三溪村位于(yu)福(fu)州市長樂(le)區江田鎮。三溪亦名(ming)鼎溪,因屏山諸(zhu)溪流(liu)會于(yu)石潭(tan),成鼎足三分之(zhi)勢而得名(ming)。上游稱潼(tong)溪,下游析為(wei)北、南(nan)兩溪,北溪又名(ming)祠堂溪,南(nan)溪又叫街(jie)當溪。這(zhe)里風景優(you)美,人文景觀頗具特色。
三(san)溪有詩(shi)贊曰:“列嶂如屏掛望中(zhong),流(liu)霞晚(wan)罩氣熊熊。斑斕五色迷蒼洞(dong)(dong),盤郁千層擁(yong)碧(bi)穹。散綺遙連(lian)江練凈(jing),騰輝斜接日(ri)華紅。溪山不(bu)數吳航勝(sheng),第(di)一曾聞品晦翁(weng)。”三(san)溪開發歷史(shi)可追溯至(zhi)唐(tang)(tang)季,三(san)溪潘(pan)(pan)姓始祖著作郎潘(pan)(pan)綱(gang)當年(nian)遷居(ju)至(zhi)此。宋(song)(song)(song)時,這(zhe)里的(de)經濟文(wen)化(hua)相當發達,宋(song)(song)(song)狀元、宰相鄭性之,簽書樞密(mi)事(shi)高應松,監(jian)察御史(shi)潘(pan)(pan)文(wen)卿(qing),太(tai)守潘(pan)(pan)斌(bin),理(li)學(xue)宗(zong)師朱熹(xi)等,或傳學(xue)、或游(you)觀,或就(jiu)學(xue)于(yu)此地。南宋(song)(song)(song)淳(chun)熙年(nian)間(jian)(1174~1189年(nian)),潘(pan)(pan)氏(shi)(shi)子弟(di)授業于(yu)朱熹(xi),受其(qi)影響,連(lian)中(zhong)進士者(zhe)有10名(ming)。早(zao)在(zai)北宋(song)(song)(song)祥(xiang)符元年(nian)(1008年(nian))潘(pan)(pan)循、潘(pan)(pan)衢兄弟(di)同(tong)登進士;從第(di)四代(dai)到第(di)七代(dai),曾出(chu)5個中(zhong)丞,故(gu)有“二(er)(er)難(nan)進士,四葉中(zhong)丞”之譽。在(zai)宋(song)(song)(song)朝,僅(jin)潘(pan)(pan)姓一族就(jiu)有59人考中(zhong)進士。現尚留(liu)存許(xu)多(duo)唐(tang)(tang)、宋(song)(song)(song)以來文(wen)物古跡,主(zhu)要有天龍井、摶紗(sha)潭、九仙洞(dong)(dong)、皈愚洞(dong)(dong)、龍潭、釣(diao)鰲石和宋(song)(song)(song)代(dai)蘇舜元(字才翁(weng))等摩崖(ya)題刻(ke)。“二(er)(er)難(nan)碑”橫跨(kua)北溪、南溪的(de)5座石橋(qiao),明代(dai)朝元觀和陳省等摩崖(ya)題刻(ke),潘(pan)(pan)文(wen)卿(qing)故(gu)居(ju),紫陽閣遺址,明南昌知府莊維春故(gu)居(ju),潘(pan)(pan)氏(shi)(shi)宗(zong)祠,“鐘(zhong)秀毓英”石碑坊及近百(bai)方散見(jian)于(yu)村(cun)間(jian)、廟內、橋(qiao)邊等珍貴碑刻(ke),不(bu)勝(sheng)枚舉。
每逢端(duan)午節,總要在溪中競渡龍舟,鑼鼓喧天(tian),頗(po)為熱鬧。近年來(lai),在上級領導關心支(zhi)持(chi)下,對村莊(zhuang)進行整修、綠化,保(bao)護和(he)修復文物(wu)古跡。
1999年,福建省人民(min)政(zheng)府公(gong)布為第(di)一批省級歷(li)史(shi)文化名村。
福州市長樂區江(jiang)田鎮三溪村位于;吳航十(shi)二景之一(yi)“屏嶂鋪霞”所在的(de)屏山腳下(xia),因潼溪、南溪、北溪匯集于此而得名(ming)。為首批省級5個歷史(shi)文(wen)化名(ming)村之一(yi)。距(ju)長樂區城區15公里,土地面積16平方公里,總(zong)人口(kou)13700人。
三(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)也稱(cheng)鼎溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。上游為潼溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),建有(you)庫(ku)容達千(qian)萬方的三(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)水庫(ku);下(xia)游分為南(nan)、北(bei)(bei)兩溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),南(nan)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)入海(hai),北(bei)(bei)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)入閩(min)江口(kou)。南(nan)北(bei)(bei)雙溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)有(you)唐宋(song)以來所建石橋(qiao)5座(zuo),分別名(ming)為:大橋(qiao)、平橋(qiao)、小(xiao)橋(qiao)、當(dang)橋(qiao)和下(xia)橋(qiao)。北(bei)(bei)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的大橋(qiao),長(chang)43米,寬2.4米,高4.4米,橋(qiao)面石板上有(you)“宋(song)咸淳已(yi)巳秋(qiu)重修”的刻字(zi)。
