚兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)又(you)被消滅,所以也(ye)屈服了齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。不(bu)久,齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)與(yu)魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)和好(hao),在(zai)柯(今(jin)山東(dong)東(dong)阿西(xi)南(nan))會(hui)盟(meng)(meng)。就在(zai)這次會(hui)盟(meng)(meng)中,發生了著名的曹(cao)沫劫盟(meng)(meng)事(shi)件。曹(cao)沫迫使齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)歸還(huan)之(zhi)前(qian)魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)所有失(shi)地,齊桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)事(shi)后想反(fan)悔,但是管仲用大國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)不(bu)該失(shi)信讓(rang)齊桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)歸還(huan)了失(shi)地。

齊桓(huan)公(gong)六年(nian)(nian)(前680年(nian)(nian)),魯、宋、陳(chen)、蔡、衛都先后屈服齊國(guo),譚、遂(sui)兩國(guo)早已(yi)消(xiao)滅,只(zhi)有(you)鄭(zheng)國(guo)還在內亂。管(guan)仲因此建議齊桓(huan)公(gong)出面調解(jie)鄭(zheng)國(guo)內亂,以此來提高齊國(guo)的(de)地(di)位(wei),加速實(shi)現做霸主(zhu)的(de)目(mu)的(de)。鄭(zheng)國(guo)自厲公(gong)回國(guo)殺了子儀,又殺了恩人(ren)傅瑕,逼(bi)死(si)大夫原繁,登位(wei)稱君(jun)后,為鞏固君(jun)位(wei),就要聯(lian)(lian)合齊國(guo)。管(guan)仲抓住這一時(shi)機,建議齊桓(huan)公(gong)聯(lian)(lian)合宋、衛、鄭(zheng)三(san)國(guo),又邀(yao)請(qing)周王室參加,于鄄(juan)(今(jin)山東鄄(juan)城(cheng))會盟。

齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公七年(nian)(前679年(nian)),管仲又讓齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公以自己名義召集宋、陳(chen)、衛(wei)、鄭又在鄄會盟。

北戰山戎

齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)二十(shi)四年(前(qian)662年),山戎(rong)(rong)攻打(da)燕(yan)國(guo),燕(yan)國(guo)向齊(qi)國(guo)求(qiu)救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)認為南面楚國(guo)禍害(hai)更大,不愿(yuan)出兵(bing)。但管仲認為,當時為患一(yi)方(fang)的,南有楚國(guo),北有山戎(rong)(rong),西有狄,都(dou)是中原諸國(guo)的禍患。國(guo)君要想(xiang)征伐(fa)楚國(guo),必須(xu)先進攻山戎(rong)(rong),北方(fang)安(an)定,才能專(zhuan)心去征伐(fa)南方(fang)。如今(jin)燕(yan)國(guo)被(bei)犯,又(you)求(qiu)救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)于我國(guo),舉兵(bing)率先伐(fa)夷,必能得到(dao)各(ge)國(guo)的擁戴。齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)深以(yi)為然(ran),遂舉兵(bing)救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)燕(yan)。管仲隨軍討伐(fa)山戎(rong)(rong)救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)援燕(yan)國(guo),一(yi)直打(da)到(dao)孤竹(zhu)才回師。

