上(shang)(shang)黨(dang)門是隋(sui)代(dai)上(shang)(shang)黨(dang)郡(jun)署(shu)的大門,始建于(yu)隋(sui)朝開皇(huang)年(nian)間(jian)(約(yue)公元581年(nian)至600年(nian)),位于(yu)長治(zhi)市區中心(xin)府坡(po)街北(bei)端的高崗上(shang)(shang),隋(sui)代(dai)上(shang)(shang)黨(dang)郡(jun)單指今長治(zhi)。“上(shang)(shang)黨(dang)”一(yi)詞是指太行山上(shang)(shang)較(jiao)高的地(di)方,《釋名》中解釋說:“黨(dang),所也。在于(yu)山上(shang)(shang),其所較(jiao)高,故 曰上(shang)(shang)黨(dang)”。上(shang)(shang)黨(dang)門的門樓海拔1500米,十(shi)分雄偉(wei)壯觀。
登上(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)(men)樓遠眺,上(shang)(shang)黨(dang)(dang)古(gu)城景(jing)色(se)歷(li)歷(li)在目(mu),遠山近水盡(jin)收(shou)眼底。唐朝景(jing)龍元(yuan)年(公元(yuan)707年),唐玄宗李隆(long)基任潞(lu)州(zhou)別駕時(shi),居住(zhu)在上(shang)(shang)黨(dang)(dang)門(men)(men)(men)內(nei)的(de)(de)潞(lu)州(zhou)衙署。他在隋(sui)朝建筑的(de)(de)基礎(chu)上(shang)(shang),對上(shang)(shang)黨(dang)(dang)門(men)(men)(men)進行(xing)(xing)裝 飾,并在附(fu)近修建了(le)(le)梳妝樓、看花(hua)樓、德風(feng)亭等建筑。他做(zuo)了(le)(le)皇帝后(hou),又重返這里增修了(le)(le)飛(fei)龍宮、圣瑞閹、望云(yun)軒等。北宋靖康年間,金兵(bing)大舉南下,攻陷隆(long)德(今 長(chang)治(zhi)市),上(shang)(shang)黨(dang)(dang)門(men)(men)(men)毀于兵(bing)火(huo)之中。現存(cun)的(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)黨(dang)(dang)門(men)(men)(men)是(shi)明代重建的(de)(de)。上(shang)(shang)黨(dang)(dang)門(men)(men)(men)坐(zuo)北朝南,居高(gao)(gao)臨下,挺拔(ba)獨立。門(men)(men)(men)為重檐歇(xie)山式結(jie)構,大門(men)(men)(men)左側建有(you)(you)鐘樓,右側建有(you)(you)鼓(gu)樓, 鐘鼓(gu)樓一曰“風(feng)馳”,一曰“云(yun)動”。意思是(shi)說(shuo)建筑在上(shang)(shang)黨(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)黨(dang)(dang)門(men)(men)(men)高(gao)(gao)聳(song)天外。兩(liang)樓臺(tai)基高(gao)(gao)峙、平行(xing)(xing)排列,遙(yao)相映襯。樓高(gao)(gao)門(men)(men)(men)低,高(gao)(gao)低錯落,主從分別,充分反映了(le)(le) 封建官(guan)府的(de)(de)威嚴,極富民(min)族風(feng)格(ge)。上(shang)(shang)黨(dang)(dang)門(men)(men)(men)作為省級文物重點保護單位,得到了(le)(le)多次(ci)維修和彩畫(hua)。
上(shang)(shang)黨(dang)門(men)(men)(men)座北(bei)向南,建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)布局(ju)依(yi)次有琉璃影壁、門(men)(men)(men)庭(也稱大(da)門(men)(men)(men)),鼓(gu)鐘二(er)樓(lou)(lou)居大(da)門(men)(men)(men)左右,二(er)門(men)(men)(men)及二(er)門(men)(men)(men)影壁,中門(men)(men)(men)及東便門(men)(men)(men)、西(xi)便門(men)(men)(men),牌坊(fang)、大(da)堂、二(er)堂及東西(xi)配房(fang)廂(xiang)房(fang),飛龍宮(gong)、德風亭(ting) 、辦公(gong)(gong)院(yuan) 、西(xi)花園、瀛(ying)春臺(tai)等(deng)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)。亭(ting)堂摟(lou)宮(gong)組群結合,高低錯(cuo)落,規模宏闊。現僅存大(da)門(men)(men)(men) 、鐘鼓(gu)二(er)樓(lou)(lou) 、府二(er)堂、辦公(gong)(gong)院(yuan)、西(xi)花園等(deng)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)。大(da)門(men)(men)(men)與(yu)鐘鼓(gu)二(er)樓(lou)(lou)平行排列,臺(tai)基高峙,主(zhu)從有別,錯(cuo)落有致。大(da)門(men)(men)(men)面寬三(san)間(jian),進(jin)深四椽,明(ming)間(jian)辟門(men)(men)(men),兩次間(jian)青磚砌(qi)(qi)筑(zhu)扇面墻(qiang),單(dan)檐(yan)(yan)懸山(shan)頂(ding)。屋頂(ding)灰脊灰獸,簡(jian)板(ban)布瓦(wa)裝(zhuang)修。