前人有一幅對聯概(gai)括(kuo)這里(li)的(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)水(shui)風光:“屏(ping)嶂鋪霞山(shan)(shan)積錦(jin),龍潭(tan)印月水(shui)浮(fu)珠(zhu)”。朱(zhu)子嘗(chang)游(you)覽和(he)傳學于此,勒“溪(xi)山(shan)(shan)第(di)一”四字。可見三溪(xi)的(de)(de)自然景觀之優(you)美(mei)。三溪(xi)的(de)(de)屏(ping)山(shan)(shan)高不過百米(mi),但登山(shan)(shan)途中景觀美(mei)不勝(sheng)收。山(shan)(shan)上大(da)小巖石(shi)(shi)千姿百態(tai)。如猴頭、豬首、母雞(ji)下蛋(dan)、五(wu)蛇聚會(hui)等,栩栩如生,維(wei)妙維(wei)肖。山(shan)(shan)腰有一個“皈愚洞”,由三塊(kuai)巖石(shi)(shi)頂(ding)托一25米(mi)長6米(mi)寬的(de)(de)巨石(shi)(shi)構成。周圍古樹參天,是村民避暑納涼的(de)(de)好去(qu)處。附近還有“九仙(xian)洞”,天成石(shi)(shi)門供(gong)人出入,十(shi)幾平方米(mi)的(de)(de)方形巖洞內(nei)供(gong)奉(feng)著“九仙(xian)君”,不少(shao)香(xiang)客從老遠(yuan)跑到這個洞里(li)“祈夢”。山(shan)(shan)巔巨巖有一深(shen)不知(zhi)底(di)的(de)(de)“天龍井”,傳說一只小牛伸頭向洞中喝水(shui),不慎跌入井中不見,次日(ri)在海(hai)邊發(fa)現小牛的(de)(de)尸(shi)體
站在(zai)山(shan)顛(dian)平坦寬闊(kuo)的(de)“龍(long)背(bei)”上(shang)極(ji)目遠眺,大(da)海與藍天(tian)相(xiang)接(jie),煙(yan)波浩渺,北至機(ji)場南至牛角山(shan),長(chang)樂南鄉一(yi)帶(dai)的(de)村落(luo)盡收眼底,足令游客心曠神怡,流(liu)連忘返。三溪水庫(ku)邊山(shan)頂有兩塊巨石(shi)重(zhong)疊,上(shang)面的(de)一(yi)塊有賈(jia)慶林題刻“中丞”二字(zi),在(zai)兩石(shi)相(xiang)接(jie)縫(feng)隙塞入硬幣,大(da)風過后(hou)會被(bei)軋扁。
三溪(xi)(xi)美(mei)麗的(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)水風(feng)光(guang)吸引(yin)了無數名(ming)(ming)宦雅士(shi)前來游覽,留(liu)下(xia)眾多吟(yin)詠三溪(xi)(xi)景色的(de)(de)佳作名(ming)(ming)篇(pian),藝術水準(zhun)很高的(de)(de)摩崖(ya)石刻(ke)比(bi)(bi)比(bi)(bi)皆是,成為(wei)(wei)三溪(xi)(xi)一道瑰麗的(de)(de)人文景觀。村北(bei)柏山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)仙字(zi)巖(yan)為(wei)(wei)上下(xia)兩塊巨(ju)巖(yan)重疊而(er)成。上面一塊刻(ke)有(you)“釣(diao)鰲”兩字(zi)楷書(shu),每字(zi)80厘米(mi)見方(fang);下(xia)面一塊刻(ke)有(you)“慶(qing)歷丁亥秋,颶風(feng)起,余涉是山(shan)(shan)巔,觀海波也,才翁(weng)題”,篆(zhuan)書(shu)。才翁(weng)姓蘇名(ming)(ming)舜元,時(shi)任福(fu)建(jian)觀察使(shi),著名(ming)(ming)書(shu)法家。巨(ju)巖(yan)右(you)方(fang)還有(you)2首(shou)五(wu)言律(lv)詩篆(zhuan)書(shu),記述宋時(shi)當地“颶風(feng)掀漲海,淠鹵(lu)灌低原”和海嘯(xiao)災情,分別為(wei)(wei)宋熙寧年間福(fu)州知(zhi)府廉轉運(yun)使(shi)張徽和福(fu)建(jian)轉運(yun)判官蔣之奇題。這些摩崖(ya)石刻(ke)為(wei)(wei)研究宋代篆(zhuan)書(shu)風(feng)格和長樂市的(de)(de)歷史地理變遷提供了珍貴資料(liao)。
植柱廟、朝元(yuan)觀、鷲嶺(ling)祠(ci)等(deng)始(shi)建于宋代的(de)寺(si)廟亭閣,依(yi)山傍巖,錯落有(you)(you)致(zhi)。最早也是(shi)(shi)最大(da)的(de)是(shi)(shi)唐咸(xian)通(tong)六(liu)年(878年)所建的(de)當陽寺(si),雖因戰(zhan)亂圮毀,但遺址尚存巨大(da)的(de)石(shi)柱石(shi)槽等(deng)建筑材料。三溪(xi)宗教寺(si)廟的(de)文化主旨(zhi)及以懲惡揚善(shan)為(wei)主題的(de)傳說故事,讓游(you)客在明山秀水中感受至(zhi)善(shan)至(zhi)美的(de)人性。紫陽閣(俗(su)稱朱(zhu)子祠(ci))旁有(you)(you)株墨(mo)竹,相傳是(shi)(shi)朱(zhu)熹殘墨(mo)潑在竹上染成黑色,千百年來(lai)這株神奇的(de)墨(mo)竹依(yi)然(ran)挺拔茁壯(zhuang)。
自(zi)古龍舟日競渡,獨有三溪夜賽航。這里的(de)龍舟夜渡是(shi)我省(sheng)獨有的(de)鄉(xiang)土風情。從村中穿過的(de)南溪,每(mei)年端午節夜間(jian)燈光輝映,溪中龍舟競發,兩岸及橋上人潮如涌,熱(re)鬧非凡(fan)。
三溪以其山(shan)水交融、自(zi)然奇(qi)秀和歷史悠久、人文(wen)薈萃,造就了(le)文(wen)化品(pin)位較(jiao)高的(de)旅游資源,開(kai)發利用潛力(li)很大。近(jin)年來,歷史文(wen)化名村管(guan)委會采(cai)取有力(li)措施(shi)保(bao)護山(shan)上的(de)摩崖題刻不再(zai)被人開(kai)采(cai),并在山(shan)坡溪畔植樹綠化和防止溪流遭受污染(ran)。已經(jing)疏(shu)浚南(nan)北(bei)雙溪河道(dao),游客可以劃龍舟從水上進入景區游覽。
