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武夷山國家公園怎么樣

武(wu)夷山(shan)(shan)國(guo)家公(gong)園體制試點(dian)(dian)區(qu)位于福建(jian)省(sheng)北部(bu)(bu)，周邊分別與福建(jian)省(sheng)武(wu)夷山(shan)(shan)市(shi)西北部(bu)(bu)、建(jian)陽市(shi)和邵武(wu)市(shi)北部(bu)(bu)、光澤(ze)縣東南部(bu)(bu)、江西省(sheng)鉛山(shan)(shan)縣南部(bu)(bu)毗鄰。經國(guo)土(tu)部(bu)(bu)門(men)確權登記，試點(dian)(dian)區(qu)總面積942.02平方公(gong)里。

地理環境

地質地貌

武夷山(shan)國家公(gong)園主要分布了前震旦系和震旦系的(de)變質巖系，中生代的(de)火山(shan)巖、花(hua)崗巖和碎屑巖。

在中生代(dai)晚期，武夷山(shan)發生了強烈(lie)的(de)火(huo)山(shan)噴發活(huo)動，繼之為大規模的(de)花崗(gang)巖侵入(ru)，已(yi)發現本(ben)區(qu)有豐富的(de)火(huo)山(shan)機構(gou)，為典型的(de)亞洲東部(bu)環(huan)太平(ping)洋(yang)帶的(de)構(gou)造特征(zheng)。白(bai)堊紀晚期的(de)紅(hong)色砂礫巖是形成丹霞地(di)貌的(de)主(zhu)體。

中生代(dai)的(de)地(di)(di)殼運動奠定了武(wu)夷山(shan)地(di)(di)貌(mao)的(de)基(ji)本(ben)骨架(jia)。告(gao)性對武(wu)夷山(shan)地(di)(di)貌(mao)發(fa)育也(ye)很明顯，西部海拔1500m以上的(de)山(shan)峰(feng)，基(ji)本(ben)上由(you)堅硬的(de)凝灰(hui)熔巖(yan)和流紋巖(yan)等(deng)構成，東部紅色砂頁(ye)巖(yan)地(di)(di)區則往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)發(fa)育有較寬的(de)谷地(di)(di)和盆地(di)(di)。所以武(wu)夷山(shan)豐富的(de)地(di)(di)貌(mao)類型是地(di)(di)質構造(zao)、流水侵蝕(shi)、風化(hua)剝蝕(shi)、重力(li)崩塌等(deng)綜(zong)合(he)作(zuo)用的(de)結果。

氣候情況

四季分明地(di)處(chu)中亞熱帶(dai)，武夷山四季氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)較均(jun)勻、溫(wen)(wen)和濕(shi)潤，年平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)約12℃～13℃，1月均(jun)溫(wen)(wen)3℃左右，極端最(zui)低氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)可達(da)-15℃，7月均(jun)溫(wen)(wen)23℃～24℃；年降水量(liang)在2000毫米以上(shang)，是福建(jian)省降水量(liang)多地(di)區。年相對濕(shi)度高達(da)85%，霧日在100天以上(shang)。

土地資源

國有土地面積(ji)(ji)282.36平方公里，占總面積(ji)(ji)比(bi)例的28.74%；集體土地面積(ji)(ji)700.23平方公里，占總面積(ji)(ji)比(bi)例71.26%，森林覆蓋率達到87.86%。