齊(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)二十(shi)六年(前660年),當時西(xi)北方的狄(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)也起兵進攻中原,先攻邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)(今(jin)河北邢(xing)臺)。作為(wei)霸(ba)主(zhu)的齊(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong),當然(ran)不能置之不理。管仲也很(hen)關(guan)心這個問(wen)題,他(ta)向齊(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)說:“戎狄(di)(di)性情十(shi)分(fen)殘暴(bao),貪(tan)得無厭。諸夏各(ge)國(guo)(guo)都是親戚,彼此關(guan)心,一(yi)國(guo)(guo)有(you)難,大(da)家都應相助(zhu),不能袖手不理。滿足現(xian)狀的安樂是很(hen)危險的,出(chu)(chu)兵救(jiu)邢(xing)才是上策。”齊(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)很(hen)欣賞管仲的想法,就(jiu)派兵救(jiu)邢(xing)國(guo)(guo),邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)很(hen)快得救(jiu)。不久狄(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)又(you)出(chu)(chu)兵攻衛(wei)國(guo)(guo),衛(wei)懿公(gong)(gong)(gong)被殺,衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)滅(mie)亡。狄(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)又(you)追趕衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)百(bai)姓(xing)到黃河沿岸。 宋國(guo)(guo)出(chu)(chu)兵救(jiu)出(chu)(chu)衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)百(bai)姓(xing)七百(bai)三(san)十(shi)人(ren)(ren)。加(jia)上共、滕兩(liang)邑的居民一(yi)共五(wu)千(qian)人(ren)(ren)。就(jiu)在曹邑(今(jin)河南滑縣(xian))立衛(wei)戴(dai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)國(guo)(guo)君(jun)。剛剛恢復的衛(wei)國(guo)(guo),處境十(shi)分(fen)困(kun)難。齊(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)、管仲派了公(gong)(gong)(gong)子無虧帶(dai)著五(wu)百(bai)乘車馬和(he)三(san)千(qian)名甲士來(lai)武(wu)裝衛(wei)國(guo)(guo),戎守曹邑。又(you)給衛(wei)君(jun)帶(dai)來(lai)乘馬祭服,還(huan)給衛(wei)君(jun)夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)帶(dai)來(lai)乘車和(he)錦帛。此外還(huan)有(you)牛羊(yang)豬狗雞等三(san)百(bai)余只。又(you)幫助(zhu)修建(jian)宮(gong)殿。 邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)還(huan)未恢復,狄(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)又(you)來(lai)第二次洗(xi)劫。

齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)二十七年(前659年),狄人(ren)(ren)(ren)攻邢(xing)(xing),形勢十分(fen)嚴重。齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)和管仲立即聯合宋(song)(song)、曹救邢(xing)(xing)。當齊(qi)(qi)、宋(song)(song)、曹軍(jun)隊到(dao)達時(shi),邢(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)百姓如見親人(ren)(ren)(ren),紛(fen)紛(fen)投奔,狄人(ren)(ren)(ren)被(bei)打退。邢(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)又被(bei)狄人(ren)(ren)(ren)洗劫(jie)一空。于是齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)和管仲同宋(song)(song)、曹兩(liang)國(guo)(guo),幫助(zhu)邢(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)把都城遷到(dao)夷儀(今(jin)聊城西南),這里(li)靠近齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo),較為安全(quan)。使破亂的(de)邢(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)得到(dao)安定。 邢(xing)(xing)、衛兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)都遭狄人(ren)(ren)(ren)洗劫(jie),在齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)、管仲的(de)主持下,得以復國(guo)(guo)。當時(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)都贊賞地說:邢(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)遷進新都城,好像回到(dao)了老家;恢復后的(de)衛國(guo)(guo),人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)心(xin)情高興(xing),也忘記了亡國(guo)(guo)的(de)悲痛。

齊楚結盟

齊桓公(gong)(gong)二十九年(前657年),楚(chu)國(guo)又出兵鄭(zheng)國(guo)。齊桓公(gong)(gong)與管仲約(yue)諸侯共同救鄭(zheng)抗楚(chu)。由(you)于楚(chu)國(guo)不斷(duan)攻鄭(zheng),齊桓公(gong)(gong)和管仲約(yue)魯、宋、陳、衛(wei)、鄭(zheng)、許、曹等八國(guo)組(zu)成聯軍南(nan)下,首先一舉(ju)消滅蔡國(guo),直指(zhi)楚(chu)國(guo)。楚(chu)國(guo)在大軍壓境的形勢(shi)下,派(pai)使臣屈完出來談判。

屈(qu)完見到(dao)齊(qi)桓公就問:“你們(men)(men)(men)住在北海,我們(men)(men)(men)住在南海,相隔千(qian)里,任何事(shi)情都(dou)不(bu)相干涉。這次你們(men)(men)(men)到(dao)我們(men)(men)(men)這里來,不(bu)知是為(wei)了什么?”