鐘鼓(gu)二(er)樓(lou)(lou)青磚砌(qi)(qi)筑(zhu)城(cheng)垛、券(quan)洞、踏道,上(shang)(shang)筑(zhu)閣樓(lou)(lou),廣(guang)深三(san)間(jian),重(zhong)檐(yan)(yan)歇山(shan)頂(ding)。右側(ce)(ce)鐘樓(lou)(lou)上(shang)(shang)一(yi)(yi)匾書,曰(yue)“風馳”,左側(ce)(ce)鼓(gu)樓(lou)(lou)上(shang)(shang)一(yi)(yi)匾書,曰(yue)“云動”,以(yi)示高聳(song)入云之意。外側(ce)(ce)鐘鼓(gu)樓(lou)(lou)相(xiang)襯(chen),斗拱密致,脊獸富麗,與(yu)門(men)(men)(men)庭交(jiao)相(xiang)輝(hui)映,是一(yi)(yi)處(chu)地(di)方(fang)衙(ya)署中富有民族風格的門(men)(men)(men)庭式的古建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)。游(you)人登樓(lou)(lou)遠眺,長(chang)治城(cheng)廓盡收眼底。
《潞(lu)州志》載:元(yuan)泰定二年(nian)(nian)(1325年(nian)(nian))州治(唐建(jian))毀(hui)于兵火,三(san)年(nian)(nian)(1326年(nian)(nian))潞(lu)州招撫使完顏南合修繕,公廨廳堂(tang)有嚴(yan)。至正壬午(1342年(nian)(nian))郡(jun)守張瞻甫重建(jian)公生明堂(tang),即今(jin)之廳事,以及賓(bin)幕(mu)吏曹之署,府(fu)庫囹圄之所,無一不備。國朝(chao)洪武元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(1368年(nian)(nian))知(zhi)州潘(pan)黼因舊址建(jian)。天順(shun)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(1459年(nian)(nian))知(zhi)州王楫新建(jian)后(hou)堂(tang)。成化三(san)年(nian)(nian)(1467年(nian)(nian))知(zhi)州計昌重建(jian)大(da)房,年(nian)(nian)久圮毀(hui)。
上(shang)黨(dang)門門樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)的(de)東(dong)(dong)(dong)西兩側為鐘(zhong)鼓二(er)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou),據《潞州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)志》載(zai)(zai):“鼓樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou),在(zai)今州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)治東(dong)(dong)(dong)側。洪(hong)武(wu)三十二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1399年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))知(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)傅(fu)遂(sui)建(jian)(jian)于子城(cheng)門上(shang),基址猶(you)存,天順七(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1463年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))知(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)李睿筑(zhu)今臺(tai),建(jian)(jian)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)于其上(shang),與鐘(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)東(dong)(dong)(dong)西相并。成(cheng)化(hua)七(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)知(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)孫坷用(yong)磚石砌臺(tai)基。歲(sui)久(jiu)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)毀(hui),弘治九(jiu)(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1496年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))改建(jian)(jian)。鐘(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou),在(zai)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)治前西側。洪(hong)武(wu)三十二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1399年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))知(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)傅(fu)遂(sui)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu),歲(sui)久(jiu)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)毀(hui)臺(tai)崩。