植物資源

武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)國(guo)家公園屬(shu)(shu)(shu)亞(ya)(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)常(chang)綠闊葉林(lin)(lin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域，中(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)常(chang)綠闊葉林(lin)(lin)地帶(dai)(dai)，浙閩山(shan)(shan)丘(qiu)甜櫧(zhu)、木(mu)(mu)荷林(lin)(lin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。公園內自然環境多(duo)(duo)(duo)樣，發(fa)育(yu)著多(duo)(duo)(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)(duo)(duo)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)類(lei)型，還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)210.70平方(fang)公里原生性(xing)森林(lin)(lin)植(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)未受到人為破(po)壞，是亞(ya)(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)東部地區(qu)(qu)(qu)森林(lin)(lin)植(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)保(bao)存(cun)完好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域。公園內相對海(hai)拔最高(gao)達(da)(da)1700米，隨著海(hai)拔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遞增，氣溫(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遞減和(he)降(jiang)水量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增多(duo)(duo)(duo)，植(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)垂直(zhi)帶(dai)(dai)譜明顯，依次分布有(you)(you)(you)(you)針闊葉混交林(lin)(lin)，溫(wen)性(xing)針葉林(lin)(lin)、中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)苔(tai)蘚矮曲(qu)林(lin)(lin)、中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)草甸五個垂直(zhi)帶(dai)(dai)譜，是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)大陸東南部發(fa)育(yu)完好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)垂直(zhi)帶(dai)(dai)譜。2007年(nian)已知(zhi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)3728種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)類(lei)數(shu)量在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)地區(qu)(qu)(qu)位居(ju)前(qian)列，有(you)(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特(te)有(you)(you)(you)(you)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)27屬(shu)(shu)(shu)31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，許多(duo)(duo)(duo)如(ru)銀(yin)杏(xing)等為單種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)孑遺(yi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)3728種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)數(shu)量在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)地區(qu)(qu)(qu)位居(ju)前(qian)列，有(you)(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特(te)有(you)(you)(you)(you)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)27屬(shu)(shu)(shu)31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，許多(duo)(duo)(duo)如(ru)銀(yin)杏(xing)等為單種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)孑遺(yi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)；截止至(zhi)2007有(you)(you)(you)(you)28種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)珍(zhen)稀瀕危(wei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)列入《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)紅皮書》，如(ru)鵝掌楸(qiu)、銀(yin)鐘(zhong)樹(shu)、南方(fang)鐵杉、觀光木(mu)(mu)、紫莖(jing)等。武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)蘭(lan)科(ke)(ke)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)尤其豐(feng)富，已知(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)32屬(shu)(shu)(shu)78種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，寬(kuan)距蘭(lan)，多(duo)(duo)(duo)花寬(kuan)距蘭(lan)為中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)新(xin)(xin)記錄(lu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，盂蘭(lan)為福建省公布新(xin)(xin)記錄(lu)。而蕨(jue)類(lei)就有(you)(you)(you)(you)14個，如(ru)武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)鐵角蕨(jue)、武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)蹄蓋蕨(jue)、武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)耳蕨(jue)、武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)假瘤(liu)足、武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)粉背蕨(jue)、武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)凸(tu)軸(zhou)蕨(jue)等以(yi)“武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)”作為種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)加詞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就達(da)(da)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之多(duo)(duo)(duo)。武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古樹(shu)名木(mu)(mu)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)古、大、珍(zhen)、多(duo)(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)，如(ru)武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)宮880年(nian)樹(shu)齡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古桂、坑上(shang)980年(nian)樹(shu)齡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南方(fang)紅豆杉等，具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)極高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)研和(he)保(bao)存(cun)價(jia)值。

動物資源

武(wu)(wu)夷山國(guo)(guo)家公園(yuan)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地理區劃上屬于東(dong)洋界(jie)(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)印亞(ya)(ya)界(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)華中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)東(dong)部丘陵平原亞(ya)(ya)區。公園(yuan)內地貌復(fu)雜，生(sheng)態環(huan)境類(lei)型(xing)多樣，為(wei)(wei)(wei)野(ye)生(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)棲(qi)息繁衍提供了理想場所，被中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)學(xue)家譽為(wei)(wei)(wei)“蛇(she)的(de)(de)王(wang)國(guo)(guo)”、“昆(kun)蟲世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)”、“鳥的(de)(de)天堂”、“世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)模式標本的(de)(de)產地”、“研究亞(ya)(ya)洲兩(liang)(liang)棲(qi)爬行(xing)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)鑰(yao)匙”。2007年(nian)武(wu)(wu)夷山已知的(de)(de)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)有(you)5110種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)：哺乳綱(gang)71種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鳥綱(gang)256種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，魚綱(gang)40種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，兩(liang)(liang)棲(qi)綱(gang)35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬行(xing)綱(gang)73種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，昆(kun)蟲已定(ding)名4635種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)（其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)700余(yu)個新種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)新記錄）。在(zai)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尤以兩(liang)(liang)棲(qi)、爬行(xing)類(lei)和昆(kun)類(lei)分布眾多而著名于世(shi)(shi)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)學(xue)家把武(wu)(wu)夷山稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“研究兩(liang)(liang)棲(qi)、爬行(xing)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)鑰(yao)匙”、“鳥類(lei)天堂”、“蛇(she)的(de)(de)王(wang)國(guo)(guo)”、“昆(kun)蟲世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)”。到(dao)2011年(nian)已列入(ru)國(guo)(guo)際(ji)《瀕危物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)際(ji)貿易公約》（CITES）的(de)(de)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)46種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，黑麂、金鐵豺、黃腹角雉(zhi)等11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)列入(ru)一(yi)級保(bao)護。屬中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)日、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)澳候鳥保(bao)護協(xie)定(ding)保(bao)護的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)有(you)97種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)特有(you)野(ye)生(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)49種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，崇(chong)安髭蟾（角怪）、崇(chong)安地蜥、崇(chong)安斜鱗蛇(she)、掛墩鴉(ya)雀更為(wei)(wei)(wei)武(wu)(wu)夷山所特有(you)。