管仲在齊桓公身旁,聽了之后就替齊桓公答道:“從前召康公奉(feng)了周王(wang)的命(ming)令,曾對我們(men)(men)的祖先太公說過(guo),五(wu)等侯九級伯,如不守法你(ni)(ni)(ni)們(men)(men)都(dou)可以去征討(tao)。東(dong)到(dao)海,西(xi)到(dao)河(he),南到(dao)穆(mu)陵(ling),北(bei)到(dao)無(wu)隸,都(dou)在你(ni)(ni)(ni)們(men)(men)征討(tao)范(fan)圍內(nei)。你(ni)(ni)(ni)們(men)(men)不向周王(wang)進貢用于(yu)祭祀的濾酒(jiu)的包(bao)茅,公然違反王(wang)禮。還有昭王(wang)南征,至今未(wei)回(hui),這事(shi)也不是與你(ni)(ni)(ni)們(men)(men)無(wu)關。我們(men)(men)興(xing)師來(lai)到(dao)這里,正是為了問罪你(ni)(ni)(ni)們(men)(men)。”

屈完(wan)回答說:“多(duo)年沒有(you)進貢包(bao)茅,確實是我(wo)們(men)的過錯。至于昭王南征未回是發生(sheng)在漢水,你們(men)只好去漢水邊打聽好了。”

齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)見楚使屈完(wan)的(de)態度不軟(ruan)不硬,就命令(ling)大軍在(zai)陘(今河(he)南郾(yan)城南)駐扎下來(lai)。南北兩軍相峙,從(cong)春(chun)季到夏季,已經半年。楚國(guo)(guo)又派屈完(wan)和(he)齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)、管(guan)仲談(tan)判(pan)。齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)、管(guan)仲早(zao)就無意打(da)仗,只是(shi)想通過這(zhe)次軍事(shi)行動來(lai)顯示霸主的(de)威風(feng),嚇(xia)唬楚國(guo)(guo)罷了。所以他們很快就同意與(yu)屈完(wan)談(tan)判(pan),并達成協(xie)議,將軍隊(dui)撤到召陵(今河(he)南偃縣(xian))。

齊桓(huan)公為了(le)炫(xuan)耀兵力,就(jiu)請屈完(wan)來(lai)到軍(jun)中與他同車觀看軍(jun)隊(dui)。齊桓(huan)公指著(zhu)軍(jun)隊(dui)對屈完(wan)說:“指揮這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)軍(jun)隊(dui)去打仗,什么(me)樣(yang)的(de)敵人能抵抗得了(le)?指揮這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)軍(jun)隊(dui)去夾攻城寨(zhai)(zhai),有什么(me)樣(yang)的(de)城寨(zhai)(zhai)攻克不下(xia)呢?”

屈(qu)完很沉靜(jing)地回(hui)答;“國君,你若用(yong)德義來安撫(fu)天下諸侯,誰(shui)敢不服從(cong)呢(ni)?如果只(zhi)憑武力,那么(me)我們楚(chu)國可(ke)以把(ba)方(fang)城山(shan)當城,把(ba)漢水(shui)當池,城這么(me)高(gao),池這么(me)深,你的兵再(zai)多,恐怕(pa)也無濟于事。”回(hui)答得委婉有力。

為形勢(shi)所迫(po),齊桓公(gong)同意(yi)與楚(chu)國結盟。這樣(yang)南北軍事對峙(zhi)就(jiu)體(ti)面(mian)的結束(shu)了。