唐(tang)朝前(qian),三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)建置不詳。唐(tang)時(shi)(shi),劃(hua)(hua)(hua)長樂(le)(le)為(wei)(wei)(wei)七鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)屬(shu)(shu)安時(shi)(shi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)歸(gui)義里(li)(li)。宋大中(zhong)祥符元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(1008年(nian)(nian)),潘(pan)(pan)循(xun)、潘(pan)(pan)衢(qu)同榜進士,鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)人(ren)以此為(wei)(wei)(wei)榮,改安時(shi)(shi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)二(er)難(nan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),改歸(gui)義里(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)同榮里(li)(li)。二(er)難(nan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)轄(xia)(xia)二(er)、三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)、四、五(wu)(wu)、六、七、八都。八都轄(xia)(xia)二(er)圖八村:一圖有(you)石(shi)門、嶺(ling)兜(dou)、嶺(ling)寺、硋窯,二(er)圖、三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)有(you)邦(bang)上(shang)、新田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)、阮(ruan)山(shan)(shan)。元(yuan)、明、清(qing)至(zhi)民(min)國初期沿用宋制。民(min)國23年(nian)(nian)(1934年(nian)(nian))7月(yue),福建省設(she)十個(ge)(ge)行(xing)政(zheng)督(du)察區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),第(di)(di)一督(du)察區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)行(xing)署駐(zhu)長樂(le)(le),時(shi)(shi)稱長樂(le)(le)專署,長樂(le)(le)縣屬(shu)(shu)之。三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)設(she)聯保處,駐(zhu)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)營田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)陳氏宗(zong)祠,轄(xia)(xia)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)保、溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北保,三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)警(jing)察所(suo)設(she)在潘(pan)(pan)氏宗(zong)祠,附設(she)監獄(閘(zha)仔(zi))。聯保處后(hou)改稱保甲處。抗(kang)日戰(zhan)爭前(qian)后(hou),溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)保一度改稱棋(qi)山(shan)(shan)保,轄(xia)(xia)境稍有(you)調整(zheng)。中(zhong)華人(ren)民(min)共(gong)和國成(cheng)立后(hou),全縣設(she)立五(wu)(wu)個(ge)(ge)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)二(er)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)駐(zhu)地,轄(xia)(xia)古槐至(zhi)松下各村。1952年(nian)(nian)3月(yue),全縣第(di)(di)二(er)次調整(zheng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劃(hua)(hua)(hua),增(zeng)設(she)2個(ge)(ge)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。全縣劃(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)(wei)7個(ge)(ge)行(xing)政(zheng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),原來的第(di)(di)二(er)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)改為(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)七區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),駐(zhu)地由三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)遷往江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian),后(hou)又(you)改為(wei)(wei)(wei)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。原三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)鎮和石(shi)門鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)鎮轄(xia)(xia)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、東嶺(ling)、心田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)、滿山(shan)(shan)4村。