水生生物資源

武夷山國家公園(yuan)擁有(you)豐富的水生(sheng)生(sheng)物資源，包括(kuo)浮(fu)(fu)游藻類(lei)、浮(fu)(fu)游動物、底棲(qi)動物、魚(yu)類(lei)和水生(sheng)動物等(deng)(deng)。其中(zhong)，高等(deng)(deng)水生(sheng)植物共計42科(ke)51屬139種，浮(fu)(fu)游動物67種，魚(yu)類(lei)22科(ke)56屬104種，以(yi)及中(zhong)華(hua)鱉、大鯢等(deng)(deng)水生(sheng)動物。

歷史沿革

武(wu)(wu)夷山(shan)是座歷史文化(hua)名(ming)山(shan)。早(zao)在新石器時期，古越(yue)人(ren)就已在此繁衍生息。如今(jin)懸崖絕壁上遺留的(de)“架壑(he)船”和“虹(hong)橋板(ban)”，就是古越(yue)人(ren)特有(you)的(de)葬俗。西漢時，漢武(wu)(wu)帝(di)曾(ceng)遣使者到(dao)武(wu)(wu)夷山(shan)用(yong)干魚祭祀武(wu)(wu)夷君。唐代(dai)，唐玄宗大封(feng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)下名(ming)山(shan)大川，武(wu)(wu)夷山(shan)也受到(dao)封(feng)表(biao)，并刻(ke)石記載。還明令(ling)保(bao)護山(shan)林，不準砍(kan)伐。唐末五代(dai)初，杜(du)光庭在《洞天(tian)(tian)(tian)福地記》里，把武(wu)(wu)夷山(shan)列為天(tian)(tian)(tian)下三十六洞天(tian)(tian)(tian)之一，稱之為“第(di)十六升真元化(hua)洞天(tian)(tian)(tian)”。宋紹圣二年（1095年），禱雨(yu)獲應，又(you)封(feng)武(wu)(wu)夷君為顯(xian)道真人(ren)。

從歷史和(he)(he)(he)科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)角度看(kan)，武(wu)夷山(shan)具有(you)突出(chu)、普遍價值，不僅(jin)能(neng)為(wei)已消(xiao)逝的(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)和(he)(he)(he)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)傳統(tong)提供(gong)獨(du)特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)見證，而且與理學思想文(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)有(you)著直接的(de)(de)(de)(de)、實質(zhi)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)聯系，符合世界文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺產(chan)第3、5標準。大(da)自(zi)(zi)然賜予了(le)武(wu)夷山(shan)獨(du)特(te)和(he)(he)(he)優越的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)然環境(jing)，吸引了(le)歷代(dai)高人雅士(shi)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)臣武(wu)將在(zai)山(shan)中(zhong)或(huo)(huo)游覽、或(huo)(huo)隱居、或(huo)(huo)著述、或(huo)(huo)授(shou)徒，前(qian)赴(fu)后繼，你來我往。自(zi)(zi)然山(shan)水(shui)陶冶了(le)人們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)性情，啟迪了(le)人們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)智慧(hui)，人類的(de)(de)(de)(de)活動傳播，發展了(le)武(wu)夷山(shan)，為(wei)自(zi)(zi)然山(shan)水(shui)增輝添彩(cai)。先民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)智慧(hui)，文(wen)(wen)(wen)士(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)駐(zhu)足在(zai)九曲(qu)溪兩岸留(liu)下眾(zhong)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺存：有(you)高懸崖壁數千年不朽的(de)(de)(de)(de)架(jia)壑船棺18處(chu)；有(you)朱熹、游酢、熊禾、蔡元定(ding)等鴻儒大(da)雅的(de)(de)(de)(de)書(shu)院遺址35處(chu)；有(you)堪稱為(wei)中(zhong)國古(gu)(gu)書(shu)法藝(yi)術寶(bao)庫的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷代(dai)摩(mo)崖石刻(ke)450多方(fang)，其(qi)中(zhong)有(you)古(gu)(gu)代(dai)官府和(he)(he)(he)鄉民(min)保護武(wu)夷山(shan)水(shui)和(he)(he)(he)動植物的(de)(de)(de)(de)禁(jin)令13方(fang)；有(you)僧道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)宮觀寺(si)廟及遺址60余處(chu)。

武(wu)夷山(shan)是三教名山(shan)。自秦漢以(yi)來，武(wu)夷山(shan)就為(wei)羽(yu)流禪(chan)家(jia)(jia)棲息(xi)之(zhi)地(di)，留下了不少宮(gong)觀、道(dao)院和庵堂故址。武(wu)夷山(shan)還曾是儒家(jia)(jia)學(xue)者倡道(dao)講學(xue)之(zhi)地(di)。