葵丘之盟

齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公三(san)十五年(nian)(前651年(nian)),周惠(hui)王(wang)去世。齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公會同(tong)各(ge)諸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)國(guo)擁立太子鄭為天(tian)子,這就是周襄王(wang)。周襄王(wang)即(ji)位后(hou),命(ming)宰孔賜(si)齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公文武胙、彤弓矢(shi)、大路(lu),以表彰其功。齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公召集各(ge)路(lu)諸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)大會于葵(kui)丘(今(jin)河南蘭考(kao)、民權(quan)縣境),舉行受賜(si)典禮(li)。受賜(si)典禮(li)上,宰孔請周襄王(wang)之(zhi)命(ming),因(yin)齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公年(nian)老德高,不必下拜受賜(si)。齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公想聽從王(wang)命(ming),管(guan)仲從旁進言道(dao):“周王(wang)雖然謙(qian)讓,臣(chen)子卻不可不敬。”齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公于是答道(dao):“天(tian)威(wei)不違顏咫尺,小白(bai)敢貪王(wang)命(ming),而廢(fei)臣(chen)職嗎?”說罷,只見(jian)(jian)齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公疾走(zou)下階(jie),再拜稽(ji)首,然后(hou)登(deng)堂受胙。眾諸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)見(jian)(jian)此,皆嘆(tan)服齊(qi)(qi)君之(zhi)有(you)禮(li)。齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公又重申盟好(hao),訂立了新盟。這就是歷(li)史上有(you)名的“葵(kui)丘之(zhi)盟”。

齊桓公三十(shi)九年(前(qian)647年),周襄王的(de)弟弟叔帶(dai)勾結戎人進攻京城(cheng),王室內亂(luan),十(shi)分(fen)危機。齊桓公派管仲(zhong)幫助襄王平息內亂(luan)。管仲(zhong)完成得很好,獲得周王贊賞。周襄王為了(le)表示尊重霸主(zhu)的(de)臣下,準備用上卿禮儀(yi)設(she)宴為管仲(zhong)慶功,但(dan)管仲(zhong)沒(mei)有接受。最后他接受了(le)下卿禮儀(yi)的(de)待遇。

晚年薦才

齊桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)四十一年(前645年),管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)臨(lin)死前齊桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)問誰可以(yi)替(ti)代(dai)相位(wei),管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)推薦了公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)隰朋(peng),并要求齊桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)遠離開方、豎刁、易(yi)牙三人,管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)死后,繼(ji)任(ren)的公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)隰朋(peng)、鮑叔牙兩位(wei)相國繼(ji)續沿用管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)所留下的政治制(zhi)度。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)的后代(dai)被任(ren)命為(wei)大夫,世世代(dai)代(dai)享(xiang)受福蔭。

主要作品

《管子》一(yi)書原為(wei)86篇,至(zhi)唐(tang)又(you)亡佚10篇,今本存76篇,托名(ming)春秋管仲(zhong)著(zhu)(zhu)。其(qi)實《管子》同先秦(qin)許多典籍一(yi)樣,既非(fei)一(yi)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)著(zhu)(zhu),亦非(fei)一(yi)時(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)書。是(shi)一(yi)部稷下黃老道(dao)(dao)家學派的(de)文集匯編。西漢國家藏書目錄《漢書·藝文志(zhi)》,在“道(dao)(dao)家”類中(zhong)著(zhu)(zhu)錄有管仲(zhong)所(suo)著(zhu)(zhu)《管子》85篇,班固注曰:“名(ming)夷吾,相齊桓公,九(jiu)合諸侯,不以(yi)兵車也。有《列(lie)傳(chuan)》。”今存76篇,內容極豐,包含道(dao)(dao)、儒、名(ming)、法(fa)(fa)、兵、陰陽等(deng)家的(de)思想以(yi)及天文、輿地、經濟(ji)和(he)(he)農(nong)業(ye)等(deng)方面的(de)知識,其(qi)中(zhong)《輕重》等(deng)篇,是(shi)古代(dai)典籍中(zhong)不多見的(de)經濟(ji)文作,對生產、分配、交易、消(xiao)費、財政、貨幣(bi)等(deng)均有論述(shu),是(shi)研究我國先秦(qin)農(nong)業(ye)和(he)(he)經濟(ji)的(de)珍貴(gui)資料。管仲(zhong)的(de)傳(chuan)記,載於《史記·管晏列(lie)傳(chuan)》。其(qi)中(zhong)以(yi)黃老道(dao)(dao)家著(zhu)(zhu)作最多,其(qi)次法(fa)(fa)家著(zhu)(zhu)作16篇,其(qi)余各家雜之(zhi)(zhi),其(qi)中(zhong)的(de)法(fa)(fa)家思想是(shi)道(dao)(dao)家影(ying)響(xiang)下的(de)法(fa)(fa)家思維。