1955年(nian)(nian)8月(yue),全縣第(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)次行(xing)政(zheng)調整(zheng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劃(hua)(hua)(hua),將9個(ge)(ge)行(xing)政(zheng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)合并成(cheng)6個(ge)(ge)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),各區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)以駐(zhu)地冠名(ming),即(ji)鶴上(shang)、金峰、營前(qian)、東渡、潭頭、江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)屬(shu)(shu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。1956年(nian)(nian)4月(yue),第(di)(di)四次調整(zheng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劃(hua)(hua)(hua),江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)不變。1958年(nian)(nian)6月(yue),第(di)(di)五(wu)(wu)次調整(zheng)行(xing)政(zheng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劃(hua)(hua)(hua),撤(che)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)設(she)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)委改為(wei)(wei)(wei)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)(wei)感恩鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)管轄(xia)(xia)。但不久人(ren)民(min)公社(she)化(hua),又(you)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)歸(gui)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)公社(she)管轄(xia)(xia),溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北、溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)山(shan)(shan)、石(shi)門、港西4個(ge)(ge)高級社(she)為(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)鎮,后(hou)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)鎮被(bei)撤(che)銷,直屬(shu)(shu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)公社(she)管轄(xia)(xia)。1984年(nian)(nian)9月(yue),公社(she)改鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)人(ren)民(min)公社(she)改為(wei)(wei)(wei)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),轄(xia)(xia)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)、三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、長林(lin)、溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)山(shan)(shan)、邦(bang)上(shang)、石(shi)門等14個(ge)(ge)村。1990年(nian)(nian)12月(yue),江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)改鎮。1999年(nian)(nian),經省人(ren)民(min)政(zheng)府批(pi)準,將溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)山(shan)(shan)、三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、邦(bang)上(shang)定為(wei)(wei)(wei)歷史文(wen)化(hua)名(ming)村,統稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)文(wen)化(hua)村。
董、陳、潘諸姓(xing)(xing)在這里(li)繁衍(yan)生息。古(gu)代(dai)三(san)溪曾居住王姓(xing)(xing)人家幾十(shi)近百(bai)戶,傳(chuan)說有(you)(you)富翁“王百(bai)萬”因犯(fan)法被斬,財產(chan)沒收,此后王姓(xing)(xing)人家日漸(jian)衰敗。民國(guo)初僅余(yu)王永光(guang)1戶,其子遷福州(zhou),下落不明(ming)。今尚有(you)(you)王氏(shi)宗祠(ci)遺址。古(gu)時尚有(you)(you)廖姓(xing)(xing)20多(duo)戶,遷往金峰集仙村。經過(guo)漫長(chang)的歷(li)史發展,有(you)(you)的姓(xing)(xing)氏(shi)遷出,有(you)(you)的姓(xing)(xing)氏(shi)遷入。三(san)溪文化(hua)村現居住有(you)(you)潘、陳、楊、林、丁、劉、曹、周(zhou)、蔣、王(另地(di)遷入,與原來王氏(shi)不同族)、董、侯(hou)、郭、李、謝、姜、吳、戴、鄭等姓(xing)(xing)。