弘治九(jiu)(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)補筑(zhu)臺(tai)基,用(yong)磚石包砌,樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)亦改建(jian)(jian)焉。”據《潞州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)志》載(zai)(zai)“國朝康熙(xi)九(jiu)(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1671年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))知(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)汪宗(zong)魯重(zhong)修又增建(jian)(jian)里(li)老柜(ju)書、快手民(min)(min)壯、皂隸房(fang),東(dong)(dong)(dong)西公廨(xie)門榜棚;二(er)十九(jiu)(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1691年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))知(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)劉民(min)(min)瞻重(zhong)修二(er)堂;雍正四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1727年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))知(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)沈一(yi)葵(kui)重(zhong)修照壁榜棚;六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1729年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))知(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)管學宣重(zhong)修土地祠、寅賓(bin)館(guan);八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1731年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))署州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)事長治縣知(zhi)縣錢(qian)人龍重(zhong)修里(li)老柜(ju)書房(fang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)十三間;乾隆(long)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1740年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))知(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)張秉綸(lun)重(zhong)修二(er)堂及儀門增建(jian)(jian)官(guan)廳;六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1742年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))知(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)雷暢改贊(zan)政廳為贊(zan)侯祠。”
北宋(song)靖康年(nian)間(jian)(1126——1127),金兵大(da)舉南下攻陷隆(long)德(今長(chang)治(zhi)(zhi)市(shi)),上(shang)黨門被毀于兵火之中。現(xian)存上(shang)黨門和左惻(ce)鐘樓(lou)為(wei)明洪(hong)武年(nian)間(jian)重建,右(you)側(ce)鼓樓(lou)則為(wei)天順年(nian)間(jian)增建。鐘鼓二(er)樓(lou)平行排列,一(yi)曰“風馳”,一(yi)曰“云動”,以示高聳如(ru)云之意。現(xian)已成(cheng)為(wei)長(chang)治(zhi)(zhi)市(shi)的象征。游人(ren)登(deng)樓(lou)眺望,長(chang)治(zhi)(zhi)市(shi)貌盡收眼(yan)底(di)。
至(zhi)民國元年,經過多年的兵(bing)火戰亂,以及人為的毀壞,上黨門(men)內的建(jian)(jian)筑已大(da)部(bu)不存。現僅(jin)存大(da)門(men)、鐘鼓二樓、府二堂、辦公院、西花(hua)園等建(jian)(jian)筑,上黨門(men)已成為長(chang)治市極具代表(biao)性的古建(jian)(jian)筑。
現(xian)存的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)黨門(men)和(he)兩側的(de)(de)(de)鐘鼓樓則為明(ming)代知(zhi)州馬暾所修(xiu)。明(ming)弘治九(jiu)年(nian),潞州知(zhi)州馬暾在(zai)其為任六年(nian)之后,在(zai)“政(zheng)洽民孚,治有(you)余力”的(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia),對原(yuan)來的(de)(de)(de)鐘鼓樓進行了(le)大規(gui)模的(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)修(xiu)改建,“樸(pu)素(su)渾(hun)堅,雄偉固壯”,這(zhe)就是鐘鼓樓,這(zhe)就是上(shang)黨門(men)。