貢獻影響

政治制度

行政改革

管仲整(zheng)頓行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)管理系統,“叁(san)其(qi)(qi)國(guo)而伍(wu)(wu)其(qi)(qi)鄙(bi)(bi)”。所(suo)謂“叁(san)其(qi)(qi)國(guo)”,就是(shi)將國(guo)劃(hua)分為21鄉(xiang)(xiang),士居15鄉(xiang)(xiang),工居3鄉(xiang)(xiang),商居3鄉(xiang)(xiang),分設(she)3官(guan)管理。所(suo)謂“伍(wu)(wu)其(qi)(qi)鄙(bi)(bi)”,就是(shi)將鄙(bi)(bi)野(ye)(國(guo)都之外的(de)廣大地區)分為5屬,設(she)立(li)5大夫(fu)、5正官(guan)分管。屬下(xia)有縣(xian)(xian)、鄉(xiang)(xiang)、卒、邑4級,分別(bie)設(she)立(li)縣(xian)(xian)帥、鄉(xiang)(xiang)帥、卒帥、司官(guan)管理。整(zheng)頓行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)系統的(de)目(mu)的(de)是(shi)“定民之居”,使士、農(nong)、工、商各就其(qi)(qi)業,從而使部落(luo)的(de)殘余影(ying)響被徹(che)底革(ge)除,行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)區域的(de)組(zu)織結構更加精細化,并且有效地維護了社會穩定。

用人人事

他提出的用人(ren)原則是:“德義(yi)未明(ming)于朝者(zhe),則不(bu)可(ke)加(jia)于尊(zun)位;功力未見于國者(zhe),則不(bu)可(ke)授以重祿;臨事(shi)不(bu)信(xin)于民者(zhe),則不(bu)可(ke)使任大官。”用今天(tian)的話(hua)說就是在(zai)任命一(yi)切官員時,都必須根據其實際(ji)的政績(ji),特別(bie)是要有取信(xin)于民的真實政績(ji),而不(bu)是虛假的、表面的政績(ji)。此外,他還總結出一(yi)套對(dui)于各級官員實行(xing)獎懲的具(ju)體(ti)辦法(fa)。

國中“慈孝”、“聰慧”、“拳勇”出眾者,由鄉長(chang)推薦試用,稱職的(de)委任為(wei)吏(li),任用稱職的(de)又可以(yi)晉升,直至升為(wei)上(shang)卿助理(li)。選賢任能,在一(yi)(yi)定程度上(shang)突破了世(shi)卿世(shi)祿制(zhi),擴大了人才來源,這一(yi)(yi)制(zhi)度成為(wei)日后科舉制(zhi)度的(de)雛形。

政治主張

管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)注重經(jing)濟和(he)農業(ye),反對(dui)空談主義(yi),開創職(zhi)業(ye)技能(neng)教育。主張改(gai)革(ge)以富國(guo)(guo)強(qiang)兵(bing),他(ta)說(shuo):“國(guo)(guo)多財則(ze)遠(yuan)者(zhe)來(lai),地(di)辟舉則(ze)民(min)(min)留處,倉廩實而(er)知禮(li)節,衣(yi)食(shi)足而(er)知榮辱”,唯物論中“物質決定意識”的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀念和(he)《管(guan)子》的(de)(de)(de)(de)思想頗為(wei)接近。齊(qi)桓(huan)公尊(zun)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)“仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)父(fu)”,授(shou)權讓他(ta)主持一系列政(zheng)治和(he)經(jing)濟改(gai)革(ge):在全(quan)國(guo)(guo)劃分政(zheng)區,組(zu)織軍事編(bian)制,設官吏管(guan)理(li);建立(li)選(xuan)拔人(ren)才制度,士經(jing)三(san)審(shen)選(xuan),可為(wei)“上卿之贊”(助理(li));按土地(di)分等征(zheng)稅,禁止貴族(zu)掠奪私(si)產;發展鹽鐵業(ye),鑄(zhu)造貨幣(bi),調劑(ji)物價。管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)改(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實質,改(gai)革(ge)土地(di)和(he)人(ren)口(kou)制度。管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)改(gai)革(ge)成(cheng)效顯著(zhu),齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)由此(ci)國(guo)(guo)力大振。對(dui)外(wai),管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)最早提出“華夷(yi)(yi)之辨”與“尊(zun)王攘夷(yi)(yi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)族(zu)主義(yi)思想。聯合北方鄰國(guo)(guo),抵(di)抗(kang)山戎族(zu)南侵。這一外(wai)交戰略也獲得成(cheng)功。后(hou)來(lai)孔(kong)子感嘆說(shuo):“管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)相桓(huan)公,霸(ba)諸侯(hou),一匡天下(xia),民(min)(min)到于今受其賜。微管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),吾其被發左衽矣。豈(qi)若匹夫匹婦之為(wei)諒也,自經(jing)于溝(gou)瀆,而(er)莫之知也?”又說(shuo):“桓(huan)公九(jiu)合諸侯(hou),不以兵(bing)車,管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之力也。如(ru)其仁,如(ru)其仁。”

外交主張

管仲的(de)外交主張,打出“尊王攘夷”的(de)旗(qi)幟,以諸侯長的(de)身份,挾天子以伐不敬。

為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)使齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成為(wei)(wei)諸侯(hou)(hou)之長,管(guan)仲(zhong)在(zai)外交上協助齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)做(zuo)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)許多(duo)努(nu)力。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)十(shi)三年(nian)(nian)(前(qian)663年(nian)(nian)),山(shan)戎攻打(da)燕(yan)國,燕(yan)向齊(qi)(qi)(qi)求(qiu)救(jiu)(jiu),齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國救(jiu)(jiu)燕(yan)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)十(shi)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(前(qian)661年(nian)(nian)),山(shan)戎攻打(da)刑國,管(guan)仲(zhong)提出(chu)“戎狄(di)豺狼(lang),不可厭也;諸夏親昵,不可棄也。”齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)再(zai)次發兵攻打(da)山(shan)戎以救(jiu)(jiu)邢國。打(da)退了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)毀邢都(dou)城的(de)(de)狄(di)兵,并(bing)在(zai)夷儀(yi)為(wei)(wei)邢國建(jian)立(li)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)新都(dou)。次年(nian)(nian),狄(di)人大舉攻衛(wei),衛(wei)懿公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)被殺(sha)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國率諸侯(hou)(hou)國替衛(wei)國在(zai)楚(chu)丘另建(jian)新都(dou)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(前(qian)656年(nian)(nian)),管(guan)仲(zhong)讓齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質問楚(chu)國為(wei)(wei)何不按(an)時向周(zhou)天子進貢(gong)祭祀(si)所用的(de)(de)茅草而導致(zhi)祭祀(si)大典無法及(ji)時進行,使得(de)楚(chu)國承認自己的(de)(de)錯誤。前(qian)655年(nian)(nian),周(zhou)惠王(wang)有另立(li)太子的(de)(de)意向。管(guan)仲(zhong)獻計讓齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)會(hui)(hui)集(ji)諸侯(hou)(hou)國君(jun)(jun)于首止(zhi),與周(zhou)天子盟,以確定太子的(de)(de)正(zheng)統地位(wei)。前(qian)654年(nian)(nian),管(guan)仲(zhong),齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)因鄭(zheng)文公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)首止(zhi)逃會(hui)(hui),率聯軍討伐鄭(zheng)國。數年(nian)(nian)后(hou),齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率多(duo)國國君(jun)(jun)與周(zhou)襄王(wang)派來的(de)(de)大夫會(hui)(hui)盟,并(bing)確立(li)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)周(zhou)襄王(wang)的(de)(de)王(wang)位(wei)。前(qian)651年(nian)(nian),齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)召集(ji)魯、宋、曹等國國君(jun)(jun)及(ji)周(zhou)王(wang)宰孔會(hui)(hui)于葵丘。周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)宰代表周(zhou)王(wang)正(zheng)式封齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)諸侯(hou)(hou)長。同年(nian)(nian)秋,齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)以霸(ba)主(zhu)身(shen)份主(zhu)持了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)葵丘之盟。此后(hou)遇到侵犯周(zhou)王(wang)室權威(wei)的(de)(de)事,齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都(dou)會(hui)(hui)過問和制止(zhi),此次盟會(hui)(hui)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)確立(li)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)自己的(de)(de)霸(ba)主(zhu)地位(wei)。管(guan)仲(zhong)的(de)(de)外交戰略獲得(de)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)很大成功,使齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)霸(ba)業(ye)更加(jia)合(he)法合(he)理,同時也保(bao)護了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)中原(yuan)經濟和文化的(de)(de)發展。為(wei)(wei)華(hua)夏文明(ming)的(de)(de)存續(xu)做(zuo)出(chu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)巨大貢(gong)獻。

軍事制度

其(qi)原則是“作(zuo)(zuo)內政而寄軍(jun)令(ling)”,其(qi)措施(shi)是“參(can)其(qi)國而伍(wu)其(qi)鄙”,其(qi)內容為(wei)(wei):將全國分為(wei)(wei)二十一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang),工商之(zhi)鄉(xiang)六,士鄉(xiang)十五。工商之(zhi)鄉(xiang)不(bu)從(cong)事作(zuo)(zuo)戰(zhan),實際從(cong)事作(zuo)(zuo)戰(zhan)的(de)是士鄉(xiang)十五。五鄉(xiang)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)帥,有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)萬一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)千人(ren)。由齊君率為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)軍(jun),兩(liang)個上(shang)卿(qing)各率五鄉(xiang)為(wei)(wei)左右軍(jun),是為(wei)(wei)三軍(jun),就是“參(can)其(qi)國”。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang)有十連,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)連有四里,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)里有十軌(gui),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)軌(gui)有五家,五家為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)軌(gui),這就是“伍(wu)其(qi)鄙”。軌(gui)中(zhong)的(de)五家,因世代相居(ju)處在一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起,因為(wei)(wei)利(li)害(hai)禍福相同(tong),所(suo)以,“守則同(tong)固(gu),戰(zhan)則同(tong)強”。

這是一種社會(hui)與(yu)軍事相結合的戰(zhan)斗體制,亦為(wei)后來(lai)大規模(mo)的戰(zhan)爭作了準備。

人物評價

孔子:“微管仲,吾其被發(fa)左(zuo)衽矣(yi)。”(《論語(yu)·憲問篇》)意(yi)思是:管仲輔助齊桓公做諸(zhu)侯霸主,尊王攘夷(yi),一(yi)匡(kuang)天(tian)下。要是沒(mei)有管仲,我們(men)都會披散頭發(fa),左(zuo)開衣襟,成為野蠻人了(le)。又說(shuo):“桓公九合諸(zhu)侯,不以(yi)兵車(che),管仲之力(li)也,如其仁,如其仁!”

《淮(huai)南(nan)子·泰族訓》:“文王舉(ju)太公(gong)望、召公(gong)奭而(er)(er)(er)王,桓公(gong)任管仲、隰朋而(er)(er)(er)霸,此(ci)舉(ju)賢以立(li)功也(ye),夫差(cha)用太宰嚭而(er)(er)(er)滅,秦任李斯、趙高而(er)(er)(er)亡(wang),此(ci)舉(ju)所與(yu)同(tong)。故觀其所舉(ju),而(er)(er)(er)治亂可見(jian)也(ye);察其黨與(yu),而(er)(er)(er)賢不肖可論(lun)也(ye)。”

司馬遷:①”管仲,世(shi)所謂賢臣,然孔子小之。豈以為周道(dao)衰微,恒公(gong)既賢,而(er)不勉之至王,乃(nai)稱霸(ba)哉(zai)?語曰:將(jiang)順其美,匡(kuang)救其惡(e),故(gu)上下能相親(qin)也(ye)。豈管仲之謂乎?“②“晏子儉矣(yi),夷(yi)吾(wu)則奢;齊桓以霸(ba),景公(gong)以治。”

蜀漢名相(xiang)(xiang)諸(zhu)葛亮經常(chang)把自己比(bi)作(zuo)管(guan)仲(zhong),樂(le)毅。歷(li)史上(shang)管(guan)仲(zhong)相(xiang)(xiang)齊,使齊國成(cheng)為春秋五霸之首;諸(zhu)葛亮相(xiang)(xiang)蜀,使劉(liu)備與曹操,孫權三分天下(xia)。二(er)人皆嘔(ou)心瀝(li)血,鞠躬(gong)盡瘁,而且居(ju)功至偉。

房玄齡:“至(zhi)若夷吾體仁,能相小國(guo),孔明踐義,善翊新邦,撫事(shi)論情,抑斯(si)之(zhi)類也。”

李靖:“若樂毅,管(guan)仲(zhong),諸(zhu)葛亮(liang),戰必勝,守必固,此非(fei)查天時地利,安(an)能邇忽?”

劉勰:“古(gu)之(zhi)將相,疵(ci)咎實多。至如管(guan)仲孝竊,吳起之(zhi)貪(tan)淫,陳(chen)平之(zhi)污點,絳灌(guan)之(zhi)讒嫉,沿(yan)茲以下(xia),不可勝數。孔光負衡(heng)據(ju)鼎,而(er)仄媚董賢(xian),況(kuang)班馬之(zhi)賤(jian)職,潘岳之(zhi)下(xia)位哉(zai)?王戎開(kai)國(guo)上秩,而(er)鬻(yu)官囂(xiao)俗;況(kuang)馬杜(du)之(zhi)磬懸,丁(ding)路之(zhi)貧薄哉(zai)?然子夏無虧于(yu)名儒,浚沖(chong)不塵乎竹林者(zhe),名崇而(er)譏(ji)減(jian)也。若(ruo)夫屈賈之(zhi)忠(zhong)貞,鄒(zou)枚之(zhi)機覺(jue),黃香之(zhi)淳(chun)孝,徐干之(zhi)沉默,豈曰文士,必其玷(dian)歟?”

司馬貞:“夷吾成霸,平(ping)仲稱賢。粟(su)乃實廩,豆(dou)不掩肩。轉禍為福,危言獲全。孔賴左衽,史忻(xin)執鞭(bian)。成禮而去(qu),人望存焉。”

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